U-Elbrus ungumprosesa ongumRashiya. Impawu zobugcisa kunye nembali yokudala

Ekubeni imvelaphi yobugcisa bekhompyutheni kwelizwe lethu, ukuyila kweenkqubo eziphezulu kuthethwa njengenye yeenjongo ezibalulekileyo zesayensi yeRashiya. Ukususela kwiminyaka engama-90, izifundo ziye zadibaniswa nemeko entsha-imfuno yokuqalisa ukuphuhliswa kwezinto ezintsha ezisekelwe kwi-microprocessors yaseRussia. Ngenxa yoko, u-Elbrus wadalwa - umprosesa ongaphantsi kweemodeli ezingaphandle kwamanye amazwe ngokwemveliso yamakhompyutha.

Imbali yendalo

Njengamanje, ngamazwe ambalwa kwiikhompyutheni zehlabathi zokwakha kwiiproprocessors zabo zokwakha - e-US, eNgilani, eJapan ne-China. Kucacile ukuba, kwisiseko se-Russia yokhuseleko kunye nokufaka endaweni yangaphandle, kufuneke ukuba iprojector yayo, eyaneleyo ukuhlangabezana neemfuno zemikhosi exhobileyo, ii-arhente zokunyanzelisa umthetho, urhulumente kunye nemfundo. Kwaye, ukuba kunokwenzeka, ukuthengiswa kwemveliso. Emva kweminyaka emininzi yomsebenzi osebenzayo, izazinzulu kunye neenjini ze-Moscow Spark Technology Centre (MCTS) zintloni ukubonisa ukuphuhliswa kwamuva ka-2014-15: inkqubo ye-eight-core eyisi-Elbrus 8c. Kodwa ngaphambi kwesi siganeko sembali, indlela ebanzi yokubala kunye neephando eziphambili zenziwe.

E-USSR, umsebenzi obalaseleyo ekuphuhlisweni nasekuphuhliseni iteknoloji yekhompyutheni yayingumsebenzi we-Academician S. A. Lebedev. Iikhomputha zekhompyutheni (iikhomputha) zeemodeli ezilishumi elinesihlanu zenziwe kwi-Institute of Mechanics ecacileyo kunye nobunjineli bekhompyutha (i-ITM ne-VT) eqhutywa yi-Academy of Sciences, ukusuka kwisibane sokuqala, kwiinkqubo ezinokukhawuleza.

Elbrus-1

Ingcamango yomda wokwakha, kamva uhlanganiswe kwiprosesa yaseRussia "uEbrbr", wazalwa ngowe-1969. Isizathu sokuphuhliswa kwakuyimfuneko yokuba "ingqondo" yeenkqubo ezicwangcisiweyo. Umqambi oyintloko nguVS Burtsev, oyingcali evelele kwi-computer yesayensi, kamva ube ngumfundi we-Academy of Sciences yaseRussia.

Ngomnyaka we-1979 isizukulwana sokuqala sekhompyutha yee-computer (MVK) "I-Elbrus" yaboniswa kwi-ITM ne-R state commission. Inkqubo yenzelwe i-TTL-logic. Inkqubo isetyenziswe kwishishini lemikhosi.

Elbrus-2

Kwiminyaka emithandathu kamva, isizukulwana sesibini se-MVR uElbrus sadlulela ngokuphumelelayo uvavanyo. Umprojekthi kunye nesiseko esitsha sezinto zenziwe ngokuphuhliso lwasekhaya ngokupheleleyo. Le nkqubo isekelwe kwizijikelezo eziphezulu ezijikelezayo kunye neengcamango ezihlanganisiweyo ze-IS-100. Ukusebenza kuka-Elbrus-2 kwindlela yokucwangciswa kweprogram yeshumi kwaba yimisebenzi yezigidi eziyi-125 ngesibini.

I-MVK yakhiwe ngokumodyuli ngokunyaniseka okukhulu. Ngenxa yokukhawuleza kunye nokunyamezela, ukubunzima kwakusetyenziswe iminyaka emininzi kwizinto eziphambili zeenkqubo ezicwangcisiweyo. Iimpawu eziyingqayizivele ze-MVK zafezwa ngokusungulwa nokuphuhliswa kweembono eziphambili kwiinkqubo zekhompyutha.

Elbrus-3

Isigaba esilandelayo (1986-1994) kwakunokudalwa kwesizukulwana sesithathu seMVK Elbrus. Umprosesa uye waba namandla ngakumbi, isiseko sezinto siphelele ngakumbi. Intloko yeprojekthi yanyulwa liLungu eliLinganayo le-Academy of Sciences BA Babayan. Ngendlela, wenza inxaxheba ebalulekileyo ekuphuhlisweni kwe-MVK Elbrus-1 no-Elbrus-2.

Ukuphonononga iingenelo kunye neempembelelo zezakhiwo eziphezulu ezakhiwe nguye kwisizukulwana sesibili se-MVK, uBoris Artashesovich ucebise ukuphunyezwa okuphambili kwegama lomyalelo omkhulu. Ngaphambi kokuwa kweManyano, iingcali zazikwazi ukuqokelela iprototype, nangona kunjalo, amagosa amatsha ayeka ukuxhaswa ngemali kwixesha elizayo.

Ithuba elitsha

Ukuqhubeka kwalo mgca weprojekthi kuhambelana nemisebenzi ye-ZAO MCTS. Ngokwakhe isakhiwo, ukukhokela i-microelectronics yasekhaya, ukwenza ibheji yeenqununu ekusebenziseni ubuchwepheshe be-microprocessor, sele sele iqalile ukudala ezimbini iinkalo zeziprojekthi ze-microprocessors kunye neenkqubo zeekhomputha ezisekelwe kuzo. Oku kusebenza kamva kuvunyelwe ukwenza umprosesa onamandla waseRussia "uEbrbr" ngo-2014 ukukhululwa.

Isiseko sokuqulunqwa kwechungechunge lokuqala kwakuyi-Architectural Scalable Processor Architecture (SPARC), echazwe yi-Sun Microsystems Corporation. Ngokusekelwe kuyo, intsapho "R" yenziwe.

Isiseko sesicatshulwa sesibini sasisakhiwo sokuqala "Elbrus", ukuphuhlisa imigaqo evivinywe kwaye yafakwa kwi-MVK-3 (ekuqaleni yayibizwa ngokuba yi "E2k"). Kwonke, iindidi ezine eziphambili zeprojekthi zenziwe. Ngoko, u-Elbrus (projekthi): imodeli ithelekiswa kwitheyibhile engezantsi.

Elbrus-4s

Enye yeentuthuko zokugqibela zenkampani ye-MTSTS yi-processor Elbrus-4s. Ukwakhiwa kwayo kusekelwe ekuphuhlisweni kwangaphambili, isiseko salo i-microarchitecture VLIW. Kuba iinkqubo zokubala zikhona ii-cores ezi-800 kwi-800 MHz, imemori yokugcina imitha ye-2 MB kwinqununu nganye.

Nangona kubonakala ngathi u-archaism ngokwemveliso yobugcisa (ubukhulu obukhulu, ubukhulu obuncinane, inkqubo yezobuchwepheshe "yexesha elidlulileyo leminyaka" 65 nm), ukusetyenziswa kweefowuni kwikhompyutha kufana ne-Intel i-processors processors. Ngendlela yokusebenzisa amandla angaphantsi (45 W), ukusebenza kwayo kufike kwi-50 Gflops. Ukuthelekisa: umzekelo omdala we- Intel Core i7-975 Extreme Edition unomsebenzi we-53 GFlops kumaziko aphakamileyo kakhulu kunye nokusetyenziswa kwamandla. Le projekthi yeRashiya yanamhlanje "u-Elbrus" ngo-2014 yakhululwa yavavanywa kwaye yangena kwinqaku.

Elbrus-8S

Kubonakala ngathi ixesha lokuziphendukela kwemvelo liphelile, ukuguqulwa kwe-revolution ye-microelectronics yasekhaya yiphumelelo. Inkampani yenkampani yama-joint "MCTS" kunye neCandelo le-Electronic Control Machines liye laphuhlisa kwaye lavelisa iisampula zobunjineli zesiveliso esitsha. Inkqubo ye "Elbrus 8c" ilungiselelwa ukuveliswa kwemveliso, eyenziwa ngokusebenzisa iteknoloji ye-28-nanometer.

Isixhobo somsebenzi siya kubambisana nomlawuli kunye nophuhliso lwasekhaya lwe-KPI-2. Nangona umlawuli usekhona kwi-teknoloji yenkqubo ye-65 nm, isekela abathathu abalawuli beGigabit Ethernet, ii-20 ze- PCI-Express 2.0 zebhasi , ii-8 ze-USB ze-port, kunye nee-port ze-SATA ezisibhozo. Ukutshintshiselana kwedatha kunye neprojekti ngu-16 GB / s.

Iinkcukacha zobugcisa

Umenzi wabonakalisa iimpawu eziphambili zenkqubo entsha ye-Elbrus:

• Inkqubo - iipresenti eziyi-8 ngaphandle kokushicilela.
• Indawo ye-crystal i-350 mm ² .
• Inqanaba lesibini lecache nganye kwikomkhulu nganye ngu-512 KB.
• Igalelo lesithathu lesigaba libiwe - 16 MB.
• Ukusebenza ngomjikelezo - imisebenzi engama-30.
• Ixesha leeyure liyi-1.3 GHz, kunye nale parameters, ukusebenza okungaphazamiseki kwayo yonke i-cores iqinisekisiwe ixesha elingenamkhawulo, nangomthwalo we-100%.
• Ukuveliswa (ukuphakama) - 250 Gflops.
• Amandla - 60-90 watts.
• Ukuzimela ngokusemthethweni kwi-Intel, ngelixa uxhasa iinkqubo ezisisiseko zokusebenza kunye no-x86 / x86-64.

Njengoko ubona, umprosesa waseRussia "uEbrbr" wesizukulwana sokugqibela uvelisa ngokuphindaphindiweyo kwesihlanu kunomzekelo we-4C.

ZoLwakhiwo

Njengomphumo obalulekileyo, inkampani ye-CJSC MCTS yavelisa isakhiwo sokuqala se-microprocessor "Elbrus". Umprojekti ugxile ekufumaneni izikhombisi zokusebenza eziphezulu kwezi zixhobo ze-hardware. Ngokwezigaba eziqhelekileyo, ibhekisela kwicandelo lezakhiwo zobugcisa esebenzisa umgaqo wegama elibanzi le-VLIW (i-Large Large Instruction Word), xa iqulunqa livelisa uluhlu lwamacandelo omyalelo (amagama omyalelo obanzi) ekusebenziseni okufanayo, apho kungekho zixhomekeke phakathi kwemiyalelo ngaphakathi kweqela kunye nokuxhomekeka okuncinciweyo Phakathi kwamaqela ngamaqela ahlukeneyo.

Ngaloo ndlela, umprosesa waseRussia "uElbrus" usebenzisa iqondo eliphezulu lokuphambana kwinqanaba lomsebenzi, elikhoyo kule khowudi yeprogram. Ngenxa yoko, isantya esikhulu sokwakha siphumelelwa ngokukhulula i-hardware ukusuka kwimisebenzi yokuhambisa indawo ehambelana nemigangatho ye-architectural and transferring to the compiler. Oku kwakhokelela kwenye into ebalulekileyo kwizakhiwo ze "Elbrus" -nqanaba eliphantsi lokusetyenziswa kwamandla kwezixhobo.

Kanye nokusetyenziswa ngokufanelekileyo kokuphambana kwemisebenzi ekwakhiweni kweso sixhobo se-Elbrus, ezinye iindidi (amanqanaba) okufana nokulinganisa zivela kwinkqubo yekhompyutha:

• Ukudibanisa kweengxaki kumashishini amaninzi;
• Ukuqinisekiswa kolawulo lokugeleza kwimemori eyabelwe;
• Vector parallelism.

Iyahambelana nophuhliso lwe-x86

Njengomfuneko oyintloko wokwakha, abaphuhlisi baqale baqikelela ukubonelela ngokuhambelanayo ngokubambisana kunye ne-architecture ephezulu ye-Intel x86 microprocessor. Iphunyezwe ngesiseko sokuguqulela okuguqukileyo kunye nenkxaso yayo kwi-hardware ye-microprocessor "Elbrus". Kwakhona, iipropati ezicacileyo zakhiwo ezintsha zendawo zibandakanya inkxaso ephathekayo yekhompyutha ekhuselekileyo (iprogram ye-modular), eyenza kakhulu umsebenzi wabalingisi xa udala iiphakheji ezinkulu zeekhompyutha kunye nexesha lokuphela.

Isicelo esisebenzayo

Kuphi okucetywayo ukusebenzisa amaprojekthi aseRashiya? Kubalulekile ukuqonda ukuba le mveliso iphuhliswe ngenjongo yodwa-ukubonelela ngezixhobo eziphathekayo kunye nezixhobo zekhompyutha ezaneleyo, ezizimeleyo zonikezelo kunye neelayisenisi. Iikhomputha kwi-processor ye-Elbrus kunye nezinga eliphezulu lokhuseleko kunye nokukhuselwa kwiifom ye-computer zifunwa kwishishini lempi, kwiinkonzo zokhuseleko, kumaziko abalulekileyo karhulumente.

Okwangoku, inqubo ikuvumela ukuba ufake ifowuni eyaziwayo ne-Linux, evula indlela ukuba ingabikho kumthengi oqhelekileyo, ngoko kwicandelo lenkampani. I-MCST yenkampani inika iikhomputha ezikhuselekile kunye namaseva angasebenza kwiimeko ezimbi.