Protocol Unxibelelwano: zodluliselo lwedata

Ukusetyenziswa kweli lizwe kunye nothungelwano computer lwehlabathi, mobile kunye nezinye iinkonzo zonxibelelwano iquka ukusebenza lwemithetho yokuziphatha zonxibelelwano ezahlukeneyo. Nguwuphi na kubo ingaqatshelwa ixhaphakileyo? Ucinga ukuba yintoni na intsingiselo imigangatho efanelekileyo?

Zeziphi Izivumelwano unxibelelwano?

Unxibelelwano protocol - uluhlu umgangatho imiyalelo ukubeka indlela apho ezi okanye nenye isoftwe okanye hardware ujongano kufuneka uqinisekise ukudluliselwa data - ezifana imijelo yombhalo, imizobo, eziviwayo kunye nevidiyo. Izivumelwano ezifanelekileyo ikakhulu ukuququzelela kwaqaliswa lothungelwano computer ezahlukeneyo. Umzekelo, ukuphunyezwa kwe TCP / IP protocol ukuze ukudibanisa data liyi- ehlabathini lonke, iyenza umbutho iikhompyutha kunokwenzeka kwi Internet lwehlabathi.

In market yanamhlanje lwemithetho yokuziphatha information technology of amajelo onxibelelwano zisetyenziswa kumanqanaba ahlukeneyo ukuphunyezwa interfaces zonxibelelwano. Bathi ke njalo waphucuka, ihlaziywa. Ngamaxesha athile iphuhlisa Izivumelwano ezitsha, ezibonisa ezi nkcukacha imalike wonxibelelwano. Izivumelwano ezahlukeneyo zonxibelelwano kusetyenziswa uthungelwano ukusetyenziswa zombini ekhaya mveliso, iphunyezwe ngokusekelwe kwezibonelelo, amaziko ophando, njl Phakathi imigangatho oluqhelekilyo uhlobo olufanelekileyo - .. Ethernet, CAN, nenjengexhama.

Ukusebenzisa lo protocol sonxibelelwano wayisa osentsimini lweenkonzo zonxibelelwano mobile. Phakathi kwabo - 3G, 4G, GPRS.

Ezi nkqubo nezicwangciso uthungelwano abaqhubi ezihambahambayo ezahlukeneyo, ngokukodwa:

- isantya of ugqithiso lwedata phakathi yababhalisi kunye nomboneleli weenkonzo zonxibelelwano;

- on the iibhendi zamaza;

- ngokwemiqathango umgama iphezulu isixhobo sonxibelelwano kwisiseko sesikhululo.

Ngokumalunga ukuhlelwa protocols zonxibelelwano ngekhompyutha - it kakhulu kwinqanaba eliphezulu entsonkothileyo. Cinga iinkcukacha zayo ezithile.

Ukuhlelwa Izivumelwano zonxibelelwano computer

Classification elandelwayo abakuwo enokwenziwa usebenzisa inani elikhulu ngokwaneleyo iindlela. Kusasazwa omnye kwemigangatho wonxibelelwano ukuze kwahlulwa ibe kumanqanaba aphantsi kunye nangaphezulu. Phakathi kwabo:

- isicelo;

- Executive;

- session;

- izithuthi;

- network;

- channel;

- ngokomzimba.

Makhe sifunde ngokweenkcukacha.

Isicelo network layer protocol

Kujongwa inqanaba, apho enye okanye enye protocol zonxibelelwano zingahlulwa, ubalisa ikakhulu kwizicelo. Oko kukuthi, inika unxibelelwano phakathi yothungelwano lwezakhiwo kunye neenkqubo ezithile umsebenzisi. Isebenzisa Izivumelwano ezifana HTTP, Telnet, DNS, IRC, BitTorrent, kunye nabanye abaninzi, ekuthe unikezelo lweenkonzo mihla online.

Izivumelwano network level Executive

Ngelo efanelekileyo protocol yonxibelelwano inqanaba kuquka ukuzithoba kweenkcukacha ezithile. Kusenokubakho ezinye iinkqubo zenguqu lwenziwa kwezinye iprotocol, ukhowudo, ucinezelo ngayo iifayile, ulawulo izicelo ezahlukeneyo.

izicelo ezithile ukubuza imibuzo ethile kwinethiwekhi, uze emva koko - iguqulelwa kulwimi esingaqondwayo ngumncedisi. Ngaphezu koko kukho isicelo processing. Ngoko ke impendulo esuka kumncedisi iguqulelwa, nayo, ulwimi esingaqondwayo isicelo. Phakathi elandelwayo ezithandwayo udidi olufanelekileyo - ASN, FTP, SMTP. Unako kwakhona ukuba ngandlel 'ithile kwabangelwa ezinjalo, yaye HTTP, FTP.

Iseshoni lilele iprotocol zonxibelelwano

Kweli nqanaba le ndlela yonxibelelwano yonxibelelwano kusetyenziselwa ukuphumeza umsebenzi othile - umzekelo, ungqamaniso kwemisebenzi ethile, ukudala iseshini unxibelelwano, ithumela okanye ifumana ifayile. Phakathi elandelwayo eziqhelekileyo ezo zisetyenziselwa iinjongo ezinjalo - wephimpi, Game, SOCKS.

Umaleko zothutho iprotocol zonxibelelwano

Standards esihambelanayo uhlobo zisetyenziswa ukwalathisa ukuziswa iintlobo ezahlukeneyo ze data ukusuka kwelinye iqumrhu womnatha kwenye. Kwiimeko ezininzi, kukho ikhutshwa phandle kulwahlulo lwe iifayile kwi izinto ngamnye - ukuze kube lula ukudluliselwa zabo. Xa uhlobo elandelwayo ezifanelekileyo ziquka TCP, UDP, RMTP.

level protocol Network

Uhlobo elandelayo imilinganiselo, ngenxa yayo ukusebenza inkqubo yonxibelelwano - womnatha yokulandelwa umaleko. Banoxanduva kakhulu malunga iindlela ugqithiso lwedata, idilesi womnatha translation, utshintshe nje, ukubeka esweni umgangatho kwezibonelelo. Izivumelwano anjalo angaquka, ingakumbi, enye TCP / IP, ICMP. DHCP.

Ikhonkco sedatha protocol

Le migangatho asetyenziswa ukusebenza macandelo iintsimbi eziphambili network. Izivumelwano ezifanelekileyo kuyinceda inkqubo, kuqala kwiinto zonke, ukuba utshekishe idatha eyafunyanwa ku umaleko ngokwasemzimbeni, iimpazamo. Ukuba kuyimfuneko, kananjalo wenza korrektirovka.V kwabo kubandakanya imigangatho ezinjalo - iinkonzo zonxibelelwano protocol eqhelekileyo PPP, ubuchule ezifana isiliphu, L2F, PROFIBUS. Enyanisweni, iiprotokoli ejelo ekunokuthiwa, kunye Ethernet.

Izivumelwano umaleko Physical

Inqanaba elilandelayo kwemigangatho amanyathelo ekuthethwa - emzimbeni. Apha, kumanqwanqwa onxibelelwano - sisixhobo ngawo ukosuleleka ngqo lwe data digital ahamba - ngenxa uphawu lwalathiso cable okanye kunomathotholo.

Kwimeko yokosulela wire esebenza imigangatho ezifana RS-232, xDSL, 100BASE-T. Common Izivumelwano zonxibelelwano engenazingcingo - ingakumbi, yazalisekiswa ngoncedo Wi-Fi-imizila - ezo ezinxulumene IEEE 802,11 uhlobo.

sasifunda imigangatho yokuhlela nga kuthathelwa ingqalelo imibandela kakhulu. Ngoko ke, njengokuba ayingxenye kunokuba nzima kakhulu ukwenza imithetho ethile kudidi oluthile: ngokuqhelekileyo yenzeka ukuba umgangatho isicelo kumanqanaba eziliqela. Kuluncedo ukuba siqwalasele ngakumbi ezi nkcukacha athandwa kakhulu kwi emalikeni lwemithetho yokuziphatha information technology. Ezifana, ngokomzekelo, PPP ulawulo protocol (unxibelelwano - ukuba esingunobangela ifuthe algorithms, ezinikezelwa yi umgangatho echaphazelekayo).

Yintoni i PPP protocol?

Kujongwa protocol sibhekisela, njengoko sibonile ngentla apha, imigangatho, leyo eyenzelwe ukuqinisekisa ukusebenza kwezibonelelo womnatha kule nwebu link data. Kuyinto jikelele: nge protocol ezifanelekileyo ukuphumeza isixhobo ububhali ukusebenzisa indlela data ufihlo, ukuba kuyimfuneko - fayile ucinezelo.

Kujongwa protocol iqinisekisa nokusebenza based networks izixhobo zonxibelelwano efanayo - ezifana nemigca ngomnxeba, imijelo yonxibelelwano zeselula. протокол PPP связью был прерван, то это, скорее всего, будет означать невозможность получения пользователем фактического доступа к сетевым ресурсам, что предоставляются его провайдером. Ukuba inkqubo ethile pops up umbhalo ukuba PPP protocol yaphazamiseka, ngoko kusenokwenzeka ukuba ibhekisele ekuzisweni nokungakwazi afumane ufikelelo umsebenzisi esisiso kwimithombo womnatha anikwa ngumniki-yayo.

Kukho iintlobo ezininzi umgangatho ofanelekileyo - umzekelo, uHlelo, PPPoA. Kwesi sakhiwo protocol ekuthethwa yenziwa imigangatho ezininzi: LCP, NCP, PAP, CHAP, MLPPP. Enye kuxhaphakile namhlanje protocol IT-imarike - HTTP.

Yintoni na le HTTP protocol?

Umgangatho efanelekileyo lwenziwe ukuze isebenze iziseko exchange data kwi iProtokhol - ngokubanzi phakathi kweekhompyutha abancedisi kwi Internet. Libhekisela elandelwayo ezingundoqo nezinika kwi World Wide Web. Ngokungagqibekanga, le program ixhaswa ezininzi izixhobo zonxibelelwano mihla kwiinkqubo ethandwayo yokusebenza. Ingaba uzinze - kunzima ukucinga imeko apho lomsebenzisi screen izakuvelisa umyalezo HTTP-iinkqubo ezifana «yaphazamiseka unxibelelwano PPP-protocol phezulu". Kwityala kakhulu - ukuba, ngenxa yaso nasiphi na isizathu, izixhobo ukuze isebenze umgangatho HTTP ayifumaneki, kunokwenzeka ukuba ukudlulisela iifayile ukusetyenziswa intanethi, umzekelo, FTP protocol, nangona kwiimeko ezininzi, ukusetyenziswa kwayo isenokungabi sisisombululo kangangoko.

Umgangatho ngawo, kubandakanya ukudluliselwa data evela hardware ne-software ye into ngobume umxhasi kumncedisi and vice versa. Eyokuqala ithumela isicelo yesibini, kwaye aphendule kuzo ngokungqinelana algorithm lusekiwe. Kukho iintlobo ezininzi ingqalelo irekhodi, umzekelo, HTTP: HTTP-NG. Eyona engundoqo iingenelo ebangela ukuba le HTTP umthetho olandelwayo waba ngomnye kakhulu ethandwa:

- jikelele;

- lula ukusebenza;

- amathuba lolwandiso;

- phambi inkxaso ebanzi evela nabathengisi software.

Kukho kwaye inani lokusilela, iingcali elabelwe ezi mvavanyo:

- inqwaba ngokwaneleyo lonxibelelwano ngabanye;

- nokungakwazi computing kunikwa;

- kukungakwazi ukuzulazula izibonelelo usokhaya ku kumncedisi.

Siye saphawula ngaphezu umgangatho wonxibelelwano ingqalelo ixhaswe ezinkulu umsebenzisi inkqubo yokusebenza, kwakunye ukwabiwa ziziveliso ze-software. Nangona kunjalo, lo umda umthetho olandelwayo banzi kakhulu ngaphezu ukuphunyezwa algorithms unxibelelwano izisombululo siko. HTTP mgangatho esebenzayo kushishino, iinkqubo ividiyo esweni, izibonelelo SCADA.

Inani elikhulu ekwakheni, ucinga migaqo zonxibelelwano ezahlukeneyo networks njengesiseko sokwakha izibonelelo zonxibelelwano a, khetha ngqo HTTP - njengesixhobo ezisebenzayo kunye noluthembekileyo nokunika ukufikelela kwimithombo eyahlukeneyo online, izinto uqwalaselo, ulawulo devaysa ezahlukeneyo.

Ukuba sithethe ngokungqalileyo ngayo ushishino, uphakathi kakhulu ethandwa Modbus protocol kunganxulunyaniswa kwicandelo rhwebo.

Yintoni Modbus protocol?

Umgangatho echaphazelekayo esisetyenziselwa ukusebenzisana phakathi iinkalo ezahlukeneyo ngaphakathi matshini lweziseko mveliso. Amelwe protocol ohambelana kunokuba kwezo iintlobo ukuba malilungiselelwe ukosuleleka data kwi uhlobo oluthile ijelo lonxibelelwano - igxunyekwe, wireless (bona uhlobo izibonelelo yokuqala ingaquka ubhedu, ifayibha-optic - abanye loguqulelo protocol eyenzelwe kwabo, nto leyo intetho).

Kukho iinguqulelo Mobdus, naphaya ukuze adlulisele data phezu TCP / IP. Enye phakathi isigqibo kwimizi - PROFIBUS-FDL.

Yintoni PROFIBUS-FDL protocol?

Kujongwa protocol isebenza uthungelwano PROFIBUS ukuba liye lasasazeka phakathi kwamashishini zaseYurophu. umatshini wayo waphuhliswa ziingcali Siemens ukuba isetyenziswe kule mimandla yemveliso apho kubandakanyeka izilawuli.

Kamva, yothungelwano lwezakhiwo kwabunjwa ngokusekelwe ombutho yophuhliso waseJamani, apho iinkalo ezahlukeneyo zobugcisa olusebenzayo unxibelelwano thotho lamazibuko yahlanganiswa, ukubayinxalenye kwinqanaba endle. Kujongwa protocol womnatha eye wavumela ukumanywa izixhobo ezahlukeneyo esizisebenzelayo zibe kwinkqubo yemveliso enye. Kubalulekile ukuphawula ukuba PROFIBUS-FDL protocol - hayi kuphela isebenza njengoko watshoyo womnatha mveliso. Noko ke, nguwo lowo kunye ngokombono ukusebenza ngenxa lombutho ukufikelela kwi ibhasi engundoqo.

Enye indlela okanye omnye, ingqalelo lo protocol sonxibelelwano neyongezelelwe le migangatho ilandelayo:

- DP;

- PA;

- FMS.

PROFIBUS DP protocol sisetyenziselwa kutshintshiselwano lwedata phakathi esa uhlobo industrial devaysa DP, kwakunye nezixhobo apho igalelo kunye neziphumo luqhutywa yi scheme ezisasaziweyo. Emasikwini Wathi protocol amandla idatha exchange ngesantya esiphezulu. Kwakhona ibe ngendleko ephantsi noko ukuphunyezwa, nto leyo enokwenza kube amashishini ezithandwayo kunye amancinci.

PROFIBUS PA standard ivumela unxibelelwano phakathi kweziseko zophuhliso, equka izixhobo ezinxulumene kwinqanaba endle. Le protocol elungiselelwe izihlanganisi abenzi boluvo ezahlukeneyo zeendlela lilonke yomgama okanye isazinge ibhasi.

PROFIBUS FMS standard luphawulwa nsimbi. It yenzelwe ngokuyintloko utshintsho data phakathi amacandelo ephakamileyo teknoloji kwezibonelelo mveliso - iikhompyutha, badwelisi benkqubo, izilawuli.

Phakathi amandla imithetho elandelwayo osebenza PROFIBUS - phandle (oko kukuthi, zinokuthi zisetyenziswe yi naliphi na ishishini onomdla), ubukho (leyo ekhokelela isiqabu izinga lwezibonelelo zoshishino kwiimarike landayo, kuvulwa izibonelelo ezitsha kwimveliso).

isishwankathelo

Ngenxa yoko, siye sahlolisisa uhlobo Izivumelwano zonxibelelwano, wafunda iimpawu ezinye iintlobo ithandwayo imigangatho efanelekileyo. Owona msebenzi wabo - ukuqinisekisa data phakathi fomati ezikumgangatho ofanayo. Oko kukuthi - abo ukuba ucuthiwe kuzo izibonelelo ivame eliphezulu kakhulu isikali kwinkampani enye.

Enyanisweni, sithetha nemigangatho yamazwe ngamazwe: elandelwayo unxibelelwano zeselula mihla, igxunyekwe, Wi-Fi-unxibelelwano, zande kakhulu, ezifumaneka lula, kulula kakhulu ukuba ukukala. Kakade ke, kwezinye iimeko, nkqu kwiimarike ezifana lwehlabathi njengoko ubonelelo ngeenkonzo zonxibelelwano mobile kunokwenzeka ukuba ukusebenzisa iprotocol zommandla, kodwa izilangazelelo brand ezinkulu - ukwazisa, ukuba akukho nxamnye nomdla zamashishini, kwaye kwezinye iimeko - kunye karhulumente, njengoko imigangatho kunokwenzeka enobunye, eya kukhuthaza nonxibelelwano lwamazwe ngamazwe.

Kukho iqela neenkqubo zonxibelelwano ezisisiseko. Kwimeko kwi Internet, ziquka HTTP, TCP / IP. Xa ingxenye lweenkonzo ukubonelela inethiwekhi ukufikelela kwabo ekunokuthiwa PPP standard. Ukuba umsebenzisi ubona umyalezo ukuba i PPP-link ulawulo protocol yapheliswa, uya kakhulu kuba nako ukufumana ukufikelela kwimithombo online mhlawumbi nge HTTP, okanye ukusebenzisa TCP / IP. Ngenxa yoko, izinga nganye kubaluleke kakhulu yaye, eneneni, kwiimeko ezininzi, inxulumene ngokusondeleyo namanye. Xa uxhulumaniso protocol enye lomncedis, kusenokwenzeka ukuba umsebenzisi akayi kuba nako ukufumana ukufikelela kwizibonelelo lokuququzelela wonxibelelwano ukukhawulelana nemigangatho ethile.

Unxibelelwano • Izivumelwano - isixhobo esifunekayo sokuqhubela zokusombulula iingxaki ezintsokothileyo entsimini woqhakamshelwano ngokwesiko, ngokunjalo, amacandelo mveliso. Xa ukhetho olufanelekileyo mgangatho ethile ixhomekeke Impumelelo yokuphunyezwa kwe iziseko ezifanelekileyo, kwakunye impumelelo yayo - ngokwemiqathango ratio yokusebenza kwenkqubo kunye neendleko zalo ufakelo. Ngenxa yoko, ukufunda yokuqala iimpawu Izivumelwano womnatha, ukukhethwa zezilw - umsebenzi obalulekileyo abaphathi lweshishini le inoxanduva lokuzisebenzisa kunye nokuphucula izibonelelo zonxibelelwano benkampani.