Ngubani owavela uvavanyo Turing? Imibuzo Turing test

Mhlawumbi namhlanje indoda ubuncinane kanye weva ngalo mbono, njengovavanyo lwe Alan Turing. Mhlawumbi kakhulu, ngokubanzi, kude ngabakuqondayo into eyenza nkqubo uvavanyo a. Ngoko ke ahlale phezu kwayo iinkcukacha ngakumbi.

Yintoni uvavanyo Turing: ngcamango

Emva ngasekupheleni-imi- 40 kwinkulungwane yokugqibela, iingqondo ezininzi ngenzululwazi benza iingxaki zophando lokuqala computer. Yaba ke omnye amalungu athile non-governmental iqela Ratio Club inxaxheba kuphando kwinkalo cybernetics, wabuza umbuzo ngokugqibeleleyo ubhalo: ngaba unako ukwenza umatshini owawuza ucinga ngathi umntu, okanye, ubuncinane ukuxelisa indlela yakhe?

Akubuzwa, owasungula uvavanyo Turing? Ngokuqinisekileyo, akukho. Kuba isiseko lokuqala yonke le mbono, ngoku efanelekileyo, lo mgaqo ulandelayo athathiweyo: enoba umntu uya kuba nako kangangexesha elithile ukuze banxibelelane nabanye interlocutor ezingabonakaliyo imisonto ezahlukeneyo ngokupheleleyo engenasizathu kugqiba ngabo phambi kwakhe - umntu wokwenene okanye umatshini? Ngamanye amazwi, lo mbuzo nje ukuba zilinganisa injini yokwenene zokuziphatha kwabantu, kodwa ukufumanisa ukuba uyakwazi ukucinga. Ngaphandle kwamathandabuzo, kusekho umba uhlala impikiswano.

History of indalo

Ngokubanzi, ukuba sicinga uvavanyo Turing njenge uhlobo inkqubo ukuzimisela reseach ubunakho 'abantu' we computer, kufuneka kuthiwe isiseko ngqo indalo yayo aba ukwazi iingxelo sobulumko Alfred Ayer, leyo aliqulunqileyo ngo-1936.

Ayer ngokwakhe kuthelekiswa, ngoko ukuthetha, amava ubomi babantu ezahlukeneyo, yaye ngokusekelwe lo mbono ukuba umatshini soulless wayeza kuba nako uphumelele naluphi na uvavanyo mnye, kuba abazi ukuba ucinga ngayo. Eyona, kuya mbumbulu ecocekileyo.

Enyanisweni, le ndlela. Ukudala umatshini yokucinga eyenziwe kancinane. izazinzulu ezininzi kakhulu njengoko umzekelo ngenxa abazalwana Wright, owakha-moya wokuqala, ngokushiya utyekelo ukuxelisa iintaka, leyo, ngokuzenzekelayo, waba ngumntu nkqu yingqondi efana uLeonardo da Vinci ezinjalo.

Istria ayithethi ukuba ngaba wayesazi Alan Turing (1912-1954) kwezi postulates, Noko ke, ngo-1950, waba inkqubo yonke imiba owayenokugqiba iqondo 'humanized "kumatshini. Kwaye mna ndithi, oku kwaye ngoku yenye yeyona isisiseko, Noko ke, sele kuvavanyo, umzekelo, bot ikhompyutha njalo njalo .. Enyanisweni, Noko ke, kwaba umgaqo yokuba akwazi uphumelele uvavanyo Turing iinkqubo nje ezimbalwa. Kwaye emva koko, "hamba" - Wathi a elula, ekubeni iziphumo zovavanyo ziye zange amanqaku e-100 ekhulwini kwimeko engcono - kancinane ngaphezu kwama-50.

Ekuqaleni kwesifundo, abaphengululi wasebenzisa yakhe. Yayibizwa ngokuba "umatshini Turing test". Ekubeni yonke incoko bekumele ukuba ukungena kuphela ifomu eshicilelweyo, ISAZINZULU wabuza ngemigaqo ezimbalwa esisisiseko neempendulo ukubhala, ezifana intshukumo iribhoni ukuya ekhohlo okanye ekunene, cinezela umlinganiswa othile, njalo-njalo. D.

Inkqubo Eliza and Parry

Ekuhambeni kwexesha, iinkqubo ziye entsonkothileyo kakhulu, kwaye ababini kubo kwiimeko apho uvavanyo Turing busetyenzisiwe, wabonisa iziphumo mihle kwangethuba. Abo steel Eliza kunye Parry.

Ke ukuba i "Eliza", wadalwa ngo-1960: ngokwesiseko lo mbuzo, lo matshini kwafuneka ukuchaza elingundoqo kwaye zisekelwe phezu kwawo ukuba impendulo ukubuya. Kuyenzeka ukuba akhohlise abantu bokwenene. Ukuba amagama abanjalo nimkile, imoto ubuyisela generic impendulo okanye phinda elinye yangaphambili. Noko ke, ukuhamba "Elisa" vavanyo nangoku uyathandabuza, ngokuba abantu bokwenene basebenzisana kule program, ebe ilungiselelwa ekuqaleni ngengqondo ukuze phambili bacinga ukuba ethetha loo ndoda, hayi umatshini.

inkqubo Parry ngandlel efanayo kwi "Eliza," kodwa wadalwa ukuze akwazi imbalelwano usoyika. Yintoni eyona umdla yokuvavanywa yayo ezi izigulane zazisetyenziswa ezikliniki. Emva kokubhala izingxoxo iitranskripthi zodliwano kwimo itheminali yavandlakanywa zengqondo abaziingcali. Kuphela ngo-48 ekhulwini amatyala, bakwazi ukuvavanya ngokuchanekileyo apho abantu, yaye apho umatshini.

Ukongeza, phantse zonke ngoko inkqubo lomsebenzi, kuthathelwa ingqalelo ixesha elithile, njengoko abantu ngelo xesha ebecinga umatshini ngokukhawuleza kakhulu. Ngoku - phezu koko.

Supercomputer Deep Blue and Watson

Kwanele ukuba sijonge uphuhliso umdla corporation IBM, ezo ke ngoko ukucinga, kodwa unamandla processing engakholelekiyo.

Mhlawumbi, abaninzi khumbula ngo-1997, lo supercomputer Deep Blue iphumelele indlela 6 imidlalo wechess ukusuka olawulayo ngoko ntshatsheli UGarry Kasparov. Eneneni, uvavanyo Turing usebenza kulo matshini lunemiqathango kakhulu. Eyona nto kukuba lenziwe ekuqaleni phantsi iseti amaqela templates ngesixa okukhulu iziganeko ukutyhilwa kwephupha elo. Imoto ukuba ahlole iziqwenga ezinye 200 ezigidi kwizikhundla ebhodini kwindawo yesibini!

Watson computer, olu sapho lwaluquka iziqhubekisi 360 kunye nabancedisi 90, waphumelela American umdlalo show, emana zonke parameters amanye amaqela amabini, leyo, enyanisweni, bafumana $ 1 million. Kwakhona, lo mbuzo moot kuba imoto imiqulu engakholelekiyo Encyclopedic lwe data zaye walala phantsi, kwaye imoto yacazululwa nje umbuzo kwi ebusweni amagama, izithetha-ntonye okanye umdlalo generic, wanika impendulo echanekileyo.

Emulator Eugene Goostman

Enye yezinto ezininzi umdla kule ndawo yaba inkqubo odessite evgeniya Gustmana kunye injineli Russian Vladimir date, abahlala ngoku eUnited States, nto leyo mimicked umntu inkwenkwana eneminyaka eli-13 ubudala.

Juni 7, 2014 inkqubo Eugene babonisa izakhono zabo ngokupheleleyo. Okubangel 'umdla kukuba, izikhephe-5 kunye nabantu real 30 inxaxheba kuvavanyo. Kuphela ngo-33% yamatyala phandle labagwebi ikhulu owayenokugqiba ukuba lo nguye khompyutha. Ingongoma apha kukuba le ngxaki intsonkothile ngenxa yokuba ingqondo yomntwana lingaphantsi kunolo umntu omdala, kunye ngaphantsi nolwazi.

imibuzo yovavanyo Turing baba ixhaphakileyo, ke, ngokuba Eugene (Euegene) ziye concretized kwaye eminye imibuzo malunga neziganeko e Odessa, ezingenakulinganiswa ukuba ngoyaba nguye nawuphi umhlali. Kodwa ke iimpendulo kodwa kwanyanzeleka ukuba ucinga ukuba umntwana qela labagwebi. Umzekelo, kwi umbuzo yenkqubo yokuhlala wasabela ngoko nangoko. Koda wacelwa ukuba udliwano-ndlebe bekukho umhla othile kwinkqubo wathi akafuni ukuthetha ngayo. Xa ndlebe naye ezama ukuba inyanzelise ukuthetha ngokuhambelana noko kwenzekileyo ngaloo mini, Eugene ukuphika wathi, bathi, kwaye kufuneka uyazi, kutheni wayenemibuzo? Ngokubanzi, kukho kuyi umntwana kwaba yimpumelelo kakhulu.

Nakuba kunjalo, kodwa nangoku ke enomzami wokulungisa hayi wokuba yokucinga. Ngoko Rise koomatshini akayi kuthatha ixesha elide kakhulu.

zisasuka

Ekugqibeleni ke uhlala ukongeza ukuba logama nje ezona zinto zifuneka kuqala ukuze indalo yokucinga koomatshini kwixesha elizayo kufutshane apho. Noko ke, ukuba imibuzo ukuqondwa ngaphambili ujonge ncakasa oomatshini, kwaye ngoku ukuba ungumntu umatshini, kuyimfuneko ukuba ubungqina phantse sonke. ukhangele nje igalelo sitsala Internet ukuzuza ukufikelela kwezinye uhlobo amanyathelo. Nangona kukholelwa ukuba akukho kodwa wadala nasiphi na isixhobo umntu elektroniki sikwazi ukubona okubhaliweyo ibubutyobo okanye isethi ngabalinganiswa, ngaphandle komntu. Kodwa ngubani owaziyo, nantoni na ingenzeka ...