Silicon kunye nemixube yayo. Silicon endalweni. Ukusetyenziswa lesilicon

Enye ethandwa ubugcisa kunye noshishino lweziqalelo yi lesilicon. Ukuba unetyala iipropati yayo engaqhelekanga. Namhlanje kukho iikhompawundi ezininzi ezahlukeneyo lwesi sakhi, anendima ebalulekileyo kuyondelelaniswe kunye nokudalwa neemveliso zobugcisa, izinto zokubhala, iglasi, izixhobo, izixhobo zokwakha, izacholo kunye namanye amashishini.

iimpawu ngokubanzi lesilicon

Xa siqwalasela isigxina lesilicon kule nkqubo ngamaxesha athile, kuyenzeka ukuba bathi:

1. IV ise kwi subgroups eziphambili qela.
2. Ulandelelwano Inombolo-14.
3. mass Atomic 28,086.
4. Uphawu imichiza Si.
5. Igama - electronic, okanye Latin - silicium.
6. Uqwalaselo yekhompyutha umaleko 4e obungaphandle; 2e: 8e.

Lokusebenzisa Ilibele of lesilicon iyafana emkhusaneni diamond. Iindawo zilungiselelwe athom, udidi - ubuso-lomnye cubic. Nangona kunjalo, ngenxa yobude kakhulu kunxibelelwano iimpawu ezibonakalayo ze lesilicon kwahluka kakhulu ukusuka iimpawu carbon allotropic ukulungiswa.

iipropati Physical nemichiza

Kukho iindidi ezimbini ukuguqulwa allotropic le element: amorphous kunye nomkhenkce. Bafana kakhulu. Noko ke, njengoko kunjalo kwezinye izinto, umahluko ophambili phakathi kwabo - emkhusaneni crystalline lesilicon.

Kulo mzekelo, zombini iinguqulelo - ngumgubo eziyimibala eyahlukeneyo.

1. crystalline lesilicon i emnyama engwevu ngumgubo-ezifana metal obukhanyayo. nesakhiwo sayo ingqamana diamond, kodwa iimpawu. It has:

• ubu;
• yobulukhuni low;
• iipropati semiconductor;
• Iqondo lobushushu inyibilikiswa ka 1415 ⁰ C;
• mninzi 2,33 g / cm ^3;
• ubushushu abilayo ka-2700 ⁰ C.

umsebenzi wayo chemical kuphantsi xa kuthelekiswa nezinye uhlobo allotropic.

2. lesilicon Amorphous - powder omdaka omdaka, uye diamond isakhiwo silnorazuporyadochennogo. Reactivity liphezulu ngokwaneleyo.

Ngokubanzi, kufanele kuphawulwe ukuba kusabela nangazithandiyo lesilicon. Ukuze wenze ntoni, iqondo kuyimfuneko hayi ngaphantsi kwe 400-500 ⁰ C. iikhompawundi Various yamachiza ukusekwa lesilicon phantsi kwezi meko. Ezifana:

• oxides;
• halides;
• ukuzibulala;
• nitrides;
• borides;
• carbides.

Mhlawumbi impefumlelwano lesilicon ne-nitric acid okanye kwealkali, ekuthiwa inkqubo ngasekhohlo. silicones, nto leyo ngoku besiba baninzi ngakumbi.

Ukuba indalo

Silicon sifumaneka kakhulu imali ebonakalayo. Kungenxa kwindawo yesibini emva oksijini lobukho. iqhekeza wayo ubunzima bomthwalo buye kuhlala malunga ne-30%. Amanzi olwandle iqulethe into esebenzayo enamandla-3 mg / L. Ngoko ke, asimele sithi silicon kwindalo - yinto into enqabileyo.

Ngokwahlukileyo koko, kukho amatye ezahlukeneyo ezininzi kunye neeminerali, njengenxalenye apho kwenzeka kwaye kukhutshwa kuwo kuyo. Imichiza lesilicon yendalo ziqhelekileyo zezi:

1. Dust. Le imichiza ifomula Sio _2. Kukho kakhulu iintlobo ezohlukileyo izimbiwa kunye namatye amakhulu noseko lwalo; isanti, lenyengane, feldspar, zwi, crystal eweni, neametiste, yikalikedo, lwesardiyo, lube yihakinto, neyaspisi, kunye nabanye.
2. Silicates kunye silicates aluminium. Kaolin, feldspar, mica, iityuwa silicic acid, asbestos, talc.

Ngoko ke, ukwanda kakhulu lesilicon indalo kunye nemixube yayo ezithandwayo kunye nemfuno abantu ukuba basebenzise iinjongo zobugcisa.

Silicon kunye nemixube yayo

Ekubeni zecawa ukuba ayisekho element awukwazi, ngoko ke, kubaluleke ezahlukeneyo iikhompawundi yayo. Ukusuka kwindawo eekhemikhali umbono kusenokuba ezintathu igcwala zikarhulumente-phinde ngo 2, +4, -4. Kuvela oku, kananjalo nangenxa inertia kwabo, kodwa ingakumbi isakhiwo crystalline emkhusaneni, kungenisa ezi ntlobo zilandelayo eziphambili kwezinto:

• iikhompawundi lokubini ne non-isinyithi (silane, khabhayithi, ephuculweyo, phosphide, njalo njalo;
• oxides;
• silicic acid;
• silicates metal.

Makhe siqwalasele indlela ebalulekileyo Silicon kunye nemixube zayo, zezona ixhaphake kakhulu kwaye ethandwa abantu.

oxides electronic

Kukho iindidi ezimbini kwezinto oluvakaliswe ifomula:

• Sio;
• Sio _2.

Nangona kunjalo, le isetyenziswa ngokubanzi iye dioxide. Ikhona lwendalo ngendlela amatye semi-anqabileyo intle kunene:

• neerubhi, ngeempahla zakho;
• yikalikedo;
• yihakinto;
• nelesardiyo;
• neyaspisi;
• neametiste;
• rhinestone.

Ukusetyenziswa lesilicon kule fomu ifumene isicelo yayo ekwenziweni izacholo. Kakhu- ngegolide entle kwaye zesiliva kwenziwe la semiprecious kunye namatye semiprecious.

A iinguqulelo ezimbalwa dust:

• zwi;
• umlambo kunye zwi intlabathi ;
• ibunzi;
• feldspars.

Ukusetyenziswa lesilicon ezinjalo Iintlobo yaphunyezwa zokwakha, ubunjineli, elektroniki, ishishini imichiza, yokunyibilikisa isinyithi. Kunye, ezi oxides zidweliswe zibhekisela into enye - dust.

Karbid Kremniya nokusetyenziswa kwayo

Silicon kunye nemixube zayo - a ebambekayo elizayo kunye langoku. Enye loo nto lesilicon khabhayithi okanye khabhayithi le element. Le khemikhali formula suppliers. Senzeka indalo njengoko moissanite bezimbiwa.

Xa uhlobo olunyulu carbon kunye lesilicon compound - lihle, ziikristale ngaphaya, isakhiwo nekalikedo-like. Noko ke, iinjongo zobugcisa wasebenzisa zipeyintwe izinto umbala oluhlaza namnyama.

iimpawu eziphambili osisiqu, sivumele ukusetyenziswa kwayo kushishino, ubugcisa, icandelo lwekhemikhali, oku kulandelayo:

• semiconductor umsantsa omkhulu;
• amandla eliphezulu kakhulu (7 Mohs isikali) ;
• ukumelana kumaqondo obushushu aphezulu;
• elektroustoychivost ezibalaseleyo conductivity thermal.

Konke oku kuvumela ukusetyenziswa lesilicon khabhayithi njengento esirhabaxa yokunyibilikisa isinyithi kunye imichiza yokuqaphela. LED Kwakhona, lisekelwe bavelise spectrum ezibanzi amanyathelo, izahlulo kwi ezikweni iglasi, nemilomo, iitotshi, izacholo (moissanite kakhulu FIANITE ngasentla).

Silane nokubaluleka kwayo

Hydrogen silicon ephindeneyo silane yaye igama ayikwazi zingafunyanwa kuyondelelaniswe ngqo baqalise izinto. Ukuze ufumane i-metal ezahlukeneyo silicides asetyenziswa, ezo phantsi unyango asidi. Ngenxa yoko, irhasi silane iyekelela kwaye yenza a ityuwa yesinyithi.

Loo nto inika umdla compound ekuthethwa zange wavelisa yedwa. Soloko kwi indlela ngumxube mono-, khe kunye Trisilane apho athom lesilicon zinxulunyaniswa kunye ngemixokelelwane.

Phezu iimpawu ezi zihlanganisi - strong nokunciphisa arhente. Kanjalo lula oxidized yi ioksijini, maxa wambi explosively. indlela beziindlobongela halogens kusoloko a lot of ukukhululwa amandla.

Isicelo le silanes zilandelayo:

1. Ukusabela organic yokuqaphela, ngenxa apho kubalulekile silicones - abicah, irabha, sealants, izinto zokuthambisa, emulsions kunye nabanye.
2. Microelectronics (esweni LCD, imizobo ehlangeneyo yobugcisa, njalo njalo).
3. ubunyulu polysilicon High.
4. busebenzisa amazinyo.

Ngoko ke, lo silanes kwihlabathi mihla phezulu.

Silicic acid kunye silicates

Hayidroksayidi i element - bona silicas ezahlukeneyo. ihloniphekile:

• meta;
• o;
• polysilicon kunye nezinye ii-asidi.

Bonke bephela iimpawu ezifanayo - ukungalingani kakhulu sikarhulumente free. lula Bona ibolile lilanga. Phantsi kweemeko eziqhelekileyo, kukho siphila ixesha elifutshane, ajike kuqala ibe uSol koko ijeli. Emva omiswe, le ijel dust, izakhiwo ezinjalo kuthiwa. Zisetyenziswa njengoko adsorbents ku izihluzi.

Kubalulekile ukusuka kwindawo umbono yoshishino, zezona ityuwa ye asidi silicic - silicates. Bona isiseko ukulungiselela izinto ezinjalo, ezifana:

• glass;
• eziphathekayo;
• isamente;
• zeolite;
• kaolin;
• imveliso yephondo;
• imigqomo;
• njengekristale;
• ukubumba.

silicates kwealkali metal - enyibilikayo, abanye - akukho. Ngoko ke, lo sodium kunye potassium silicate kuthiwa iglasi yamanzi. Normal zokubhala ngcina - oku ityuwa sodium of silicic acid.

Kodwa zithako kakhulu umdla bonke kwiglasi efanayo. Yeyiphi iinketho kuphela le nto kungekho nto! Namhlanje, anikwe ezinemibala, enombala, iinketho matte. Glassware into ukothusa ngobuqaqawuli ukwahluka kwalo. Xa ukudibanisa metal ethile kunye oxides nonmetal le mithi Ungayifumana iintlobo ngeglasi. Maxa wambi nkqu ukwakhiwa efanayo, kodwa iipesenti ezahlukeneyo amacandelo kukhokelela umahluko iimpawu kweziyobisi. Imizekelo porcelain nezodongwe, leyo ifomula Sio ₂ * AL ₂ Owu ₃ * K ₂ O.

Zwi glass - luhlobo imveliso ophezulu ngobunyulu, ogama yokuqamba uchazwa dust.

kwi silicon zakhi Discovery

Kule minyaka imbalwa idlulileyo, uphononongo lubonisa ukuba silicon kunye nemixube zayo - nxaxheba ibalulekileyo kwimeko eqhelekileyo eziphilayo. C okubangelwa okanye ezingaphezu i element banikwe ezinxulumene izifo ezifana:

• umhlaza;
• tuberculosis;
• samathambo;
• cataract;
• seqhenqa eso;
• nokuxaxaza igazi;
• rheumatism;
• hepatitis kunye nabanye.

Ukuguga iinkqubo ngokwabo Kwakhona enxulumene nomxholo ubungakanani lesilicon. imifuniselo ezininzi on ezanyisayo lubonise ukuba ukungabikho kukho intsholongwane element ukuba isifo sentliziyo, ukufa kwamalungu omzimba, umhlaza kunye hepatitis C iyasebenza.