Oyile yesibane: Iindwendwe ukuyisebenzisa. isibane separafini, "Die Fledermaus"

Separafini - okanye ulwelo eselubala ngumthunzi tyheli, esisisiphumo of nokusulungekiswa petroleum. ivumba ethile ezahlukeneyo kunye uzinzo ezinamafutha. Kukho iintlobo ezininzi obuchopho. Oku kusetyenziswa kushishino kunye nobomi bemihla ngemihla. Usebenzela amafutha mboni separafini. Ixabiso layo lingaphantsi kakhulu, umz, ipetroli okanye idizili.

Phakathi iintlobo ezizizembiwa luvelise isabelo esikhulu ithatha izibane zeparafini. Ngaye, kwaye kuya kuxoxwa ngazo ngakumbi kweli nqaku.

Ukufumana separafini

iimpawu ezimangalisayo oyile ukutshintsha iimpawu zabo ngenxa neyanamhlanje wabona kwiinkulungwane ezininzi ezadlulayo. Kodwa kuphela kwinkulungwane XVIII saqalisa ukusebenzisa iimveliso ezifunyenwe ngenxa yale nkqubo. Nditsho ke, izazinzulu wabhala ukuba ngenxa neyanamhlanje yeoli itshintsha umbala wayo ukusuka mnyama, ukuba ubakhanyisele tyheli. Kwaqondwa ukuba, ngokuchaseneyo umbandela ukuqala, ukukhanya kusibonisa kweziyobisi ngokulula kakhulu. Ezi ngqwalasela idale isiseko ukusetyenziswa ngakumbi ekufumaneni oyile kunye separafini.

Separafini lufumaneka petroleum ulwelo, oko (okanye ukulungisa). Le ndlela yesibini - ri olufanayo "igolide black". Kwezinye iimeko, le yokuqamba phantsi hydrotreating ngakumbi. Le nkqubo kuphucula umgangatho iziyobisi. Ngenxa yezi nkqubo aromatics isiqulatho kwi nto ilingana 14-30%.

Ekhulisa separafini efunyenwe separafini elula. Kuba kule yokugqibela phantsi hydrotreating. Xa siqwalasela le nkqubo ukusuka kwindawo chemical lwembono, i-atom hydrogen iqhotyoshelwe molekyuli ezizizembiwa ezakha separafini. Ngenxa yoko, le molecule uwaphule hydrocarbon enuka isalfure kunye nezinye izinto imichiza. Ngaloo amacandelo ingeyomfuneko isusiwe.

isakhiwo

Ukubunjwa separafini akanayo "neeresiphi" kucacile. Oku kunokwahluka ngokuxhomekeka kuhlobo oli ekrwada, ukusuka apho wona wenziwe, kwakunye ukususela indlela processing yayo. Ezi zinto zibandakanyiwe ekwakhiweni, kuhlala ingatshintshanga. Utshintsho ipesenti yabo kuphela. Inxalenye eyintloko kuhlala iintlobo ezahlukeneyo hydrocarbon. Kuxhomekeka ubume kunye neempawu ze utshintsho lwento ngokwayo.

Amacandelo separafini na iintlobo carbons zilandelayo:

• Nciphisa aliphatic, isiqulatho kabani ingahluka-20 ukuya kuma-60% ngumthamo opheleleyo.
• Naphthenic (20 ukuya kuma-50%).
• Bicyclic enuka - 20 ukuya kuma-30%.
• Umxholo we hydrocarbon ezihluthiyo inokuba ukuya kwi-2%.

Intsalela ekubeni ubumdaka ioksijini, isalfure nitrogen. I-sulphur of separafini ukhanyiso ayidluli 0.1 ekhulwini ngeendleko inkqubo hydrogenation.

Ububanzi bokusebenzisa

ioli isibane esisetyenziswa ngayo izibane. Enoba igama, oku enkulu kodwa hayi indawo yakhe kuphela ukusetyenziswa.

Kwakhona kusebenza zombane yasekhaya ukufudumeza okanye ukupheka. Ezi ziquka:

• Iparafini esitovini - isixhobo ubushushu, apho iifayile ezisetyenziswa ukuba kwande. Xa umsebenzi wakhe akukho ukutshiswa ngqo separafini, nto nje ngumphunga. Ngenxa oku, akukho ukuyilwa uthuthu lweziko.
• Iparafini esitovini, eyahluke ukusuka kwiintlobo ingasentla yokuba sele uvutha separafini. Ngoko ke, sebenzisa ayikwazi kuba ngenxa enye separafini Vedas ukuba ukuyilwa uthuthu lweziko kunokwenzeka.
• Primus, nto leyo efana zisiza igesi. Eyahluke olunye uhlobo kuphela zamafutha. Idla bebanjwe kubakhenkethi nabalobi.

Enye indawo yokusetyenziswa - matshini eso basinqumla khona metal. Ukwanda kwezi ngingqi ikakhulu ngenxa yokuba idangatye kwi yokutsha uyatshaya separafini.

Ngaphezu koko, olu hlobo separafini isetyenziswa kuphela. Wayewabhekisa ekuveliseni yokuncamathelisa, ipeyinti, irabha, kwikhaya (nokucoca impahla, impahla yesikhumba, njalo njalo).

"Die Fledermaus"

izibane zeparafini laba imibuliso ezininzi ukusuka ngaphambili, leyo Ndifuna ukuba ukhumbule ngamanye amaxesha. Bambalwa abantu bazonwabele apha ekhaya ngoku. Kodwa ngaba ukulibale oku? Umzekelo, isibane separafini, "Die Fledermaus". Ngubani na amkhumbule? Yinto lomthonyama, esikhumbuza yobuntwana. Kakade ke, alikho igama esemthethweni. Kodwa loo nto wabizwa ngayo abantu. Kwaye oku ezinxulumene idangatye ndithuthumela. Yena flickered, esigubungela umsonto, nto leyo ngokuqhelekileyo wagawulwa babezizwa. Ezi iinkumbulo apho awufuni ukuba ukulibala. Abaninzi kubabiza lyrics. Ngoko ke, makhe sibuyele ezingxamisekileyo.

Separafini Lamp "Die Fledermaus" kwaye athengiswe ngalo mzuzu. Kunokuba uhombiso olumnandi indlu okanye everanda. ixabiso layo namhlanje malunga ezisibhozo kunye newaka isiqingatha engange.

iimpawu into

inkqubo ecacileyo imilinganiselo ezichaza iimpawu ezingundoqo izixhobo kunye nezinto eziphuhliswe eRashiya. Ngoko akukho ioli ngaphandle kunye isibane. GOST 11128-65 no GOST 4753-68 wabeka ezisisiseko parameters emakuhlangatyezwane, eli ulwelo olunokutsha.

Ukuba usebenzisa zeparafini ngenxa ukukhanyisa, kubalulekile ukuba uthathe ingqalelo ukuphakama kwindawo umsi, sulphur, flash ngongoma, kunye turbidity. index yokugqibela ephawula ekukwazini ezizizembiwa ukuba kutsha kwiqondo lobushushu eliphantsi. Ukongezelela, Isibane separafini kufuneka iqulathe ixabiso elilelona lininzi ukukhanya kuphelela (ngamanye amazwi, umda hydrocarbon aliphatic).

Types of yokukhanyisa separafini

Le compound abe iindidi eziliqela, nganye eneyazo uneempawu zawo. Avamise kakhulu ioli isibane KO-25. Xa kwasekwa idangatye yokutsha eliqaqambileyo akukho ukusekwa uthuthu lweziko kunye nezinye iikhompawundi eziyingozi apho. Ukongeza, kukho iintlobo ezinjalo ekhulisa separafini njengoko DA-20, DA-22, DA-30.

Zonke izinto eziphilayo isiqulatho efanayo sulphur ayikho ngaphezu kwama 0,003 ekhulwini lilonke. Oku kuyafana ne inani acid elingagqithiyo amanani ka-1.3%.

Separafini umbani KO-30 ukwangowona mmandla unomthamo iphantsi, nto leyo 0,790 grams cm ³ nganye kubushushu degrees 20. Lo mzobo efanayo, kodwa ubuncinane 0,830 grams cm ^{3 ngalinye,} unxulumene KO-20.

Flash indawo ye DA-30 yi degrees 48. Kuba nezinye iintlobo separafini, eli xabiso ayikho ngaphantsi degrees mane. Kwangaxeshanye, indawo ilifu zonke iintlobo degrees -15. Kuphela ekhulisa separafini grade KO-20 iye ilifu point lobushushu Degrees elinambini.

Iindleko zokufunda

Makhe sibone ukuba ufuna malini ukuze bachithe imali yokuthenga separafini. ixabiso layo liya kuxhomekeka kwizinto ezininzi, kuquka ngokobunjani bayo.

Ngoko, iindleko kuba ioli isibane KO-25 iqala kwi engange-35 kilogram nganye, okanye 50 cents ilitha nganye, ukuba ukuyithenga ninzi. Xa kwisikhongozeli umthamo encinane zepetroli iya kuba imali eninzi (malunga 70-100 engange ilitha nganye).

oyile yesibane bayinto ebalulekileyo ngeli xesha. iimpawu jikelele simvumele ukuba ahlale ezifunwayo kwiindawo ezithile zoshishino kunye nezithuthi.