Nsi - it ... Yintoni izitanza kulo ncwadi? Izitanza of Pushkin, Lermontov, Yesenin kunye nezinye iimbongi

Nsi i uhlobo izibongo zamaxesha aphakathi, apho wahlala ezithandwayo kunye kwisihobe zaphawula kamva. ababhali ezahlukeneyo wadala izitanza, wayethandaza kule ndinyana kunye iimbongi Russian.

Njani izitanza

Italy ithathwa kuzalwa izitanza. Igama elithi "kwisitanza" liguqulelwe Italian njenge "igumbi" okanye "stop." Station kwi Renaissance bokwakha Italian - igumbi apho amaphepha ngokwakho okanye aqhube iintlanganiso ezibalulekileyo, ezifana Kwisitanza della Senyatura. Ekudaleni kunye umhombiso igumbi ababandakanyekayo yayingeyiyo Rafael Santi.

Kulo izitanza uncwadi - a kwezitanza, nganye eneyazo intsingiselo yalo ekhethekileyo, oko kukuthi, ivesi nganye entsha abangahlaliyo kulowo edlulileyo, kodwa ke yonke ngokupheleleyo. Enye nestanza evakalisa nayiphi na ingcamango, kodwa izitanza kulo mbongo iphela ngokulungelelanisiweyo ezinxulumene omnye komnye, kunye nokudala yonke ngentelekelelo.

Izitanza ezincwadini ephakathi

Ngoko ke, Italy wazalelwa khona izitanza, yaye adla ngokusetyenziswa balizukisa amalungu yezikhulu. izitanza Okokuqala wabhala Andzhelo Politsiano, imbongi Italian, owayephila ngenkulungwane ye-15, yaye zanikezelwa Dzhuliano Medichi. Enezigaba iincwadi Italian - lo mbongo, equka izitanza ezisibhozo rhyme.

izitanza of Byron

Dzhordzh Gordon Byron - imbongi enkulu yaseBritani, owayephila ngexesha of Pushkin. isihobe Byron bukaThixo kwanikezelwa ikratshi omoya wobuntu, ubuhle luthando. Byron wathabatha inxaxheba Njengasengcaphukisweni, kwaye Carbonari kwanamaGrike, yaye babhala "izitanza" yakhe ngo-1820.

Kukho izitanza ka Byron, elingcwele, Greece kunye neekona ezintle ngemvelo zamaGrike. Eyinhloko izitanza zakhe - uthando inzwakazi isiGrike, yaye umzabalazo lesiGrike inkululeko geqe. isihobe Byron-Abraham kwaba nempembelelo enkulu kumsebenzi Pushkin.

Izitanza kwisihobe Russian

Nsi - uhlobo apho kwisihobe Russian waqala ukuba nazo kwinkulungwane elinesibhozo. Xa iincwadi Russian, lo mbongo encinane, nto leyo equka quatrains, yaye uninzi yobukhulu balo - oko tetrameter iambic. Izitanza ezincwadini Russian esingelwe uthando ubukhulu becala ombambazelayo ukuba intombazana eselula, kodwa ngamanye amaxesha ziye ezinxulumene nale mpumelelo zentlalo nenkcubeko kubomi beli lizwe, ezifana Pushkin izitanza.

izitanza of Pushkin

Aleksandr Sergeevich Pushkin wabhala yakhe edumileyo "izitanza" kwi ekwindla ka-1827. Kulo msebenzi, nto leyo eye kuxoxiwe amaxesha amaninzi, kukho umfanekiso uPetros Enkulu, umlawuli odumileyo Russian.

Inkangeleko yalo mbongo edibene Ekuqalekeni kobukumkani Nicholas. Pushkin, "izitanza" eyaqala bedumisa gunya, ngethemba lokuba lo kumkani iza kutshintsha ubomi babantu eziqhelekileyo ngcono. Kuba isabelo sakhe, uNicholas I wayethembe ukuba kumnceda uthobe Pushkin ulutsha abavakalelwa ngayo. Uphakamise Pushkin uncedo ukutshintsha inkqubo yemfundo noqeqesho.

"Izitanza" thelekisa ngookumkani ezimbini: uPeter Omkhulu kunye wakhe umzukulwana Nicholas. Abalungele Pushkin yi uPetros. Lo kumkani wayengumsebenzi wenyaniso, lowo zazidlala nawuphi na umsebenzi. Kananjalo Umatiloshe, kunye izifundiswa, kunye ngumchweli. Iintsuku apho imigaqo uPetros Omkhulu, ngokutsho Pushkin, wenza Russia amandla amakhulu. Nangona lo kumkani, labenzela ithinzi ekuqaleni uphila babulawelwa ezingamkelekanga, kodwa kamva ngoncedo Russia sibe mkhulu. Peter rhoqo bafunda kwaye wenza ukuba bafunde kwabanye, abewenzela ubuqaqawuli yelizwe labo.

Aleksandr Sergeevich Pushkin, "izitanza" nto leyo eyaba imisebenzi odumileyo kwiincwadi Russian ubiza * uKhesare Nicholas ukuba phinda feat uPetros, ukuzisa eRashiya ukuya kwinqanaba elitsha.

Ngaphandle i "Stans", malunga nelo xesha, imbongi wabhala umbongo "Abahlobo" yaye "Umprofeti". Bekucingelwa ukuba zonke zontathu ezi mibongo benza uthotho enye, kwaye ziya kupapashwa kwi "Moscow kwiGazethi" lowu ngo-1828. Kodwa Pushkin linethemba akazange kuzaliseka: umlawuli wawukwalela ukupapashwa nemibongo yakhe, njengokuba Pushkin wathi Russian oyiNtloko wamaPolisa Benkendorf.

Lermontov izitanza

Mihail Yurevich Lermontov yenye yala magcisa ebalaseleyo kwi izibongo Russian. Yintoni kwezitanza, Lermontov wafunda emva kokufunda izibongo IsiNgesi, ingakumbi imisebenzi Byron.

Nsi unguye Lermontov mbongo ezincinane, nto leyo icaciswa iimpawu ngohlobo. Kwiminyaka 1830-1831 Lermontov wabhala lwemibongo ezintandathu imilo inokuchazwa izitanza. main isihloko lwabo uthando romantic, kule mihobe zomfana lujika intanda yakhe. Lermontov, izitanza eziye zavela phantsi kwempembelelo imisebenzi Dzhona Bayrona "izitanza Augusta" waba lunempembelelo isithethe zoncwadi yokubhala imisebenzi enjalo emva kwakhe.

umbongo Lermontov ligquba kunye bububi ophambili, uzibonayo ingamampunge nosizi ubomi bakhe emhlabeni, balawula amaphupha kobunye ubomi. Imbongi ubhala malunga lilolo kweli hlabathi ithelekisa ukuba iliwa ukumelana ukumelana nomoya kunye iinkqwithela, kodwa ayikwazi ubakhusele ekuphumeni kumbala zeengxondorha. UMikhail Lermontov, ogama izitanza kakuhle inqubo wembongi, eyabangumzekelo yezinye kwabayili ezininzi iincwadi Russian.

enezigaba Ann

Innokentiy Fedorovich Annensky ingqalelo i "dada iincwadi Russian." Bafumanisa italente zabo zemibongo eneminyaka engama-48, Innokentiy Annensky waba umdali owaziwayo zoncwadi. kumbongo wakhe "izitanza of the busuku" isiganeko ubonakala ncwadi lwanamhlanje. umxholo wayo - ukulindela intlanganiso intanda yakhe, lowo uzayo ezinzulwini zobusuku. Abaphengululi abaninzi bakholelwa ukuba imibongo yakhe okudibeneyo kwisihobe i Impressionists, ngokukodwa, kunye nemizobo ka-Claude Monet.

enezigaba Esenina

Sergey Aleksandrovich Esenin waba ngummeli uncwadi elitsha Russian, leyo wathabatha icala kwamandla Soviet. Wayezixhasa ngokupheleleyo Oktobha Revolution, nayo yonke imisebenzi yakhe ezijoliswe ekuxhaseni pop ngoko inkqubo yiSoviet, ukuxhasa imisebenzi Communist Party. Kodwa kwangaxeshanye, nabo babe neempawu zabo.

Ngoxa Baku, e Azerbaijan, imbongi yaqala ukubhala "enezigaba". Yesenin ngokwakhe ukhankanya oku kumbongo: wayekhetha ukuhamba eMoscow ngenxa ukungaqondani kunye namapolisa. Kodwa bakuqonda iziphene zayo ( "makwenzeke ngamanye amaxesha I enxilile"), kunye Yesenin wabhala ukuba umsebenzi wakhe - ukucula amantombazana, iinkwenkwezi kunye nenyanga, yaye igama uLenin Marx. Uyaphika impembelelo onamandla onke eluntwini. Abantu ngokwabo Kufuneka bonke kwakhelwa phezu kwelizwe, itsho imbongi, kwaye kufuneka ukuba benze yonke yamandla mveliso.

Yesenin ngengozi wamnika umsebenzi wakhe ngokuba "izitanza", lo mbongo ngokucacileyo ucula Pushkin kaThixo "enezigaba." Yesenin yaba admirer ka Pushkin, ngokubekwa iintyatyambo nengcwaba lakhe. Kodwa Yesenin wacinga izitanza - akusiso lothando yesihobe, njengendlela yokubonakalisa indawo yabo yoluntu.

"Izitanza" Esenina azenzeki ngokuvunyelwa lwenkokheli zombutho ababefuna ukubona imbongi Yesenin party ngokupheleleyo, elingcwele neenjongo revolution. Kodwa lo mbongo uphawula ithuba imbongi ukususela "naseTavene eMoscow" leyinene entsha Soviet. Ngoko uthi abagxekayo. Kuba lo msebenzi ngolangazelelo ngayo abasebenzi lowu "Red Virgin lomhlaba", elalisithi Yesenin, ekugqibeleni, ngokwenene, wakhe imbongi eSoviet. Le ulwalathiso olululo imbongi ingqalelo iziphumo imiphumo eyingenelo kwemozulu Baku, apho ayehlala khona, kunye nobuhlobo Petrom Ivanovichem Chaginym.

enezigaba Brodsky

Iosif Aleksandrovich Brodsky yaba imbongi obalaseleyo Russian, ezizequmrhu ngokulinganayo iilwimi Russian kunye IsiNgesi. Waphumelela ibhaso le-Nobel eselula kakhulu - iminyaka engama-47.

Ummi of St. Petersburg, waphila kuqala eRashiya, ngoko eUnited States. Kuyo yonke imibongo yakhe kwabaneka Petersburg, amaxesha amaninzi lo mzi ezikhankanywe kumsebenzi odumileyo "izitanza isixeko."

izifundo ezininzi ethi "New izitanza Augusta" zibonisa ukuba lo msebenzi wayedla iiyunithi lungelelanisa ezifana amagama Marie Telemachus, yaye amagama athi "Mam", "oyintanda", "umhlobo". I indawo engundoqo "izitanza Entsha Augusta" - ngumthandi lowo ulindele ukuba umhlobo wakhe. Ebusweni bakhe yonke iminxeba ngobunono wembongi. Ngokutsho imibongo Brodsky kaThixo kugwetywa ukuba izitanza ezo ncwadi. Umlinganiswa central ngumdlali ombambazelayo Brodsky kutshata naye kubalulekile ukuba imibongo yakhe yokuthinjwa Umxholo.

Ukuqokelelwa "New izitanza Augusta" sanikezelwa Marii Basmanovoy. Oku sifake kuphela hayi imifanekiso ombambazelayo heroes, kodwa izifundo. Zinelungelo intsingiselo yokomfuziselo. hero lyrical unika intombi yakhe umsesane nge oluluhlaza. Aluhlaza - ilitye, eyenziwe ngamathambo abantu. UTshawe ucela intanda yakhe ukunxiba eli litye phezu ring emnweni.

Kulo mbongo "A isilayi le komshado," umbhali uphonononga isigama olwandle. Igama lakhe intanda uMarina, ngoko uhlawula ingqalelo ekhethekileyo umxholo zaselwandle.

Lo mbongo "Night Flight" enikelwe ukuba bahambe esiswini moya, kwaye mbongi uyavuma ukuba wayesoloko efuna ukuya Central Asia. Ukuhamba phezu moya kuba linentsingiselo kabini - yinto ukubalekela kwelinye ebomini, yaye olo hambo ukuya eluvukweni. Imbongi ungxamele akunjalo, apho kungekho usizi nokubandezeleka.