KwiSekethe Integrated: Iintlobo neenkcazo

Ukuze asebenze naziphi elektroniki ngaphezulu okanye ezintsonkothileyo ngaphantsi, oko ngokuqhelekileyo kuthatha ezininzi iinkcukacha. Xa eninzi kubo, babe "ukuhlanganisa", bathi, kwiisekethe emanyanisiweyo. Yintoni na? zihlelwa njani? Njani zenziwe bona, yaye okukhombisa kudluliselwa?

Zintoni logic ezihlangeneyo kwiisekethe (ICS)

Enyanisweni, isixhobo microelectronic olusekelwe yikristale zintsonkothe ngendlela engaqondakaliyo, nto leyo yenziweyo ngale filimu semiconductor okanye imbasa. Oku abekwe nomzimba otyhidiweyo (nangona oko kunokwenziwa ngaphandle, kodwa kuphela xa oko yinxalenye micro). Umphathi wesekethe yokuqala ezihlangeneyo iye elilodwa lomenzi ngo-1968. Yaba impumelelo kolu shishino, nangona kubonelelwe yi isixhobo kwaye kakhulu ngokuhambelana concepts mihla yemida yayo. iziphaluka Integrated zenziwa ngenxa becala ngenxa kumphezulu ezifuna. Amaxesha amaninzi phantsi kwe EC uyayiqonda yikristale enye kuphela okanye ifilim. Umphathi wesekethe kunayo yonke adityanisiweyo phezu nomqathane lesilicon. Ndafumanisa ukuba isicelo yayo kushishino zinezibonelelo ezininzi, ezifana ukusebenza yokosulela uphawu.

amazinga design

Ezi zixhobo imbaxa, uboniswa ngokugqibeleleyo. Ngoku usebenzisa software CAD ezikhethekileyo ukuba automates nokukhawulezisa kakhulu neenkqubo zemveliso. Ngoko ke, uyilo ezihambe:

1. inqanaba Logic (inverters, NAND, NOR, kunye like).
2. Ngokucwangcisekileyo Ukujikeleza (basebenza kusungula, encoders, Alu, comparators, njl);.
3. Zombane (capacitors, transistors, resistors kunye nezixhobo efanayo).
4. I topological level - ekuveliseni photomasks.
5. Physical - ukusebenza njenge transistor elinye (okanye iqela elincinane) kwi nj.
6. Le program - imiyalelo esekelwe microcontrollers, microprocessors kunye FPGAs. indlela yokuziphatha engumzekelo iqulunqwa yi kwisiphaluka nkqo.

ngezigaba

Ukuthetha ngendlela ukwahlula phakathi kwiziphaluka ehlangeneyo, akunakwenzeka ukuba ukhethe enye kuphela uhlobo parameter ukuntsonkotha yobuchwepheshe, apho kwenziwa. Ngenxa yoko, kweli nqaku sele zikhethelwe ezintathu.

degree of lokuhlanganisa

Ngoko ke apha kucingwa ukuba inani esisiseko izakhi yikristale:

1. yesekethe nzulu ehlangeneyo. Iqulethe ngaphantsi kwekhulu izinto.
2. I-avareji yesekethe oluhlangeneyo. Eli linani leziqalelo lohlukile ikhulu / lamawaka ububanzi.
3. Lsi. Iqulethe amawaka izinto ukuya ku 10,000.
4. Scale ezinkulu kakhulu Integrated Circuit. Bona kumalungu alishumi lamawaka nayo.

Ngokuqhelekileyo, circuit enkulu ezihlanganisiweyo isoloko isetyenziswa kwizixhobo ekhaya. Ngaphambili wasebenzisa ezinye iindidi:

1. yesiphaluka Ultra-enkulu ezihlanganisiweyo. Kulo ababhalise ezo sampula nenokuthi liyi inani leziqalelo kumqolo we-1 million. 1 ukuya Bln.
2. Gigabolshaya integrated wesekethe. Ezi ziquka iipateni, inani ngamasuntswana ngaphaya 1 Bln. Elements.

Kodwa ngeli xesha ke azisebenzi. Kwaye ngoku kwenzekile zonke iisampulu ebe zibangelwa Ubisa kunye GBIS njenge VLSI. Ngokubanzi, unako ukusindisa kakhulu kwinani amaqela, ekubeni iindidi ezimbini zokugqibela ngokuqhelekileyo kusetyenziswa ngokukodwa kumaziko ophando ezinkulu, apho asebenza iinkqubo zekhompyutha, amandla ulinganiswa amashumi amakhulu terabytes.

technology lokuvelisa

Ngenxa izakhono ezahlukeneyo zokuvelisa iziphaluka ezihlangeneyo nazo zihlelwa ngako zenziwe kwaye ntoni njani;

1. semiconductor. Kuzo zonke ezi zinto kunye ukuxhumana zenziwa kwenye kunye semiconductor chip efanayo. Semiconductor ezihlangeneyo iziphaluka ezisetyenziswa izinto ezifana lesilicon, germanium, kaLayishe waseGalim arsenide, kunye ചിഹ്നം uphawu oxide.

2. Film. Onke amacandelo kunye ukuxhumana zenziwa nanjengesuntswana:

- ashinyeneyo-bhanya.

- Thin-bhanya.

3. Hybrid. Has di- unpackaged, transistors kunye namanye amacandelo elektroniki ezisebenzayo. Umsi (ezifana resistors, inductors, capacitors) zicwangciswe kwi zeendawana efanayo yodongwe. Bonke bephela babekwa ngendlela izindlu evaliweyo.

4. Mixed. Akukho kuphela chip semiconductor, kodwa zibhityile-bhanyabhanya (okanye ashinyeneyo-ifilim) izinto zezenzi, apho ezibekwe kumphezulu wayo.

View yomqondiso ukuqhubekekiswa

Kwaye ke wesithathu, imboniselo lokugqibela isekelwe olunjani lwemiqondiso zilungiswa ngumphathi wesekethe ehlangeneyo. Zezi:

1. Analog. Apha, igalelo kunye neziphumo iimpawu iyahluka ngokomthetho komsebenzi rhoqo. Bakwazi ukuthatha ixabiso kuluhlu amabi ukuya ombane HIV ubonelelo.
2. Digital. Apha, naliphi igalelo okanye output uphawu kunokuba neentsingiselo ezimbini: ukulandelelana enye okanye zero. Ngamnye kubo uhambelana kwinqanaba ombane echazwe. Ngenxa yoko, uhlobo chips TTL 0-0,4V uluhlu qikelela ukuba zero kwaye 2,4-5V ngeyunithi nganye. Kusenokubakho ezinye ngokwahlukana, kuxhomekeke phezu kwisampula ethile.
3. Analog-to-digital. It idibanisa eziluncedo kunye neempawu onobuhle zangaphambili. Ngokomzekelo, ukuze babe yokukhulisa isignali kunye analog-to-digital converters.

izinto zomthetho

Into enokuthethwa ke iziphaluka ehlangeneyo kuwiso-mthetho? Kwilizwe lethu, banikwe ukhuseleko ngokwasemthethweni topographies eesekethe ezihlanganisiweyo. Phantsi ukuthini busisigxina elithile izinto carrier lungiselelo zejometri lwendawo iseti ethile lweziqalelo ezithile kunye nobudlelwane phakathi kwabo (ngokungqinelana neSiqendu 1448 kweKhowudi Civil). Umbhali we ithopholoji unawo amalungelo epropathi enomgangatho ophezulu wokuqonda ukuba wakhe wokusungula:

1. Copyright.
2. ilungelo yedwa.

Ukongeza, umbhali kunye nezinye iinketho liphethwe le ithopholoji, kubandakanywa - ithuba yokufumana imbuyekezo ukusetyenziswa kwayo. Ilungelo kuphela sisebenza iminyaka elishumi. Ngeli xesha, umqambi, okanye umntu, ukuba ngaye yavuma iwonga, bangabhalisa yethopholoji efanayo kwinkonzo ipropati yengqondo kunye patents.

isiphelo

Yiloo nto! Ukuba unayo umnqweno ukuqokelela Icebo lakhe - ingaba unqwenela impumelelo kuphela. Kodwa kwangaxeshanye Ndifuna ukutsala ingqalelo yakho phawu omnye. Ukuba ufuna ukuqokelela nj, kuyimfuneko ukulungiselela ngokucokisekileyo kule nkqubo. Inyaniso yokuba kuthatha kumgangatho ntumbuluko ezizodwa for kuhlinzwa yokusebenza indalo yayo, ukongeza, ngenxa fineness iinkcukacha basebenze intsimbi ngelotha njengesiqhelo asizuku sebenza - zonke izenzo yenziwa yi koomatshini. Ngoko ke, kuphela wesekethe anokwenziwa ekhaya. Ukuba oyifunayo, unako ukuthenga kuphuhliso lwezamazhishini, eza kwenziwa kwi kwimarike, kodwa ingcamango kunye izindlu zabo zenziwe ngaphandle nemali ebonakalayo kubhetele ukuba ahambe.