Transducers isignali: iintlobo, imigaqo yokusebenza kunye nenjongo

Kwimveliso nakwimpilo yemihla ngemihla, ukusetyenziswa kweendidi ezahlukahlukeneyo zokuguqulwa kwamagqabantshintshi kuqhelekileyo. Ezi zixhobo zinokumelwa kwinqanaba elibanzi kakhulu lokuguqulwa, olulungelelanisiweyo ukuxazulula iingxaki kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo zoqoqosho. Ziziphi iindidi zeziguquli zogqirha ezinokuthi zibhekelele kwizona ziqhelekileyo? Ziziphi iimpawu zokusebenza kwazo?

Iyintoni injongo yokuguqula umqondiso?

Iinguqu zokuguqula izixhobo ziyakwazi ukumelwa ngokwenene kwiinkalo ezininzi. Eli gama liqokelelene kwaye linxulumene nezixhobo ezisetyenziswe kwiinkalo ezahlukeneyo zoqoqosho kwaye zihlelwe ngokwemiqathango ehluke ngokupheleleyo. Iintlobo eziphambili zeempawu ezingakwazi ukuguqula izixhobo ezibuzwayo:

- Umbane;

- isandi;

- ubushushu;

- ubugcisa.

Ngokuxhomekeke kwimisebenzi ebhekene nomsebenzisi we-convert converter, iimodyuli ezenza iinkqubo ezahlukeneyo zedatha zingadibaniswa kwisakhiwo sesixhobo esifanayo. Utshintsho, ngoko ke, lunokuthi luqhutywe ngolu hlobo lwesignali (umzekelo, ukusuka kolunye ujikelezo oluya kwelinye) okanye ube yindlela equka ukuguqulelwa phakathi kweendidi ezahlukeneyo zamanqaku. Umzekelo, ugesi ngomsindo.

Iinqwelo eziqhelekileyo ziquka ukuguqulwa kweempawu ze- analog kwidijithali (kunye nangaphandle koko, ukuba kunikwe isakhiwo seemodyuli zangaphakathi zesixhobo). Makhe siqwalasele iimpawu zomsebenzi wazo.

Umguquleli we-Analog-to-digital

Isixhobo esicatshulwayo sijoliswe ekuguquleni nasiphi na isalathisi se-analog - umzekelo, emelwe ngama-indices yombane ibe yifomu yedijithali (ukuvumela, umzekelo, ukurekhoda uphawu oluhambelana kwifayile).

Enye yeendlela eziphambili zokusebenza kweso sixhobo ekubhekiselwe kuyo yinkcitho encinane yedatha kwimveliso. Ubungakanani balo bunquma umgangatho wesilinganiselo sesignali-kwingxolo.

Enye ipharamitha ephawulekayo eyenza umgangatho wokusebenza kwesixhobo ezifana nomguquli we-analog ngumlinganiselo wokuveliswa kwamanqaku emveliso. Phakathi kwezixhobo ezibonelela ngokufanelekileyo zizo zihlobo ezifanayo. Zenza imilambo emikhulu yempawu usebenzisa inombolo efunekayo yezikhonkwane. Lo mbandela wefowuni kwiimeko ezininzi ubeka phambili ukukhululwa kwabaguquleli abahambelanayo, obonakaliswe ubungakanani obukhulu. Ukongezelela, abaguquli be-analog signal bangakwazi ukusetyenziswa kwamandla. Nangona kunjalo, ngokuqwalasela ukusebenza kwezi fowuni, ezi zinto zihlala zingathatyathwa njengento engalunganga.

Ukuguqulwa kweempawu ezisuka kwi-analog ukuya kwiidivaysi ezifanayo zedijithali zikhawuleza. Ukubonelela ngokukhawuleza kwentsebenzo echaphazelekayo inokusetyenziswa ngokuqhagamshelana kwezixhobo eziliqela, ukwenzela ukuba bakwazi ukucwangcisa imilambo yeempawu.

Ezinye iindlela zokusombulula izixazululo ezifanayo ziba ngabaguquleli bee-serial. Ngokuqhelekileyo zivelisa kakhulu, kodwa zisebenza ngamandla. Isicelo sabo singagqitywa kwiimeko xa kukho umbuzo wokuqinisekisa ukuhanjiswa kweempawu kwisiseko sesikhokelo samandla aphantsi, okanye xa kwenzeka ukuba isantya sokuguqulwa esiphezulu kunokuba kunikwe izixhobo ezilandelelanayo akudingeki.

Kuyakuthi kuqaphele ukuba kukho iifom zoluhlobo oluxubekileyo oludibanisa imisebenzi yee-converter ze-serial kunye ezifanayo. Kwiimeko ezininzi, zizona zizisombululo ezifanelekileyo kakhulu ngokuhambelana nemigangatho yoqoqosho kunye nemveliso.

Ngaphezulu sasiqaphele ukuba abaguquli be-analog-to-digital bangafaka iimodyuli ngeendlela apho iimpawu zedijithali ziguqulwa zibe zibonakaliso ze-analog. Kukho uluhlu oluhlukeneyo lwezixhobo zolu hlobo olufanelekileyo. Masifunde iimpawu zabo.

Idijithali kubaguquli be-analog

Ukuba umsebenzisi unomzekelo, umboniso kumboniso we-analog, oko kuya kusebenza xa udibanisa i-antenna ehambelanayo. Okanye ukuba iimpawu zomthombo ziguqulwa zibe zibonakaliso ze-analog, ezithethwa yiTV. Umthombo wabo unokuba yi-antenna yedijithali. Okanye, njengendlela yokukhetha, uphawu olufunyenwe nge-Intanethi.

Isixhobo esicatshulwayo si guqula isalathisi esinekhowudi yedijithali kwindawo yangoku, i-voltage, okanye intlawulo esetyenziselwa ukuqhutyelwa kwiimodyuli ze-analog. Iinkqubo ezithile zolu tshintsho kuxhomekeke kulolu hlobo lwedatha yenkalo. Ngokomzekelo, ukuba sithetha ngomsindo, ngoko kwigalelo ngokuqhelekileyo kuboniswe kwi-modulation-code modulation. Ukuba ifayile yomthombo icinezelwe, ii-codec ezikhethekileyo zeekhompyutha zingasetyenziselwa ukuguqula iimpawu. Ngaloo ndlela, i-antenna yedijithali isoloko idlulisela isignali ekusebenziseni iindlela ze-hardware.

Izixhobo, eziquka abaguquleli abacatshangelwayo, zingaxhaswa ngeimodyuli ngeenjongo ezahlukeneyo. Ngokomzekelo, xa kunika ukusasazwa kwe-TV, i-amplifier yomboniso wevidiyo ingasetyenziselwa ukongeza kulawo modyuli asetyenziswa ngumguquleli. Kwiimeko ezininzi eziyimfuneko ukwenzela ukubonelela umfanekiso ophezulu xa uphawu lwe-analog luguqulwa kwidijithali. Kwakhona, i-amplifier yomboniso wevidiyo isetyenziswe ukuba ufuna ukudlulisela umfanekiso ngaphezu komgama omkhulu.

Ithelevishini akuyona yodwa iphambili yokusetyenziswa okusebenzayo kwezixhobo ezikulo mbuzo. Abaguquleli abadibeneyo bafakiwe, umzekelo, ekubunjweni kwabadlali beCD, abaguqula isignali yedijithali kwi-analog.

I-ultrasonic transducers

Uhlobo olulandelayo lwezixhobo lusetyenziso lwe-ultrasonic transducer. Kunokuqatshelwa ukuba inokumelwa ngamacandelo anesithuba esikhulu kakhulu sezicelo, kunye nemigaqo yokusebenza. Phakathi kweendidi eziqhelekileyo ze-transducers ze-ultrasonic yileyunithi ephantsi komhlaba, eyenzelwe ukuba idluliselwe emanzini okanye enye imveliso yetsholongwane nge-ultrasound enexesha elithile. Esi sixhobo singasetyenziselwa, umzekelo, ukuhlambulula izinto ezahlukeneyo kungcoliseko-kubhebha ezisetyenziselwa ukucoca i-ultrasonic.

Kukho ezinye iinkalo zokusetyenziswa kwezixhobo ezibhekiselweyo. I-transducer ye-ultrasonic ingasetyenziselwa ukubeka ingqalelo ukuthembeka kwezakhiwo ezithile, ukudibanisa kunye nokujonga izinto ezithile ngomonakalo.

Abaguquleli abanomgca kunye neentshukumo

Ukuqwalasela iimpawu ezizodwa zokusebenzisa abaguquleli, kuya kuba luncedo ukuthobela ingqalelo kwi-classification apho bahlulelene khona kunye nokunyanzelisa. Enyanisweni, ezi khrayitheriya zibonisa imigaqo emibini ebalulekileyo yokuguqulwa komsebenzi.

Ezo zinto zihambelanayo, zingasebenzisa umgaqo wesiphaluka we-analog, apho izibonakaliso eziguqulwayo zenziwa ngokukhawuleza. I-converter ye-pulse ithatha ukubonakaliswa okuthe kratya kweempawu zombini kwimveliso kunye nokusebenza kwangaphakathi. Nangona kunjalo, ukuba lo msebenzi uqhutyelwa kuphela kwisigaba sangaphakathi se-signal processing, isixhobo esihambelanayo singenza iiparitha ezifanayo kwimeko apho i-converter edibeneyo ibandakanyeka. Ngaloo ndlela, ingcamango yokucwangcisa okusemgangathweni okanye yokunyanzelisa ingacingelwa kuphela kwimeko yomgaqo wezinto eziphambili ze-hardware zefowuni yohlobo oluhambelanayo.

Iinguqu zokuguqulwa kwamathambo zisetyenziswa kakhulu kwiimeko xa isakhiwo seziseko ezisetyenziswayo kubandakanya ukusetyenziswa kwamandla amakhulu. Oku kubangelwa kukuba ubuchule bezixhobo ezihambelanayo kwiimeko ezinjalo ziphezulu kunokuba zisetyenziselwa ukucwangcisa izibonakaliso zamandla aphantsi. Enye into ekukhethiweyo kwezi zizombululo yindlela yokusebenzisa i-transformer okanye i-capacitor devices kwisakhiwo sezakhiwo ezisetyenzisiweyo, apho abaguquleli abanomdla banokuvumelana ngokufanelekileyo.

Ngaloo ndlela, umguquleli ongeyomnxeba uyisistim esetyenziswa ngaphakathi kwisiseko apho izibonakaliso zamandla aphantsi zicutshungulwa. Okanye ukuba kukho imfuneko yokunciphisa ukuphazamiseka okubangelwa ukusebenza komguquleli. Kuyafaneleka ukuba uqaphele ukuba ukusetyenziswa kwezicombululo ezicatshangelwe kwisiseko esiphezulu samandla akusiyo eyona nto iphezulu, ngoko ke ezi zixhobo zihlala zibeka inani elikhulu lokushisa kuneziguquli eziguqulwayo. Ukongezelela, ubunzima babo kunye nobukhulu babo buninzi kakhulu.

Kodwa, ngenye indlela okanye enye, ngokusebenza, ukusebenza komtshintshi ngomgaqo oshukumisayo kunokuthatha ukubunjwa komsebenzi wokudlulisa kwindlela efanelekileyo. Ngoko ke, ngaphambi kokuba uqalise ukuguqulwa kwamagqabantshintshi afanelekileyo kwiziseko, kufuneka uqwalasele isakhiwo sangaphakathi kwisicwangciso sokusetyenziswa kwamagqabantshintshi.

Abaguquleli bokulinganisa

Olunye uhlobo oluqhelekileyo lwezisombululo lilinganisa abaguquleli. Ziziphi iimpawu zabo? Umtshini wokulinganisa yisistim esinokumelwa kwinani elikhulu leentlobo. Idibanisa ezi zixhobo ngokukwazi ukulinganisa kokubili umlinganiselo kunye nokuguqulwa kwamanani athile.

Inkqubo yokusebenza kwezixhobo zokulinganisa zohlobo oluhambelanayo kunokubhekwa njengento esetyenziswa ngokubanzi, apho isibonakaliso senziwa kwiinqanaba eziliqela. Okokuqala i-transducer iyayifumana, ize iguqule ibe yintengo enokulinganiswa, emva kokuguqulwa kwamandla amandla. Umzekelo, ukuba i-transog current current transducer isetyenziswe, ngoko amandla ombane aguqulwa abe ngumatshini.

Ngokuqinisekileyo, iindlela ezizodwa zokusetyenziswa kwezicombululo ezifanelekileyo ziza kuboniswa ngoluhlu olubanzi kakhulu. Kuqhelekileyo ukusebenzisa ukuguqulwa kwamanani kwiinjongo zenzululwazi njengenxalenye yesiseko sokwenza iimvavanyo kunye nophando. Udibanisa uninzi lwabaguquli bokulinganisa ngokulungelelaniswa kwazo, ngokukodwa ukusebenza kunye nokusetyenziswa kweempawu eziqhelekileyo xa uqhuba okanye uguqula uphawu. Kuyakucatshulwa ukuba ezi mpawu zisoloko zijoliswe ekusebenziseni umsebenzisi wokugqibela. Ukubandakanyeka kwabo kumaxesha amaninzi kwenziwa kwindlela yokugcina. Umntu, usebenzisa iinguqu ezifanelekileyo zeziguqula, ufumana kuphela uphawu olufunwayo, olulungele ukusetyenziswa kwiinjongo ezahlukeneyo, kwimveliso.

Ngaloo ndlela, ezi zizombululo, njengommiselo, azisebenzisi njengezixhobo ezizimeleyo zezibonelelo. Ziyinxalenye yezixhobo eziyinkimbinkimbi - umzekelo, inkqubo yokwenza umlinganiselo wokuvelisa imveliso. Iinguqu zokulinganisa zihlala zihlulwa zibe ngamaqela angama-2 aphezulu-eziphambili neziphakathi. Kuya kuba luncedo ukuqwalasela izinto ezithile zombini.

Ulwahlulo lokulinganisa abaguquleli: izicwangciso eziphambili neziphakathi

Amadivaysi asemagqabini asisiseko aqhelekileyo asetyenziswa njengeziveki. Oko kukuthi, zii-transducers apho ixabiso elithile elithatyathwe lenza ngokuthe ngqo. Ezinye iifowuni zikwinqanaba eliphakathi. Zibekwa kwiziseko zokulinganisa emva kokuqala kwaye zingabangela uxanduva lwenani elikhulu lemisebenzi ehambelana noshintsho. Yiyiphi imisebenzi enokuyenza ishintshi soguqu olufanelekileyo? Kulo mkhuba ukubandakanya:

Ukulinganiswa kwezibonakaliso zomzimba zexabiso elithile;

- Ukuguqulwa kwamanani amaninzi;

- utshintsho lweempawu zedijithali kwiimpawu ze-analog kunye nakwezinye izinto;

Ukuguqulwa komsebenzi.

Qaphela ukuba olu luhlu lunokuqwalaselwa njengesimo. Oku kubaluleke kakhulu ngenxa yokuba ininzi i-transducers enokuqala ingasetyenziswa kwisixhobo esifanayo. Esinye isizathu sokuqwalasela ukuhlonyelwa kwezi zizathu-ngolu hlobo-kukuba kwiintlobo ezahlukeneyo zezibonelelo, imilinganiselo ingenziwa ngokwemiqathango echaseneyo.

Converters-optical converters

Olunye uhlobo lwesicatshulwa esidlulileyo kwimida eyahlukeneyo yoqoqosho ngumguquleli we-electron-optical. Njengazo ezinye iindidi zezixhobo ezixutyushwa ngasentla, zinokumelwa kwiinkalo ezahlukeneyo zoyilo. Umgaqo oqhelekileyo wokusebenza uhlanganisa abaguquleli be-electron-optical: kubandakanya ukuguqulwa kwezinto ezingabonakaliyo - umzekelo, ukhanyiswa yi-infrared, ultraviolet okanye, umzekelo, ii-X-rays, kwi-spectrum ebonakalayo.

Ukusebenza okuhambelanayo, njengomthetho, kuqhutywa ngamanqanaba amabini. Ngowokuqala, imisebe engabonakali ifumaneka kwi-photocathode, emva koko iguqulwa ibe yimpawu zecomputer. Eyona nto isele kwisigaba sesibini iguqulwa ibe umfanekiso obonakalayo kwaye iboniswe kwisikrini. Ukuba le meko yekhompyutheni yekhompyutheni, isignali inokuguqulwa ngaphambili ibe yikhowudi yedijithali.

Abaguquleli bee-electron-optical izixazululo eziye zahlulwa ngezizukulwana eziliqela. Iifowuni ezinxulumene neyokuqala zineflask yokucoca iglasi. I-photocathode kunye ne-anode zikhona kuyo. Phakathi kwabo kukho ulwahlulo olunokwenzeka. Xa i-voltage ephezulu isetyenziselwa umguquguquli, i-lens ye-electron yenziwa ngaphakathi kwe-converter engayigxininisa i-electron fluxes.

Kwi-converters yesizukulwana sesibili, iimodyuli zokunyuswa kwee-elektroni zikhoyo, ngaloo ndlela zandisa ukukhanya komfanekiso. Kwizixhobo zesitshixo sesithathu, izinto ezisetyenzisiweyo zandisa ukwanda kwe-photocathode njengecandelo eliphambili le-converter-optical converter elingaphezu kwama-3.

Iimpawu zabaguquleli abahlaselayo

Olunye uhlobo oluqhelekileyo lwefowuni - abaguquleli abahlaselayo. Makhe siqwalasele iimpawu zabo ngokubanzi.

Ezi zitshintshi zichitshiyelwe ukutshintsha ukunyanzelana kwazo zombane xa zibonakaliswe kwixabiso elithile elilinganisiweyo. Bayakwazi ukulungelelanisa ukufuduka kweengqungquthela kunye nomgca. Ngokuqhelekileyo aba batshintshi bafakwe kwiinkqubo zokuzenzekelayo ngexinzelelo, ukushisa, ukukhanya kwamanani , ukulinganisa ubuninzi beentlobo ezahlukeneyo zemitha. Iinjongo eziphambili ze-transducers ezikhuselekileyo zi:

- Ukuthembeka;

- ukungabikho kobudlelwane phakathi kokuchaneka kwemilinganiselo kunye nokuzinza kwe-voltage supply.

Kukho inamba enkulu yokuhluka kwezixhobo ezihambelanayo. Phakathi kwezona ziwayo zifunyanwa ngabenzi beqondo lokushisa. Masifunde iimpawu zabo.

Iqondo lokushisa lokugcina

Ezi guqula izibonakaliso zinezixhobo ezivelele kwiinguqu kwiqondo lokushisa. Ukuba iphakama, ukuxhatshazwa kwabo kunokunyuka. Ezi zixhobo zibonakala ngokukodwa ngokuchaneka kakhulu. Kwimizekelo yamatyala, benza ukuba kwenzeke ukuhluka kweqondo lokushisa ngokuchaneka komyalelo we-0.026 degrees Celsius. Njengenxalenye yalezi zixhobo kukho izinto ezenziwe ngeplatinum - kule meko, ukulingana komlinganiselo kuya kuba ngaphantsi, okanye ubhedu.

Ukusetyenziswa boluvo resistive luphawulwa bokuqonda eziliqela. Ngoko ke, kufuneka kukhunjulwe ukuba izalathi i ephezulu excitation ngoku anikwe woluvo, ukwanda ubuzaza balo ubushushu, kodwa ngaxeshanye, ukufudumeza izinto transducer zabo. Kwiimeko ezininzi oku kubangela ukuhla ngokuchana kwayo. Ngako oko ke kucetyiswa ukuba ukuqinisekisa ukusebenza ngokupheleleyo excitation idlalayo iimeko yomlinganiselo ethile. Olubalo kufuneka ithathelwe ingqalelo, umzekelo, i-conductivity wobushushu medium apho woluvo esebenzayo - emoyeni okanye emanzini. Ngokuqhelekileyo, i parameters ekucetyiswa ukuba imisinga excitation zisekwa abenzi zohlobo boluvo ahambelanayo. Ngaloo ndlela ke zinokwahluka kakhulu ngokuxhomekeke metal isicelo kwi isakhiwo isixhobo. Ngaphezu koko, xa usebenzisa abenzi boluvo kulo mbuzo, kuyimfuneko ukuba abe akhawunti parameter njengoko ixabiso umda ye yangoku. Ngokuqhelekileyo, oko kuchonga umenzi.

abenzi boluvo Resistive - phakathi yeyona ixhaphakileyo converters kuqoqosho uhlobo. Oku kubangelwa ubukhulu becala iingenelo ebonakalayo zobugcisa iintlobo-ntlobo ezininzi zazo. Ngokomzekelo, xa sithetha Thermistors - abo luphawulwa uvakalelo oluphezulu, compactness, ubunzima ephantsi. abenzi uhlobo ehambisana ingasetyenziswa ukulinganisa iqondo lobushushu kwiimeko ezahlukeneyo. ngokufuthi imveliso yabo alubandakanyi iindleko ebonakalayo. Noko ke, thermistors kuneengxaki - ikakhulu kuba iqondo eliphezulu non-linearity, ukuze babe tirhisiwaka practice kuluhlu kunokuba nemxinwa kwamaqondo obushushu.

uhlobo converters ezifanelekileyo imiqondiso (iintlobo kunye nenjongo yazo unokusekelwa khrayitheriya ezahlukeneyo ngezigaba) zisetyenziswa kakhulu kubomi bemihla ngemihla. Umzekelo, kubandakanywe kuthunyelwa abenzi ubushushu, oquka kubume bayo kumacandelo platinum nobhedu kwi ekwakhiweni:

- zokufudumeza iziseko - ukuze kulinganiswe izikhombisi ubushushu njengesipholisi kumalungu ezahlukeneyo izixhobo, ngokunjalo kwigumbi eshushu;

- wokuhlamba oomatshini - ukuze ukulinganisa iqondo lobushushu amanzi kunye hlengiso yayo kwiinkqubo zokuhlamba ezahlukeneyo;

- Iron - ngokufanayo iqondo lobushushu ayina ngokupheleleyo ngaphakathi kwindlela ethile;

- electrotiles, kwakunye nezinye iintlobo izixhobo zokupheka ukutya - ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukusebenza kwabo phezu ukusebenza kweendlela ezithile umsebenzisi.

converters rheostat

Enye uhlobo ethandwayo kwezixhobo resistive - transducers ukuxhathisa. Umgaqo abasebenza isekelwe phezu ngokulinganisa lombane kweelana umqhubi phantsi kwempembelelo ukubana igalelo. Ukuziqhelisa, le transducer iquka izinto eziza apha naphaya ukuze ukubana ngenxa ifuthe measurand. Amaninzi, isixhobo ekuthethwa ziqukwe Izahluli ombane okanye isetyenziswe njengenxalenye kwebhulorho yokulinganisa.

Ukuba sithethe ngezinto ezintle ukuba ziimpawu converters rheostat, ngoko, zibandakanya:

- engekho nempembelelo yovukelo kumacandelo eziphathekayo;

- kahle eliphezulu;

- ubungakanani encinane, ukusetyenziswa kweziseko zophuhliso, ukusebenza njenge rhoqo, ngoko kunye ifildi yangoku.

Ngelo xesha linye transducers resistive lohlobo ahambelanayo akusoloko ezithembekileyo yaye kwiimeko ezininzi zifuna inkampani imithombo yoncedo ebalulekileyo ukugcina ukusebenza.