Motors yomgama izithuthi Linear isiguquli

Imoto ehambayo kwisithuthi

Kwiinjinjini zangaphakathi zomlilo eziqhelekileyo kuthi, isiqhagamshelo sokuqala si-pistons, senza ukunyakaza okuhambayo. Emva koko le ntshukumo, ngoncedo lwenkqubo yesikrankanti yatshintshwa ibe yindlela yokujikeleza. Kwezinye iifowuni, ikhonkco yokuqala neyokugqibela yenza olunye uhlobo lwesilumkiso.  

Umzekelo, kwi- injini-generator akuyimfuneko ukuqala ukuguqula ukunyakaza okuhambelana nokunyakaza , kwaye emva koko, kwi- generator, ukusuka kule ntshukumo yokujikeleza ukukhipha icandelo eliqhelekileyo, oko kukuthi, ukwenza iinguqu ezimbini ezichaseneyo.

Uphuhliso lwangoku lwekhompyutheni yokuguqulwa kwekhompyutheni luvumela ukulungelelanisa umbane wombane wombane umsebenzisi, oko kwenza ukuba kubekho idivaysi apho inxalenye yesiphaluji segesi evaliweyo eyenza ukunyakaza okungekho ukujikeleza kwi-magnetic field, kunye nokuhamba kunye nentonga yentsimbi ye-injini yangaphakathi. Iimpawu ezichaza umgaqo wendalo wendalo kunye nomgca ovelisiweyo kuboniswe kumzobo. 1.

Umzobo. 1. Umzobo womvelisi oqhelekileyo kunye oqhelekileyo.

Kwi-generator yesiqhelo, isalathisi senethiwekhi ejikelezayo kwintsimi yamagnetic kwaye iqhutywe ngumqhubi wangaphandle isetyenziselwa ukuvelisa umbane. Kwi-generator ecetywayo, ifreyimu yefayile iyahamba ngokukodwa kwintsimi yamagnetic. Ukwahlukana okancinci kunye nolunqununu kwenza kube lula ukwenza lula nokunciphisa iindleko zokuqhuba injini ukuba injini yomlilo yangaphakathi isetyenziswe kumgangatho wayo.

Kwakhona, kwi-compressor ye-piston, eqhutywe yi-injini ye-piston, iqhosha lokufakelwa kunye nekhontrakthi liqhuba ukuhambela okuhambelana, umzobo. 2.

Umzobo. 2. Umzobo we-compressor oqhelekileyo kunye noqhelekileyo.

Iingenelo zesithuthi esivumelanayo

1. Ubuncinci obukhulu kunye nobunzima, ngenxa yokungabikho komkhwabaniso.
2. I-MTBF ephezulu, ngenxa yokungabikho kwekhankanka kunye nangenxa yobuninzi bemithwalo yexesha elide.
3. Ixabiso elincinci, ngenxa yokungabi nesikhokhwa.
4. I-teknoloji - ekuveleni kwamalungu kuphela imisebenzi engenzi-sebenzi enzulu iyadingeka, ukujika nokugaya.
5. Ukukwazi ukutshintshela kolunye uhlobo lwamafutha ngaphandle kokuyeka injini.

Ukugqithisa ukulawula ngcinezelo xa ucacisa umxube osebenzayo.

Umbane oqhelekileyo wokunikezela ngombane wombane (okwangoku) kwi-spark plug kufuneka unelise iimeko ezimbini:

- imeko yokuqala iboniswe yi-kinematics yendlela yokukhwabanisa - i-piston kufuneka ibe kwisiko esiphumayo esiphambanweni (ukungayigcinanga ixesha lokutshisa);

- imeko yesibini imiselwe umjikelezo we-thermodynamic - uxinzelelo kwigumbi lokufudumala, ngaphambi kokuba umjikelezo womsebenzi, kufuneka uhambelane nombane osetyenziswayo.

Ngelo xesha, kunzima ukuzalisekisa le mibini mibandela. Xa uxilisa umoya okanye umxube osebenzayo, ukuvuza kwegesi edibanisayo kubandakanyeka kumacenge e-piston, njl njl. Ukuhamba kancinci kuqhubekile (i-shaft motor ijikeleza ngokuthe ngcembe), ukuvuza kuphezulu. Kule meko, uxinzelelo kwiklasi elumlilo, ngaphambi kokuba umjikelezo osebenzayo, ube ngaphantsi komgangatho osebenzayo kwaye umjikelezo wokusebenza uqhutyelwa phantsi kweemeko ezingekho phantsi. Ukusebenza kwe injini iyawa. Oko kukuqinisekisa ukusebenza kakuhle kweenjini kunokuphela kwinqanaba elincinci lokujikeleza kwe-shaft output.

Ngako oko, umzekelo, ukusetyenziswa kweenjini kwimiba engama-40%, kwaye kwimiqathango yangempela, kwimoto, phantsi kolawulo oluhlukeneyo lolawulo, le xabiso lihla ukuya ku-10 ... 12%.

Akukho ndlela yokukhwela kwinqwelo ehambayo, ngoko ke akuyimfuneko ukuzalisekisa imeko yokuqala, akukhathazeki ukuba iipiston ifumaneka ngaphaya komjikelezo womsebenzi, kuphela uxinzelelo lwegesi kwindawo yokufudumala ngaphambi kokuba umjikelo womsebenzi uphambili. Ngoko ke, ukuba ukunikezelwa kwamandla kagesi (okwangoku) kwi-spark plug ayiyi kulawulwa ngumbono wepiston kodwa ngoxinzelelo kwikamlilo elumlilo, umjikelezo wokusebenza (ukutshitshiswa) kuya kuhlala uqala ukuxinzelelo oluphezulu, kungakhathaliseki ukuba yintoni ininzi ye injini, umzobo. 3.

Umzobo. 3. Ukugqithisa ukulawula kunye noxinzelelo kwi-cylindle, kwinqanaba le "compression".

Ngaloo ndlela, kuyo nayiphi na indlela yokusebenza ye-motor line, siza kuba neyona ndawo ephezulu ye-Carnot ye-thermodynamic cycle, ngokulandelanayo kunye nokusebenza kakuhle kwiimeko ezahlukeneyo zeenjini.

Ukulawula ukutshabalalisa ngoncedo lwexinzelelo kwikamelo elitshisayo kubangela ukuba kube lula ukuba "utywala" kwezinye iindidi zombane. Ngokomzekelo, xa usuka kwindawo ephezulu ye-octane ukuya kwindawo ephantsi ye-octane, kwinjineli engqinelanayo, umntu ufuna kuphela ukunika umyalelo kwinkqubo yokutshabalalisa ukwenzela ukuba ukunikezelwa kwamandla kagesi (okwangoku) kwi-spark plug kwenzeka kwingcinezelo engaphantsi. Kwiinjini eziqhelekileyo kule nto, kuya kufuneka ukuba utshintshe ubukhulu bejometri yepiston okanye isilinda.

Ukufezekisa ulawulo lokutshabalalisa ngcinezelo kwi-cylinder ngoncedo

I-piezoelectric okanye i-capacitive measurement measurement method.

Inzwa yokhuselo yenziwe ngendlela ye-washer, ebeka phantsi kwe-nut ye-cylinder head heading bolt, Fig. 3. Igunya loxinzelelo lwegesi ekamelweni lokunyanzeliswa, lisebenza kwi-sensor yexinzelelo, ephantsi komnquba weentloko ze-cylinder. Kwaye inkcazelo malunga neengcinezelo ekamelweni lokunyanzeliswa idluliselwa kwiyunithi yokulawula ixesha lokutshisa. Ngomngcipheko ekamelweni elihambelana noxinzelelo lwe-ignition of fuel, inkqubo yokutshaya umbane isebenza ngombane wamandla (okwangoku) kwi-spark plug. Ngokunyuka okukrakra kwingcinezelo, ehambelana nokuqala komjikelezo wokusebenza, inkqubo yokutshaya isisusa umbane wamandla (okwangoku) kwi-spark plug. Ukuba akukho nyukelelo kwenycinezelo emva kwexesha elimisiweyo, elihambelana nokungabikho kokuqala komjikelezo osebenzayo, inkqubo yokutshaya inika uphawu lokuqala lwenjini. Kwakhona, umqondiso wesiphumo se-cylinder sensor sensor isetyenziselwa ukuchonga i-injini ye-injini kunye nokuxilongwa kwayo (inkcazo yoxinzelelo, njl.).

Amandla okuqhafaza ahambelana ngqo neengcinezelo kwikamelo lokutsha. Emva koxinzelelo, kuzo zonke izilwanyana eziphambene nazo, ziba ngaphantsi kwe-preset (kuxhomekeke kuhlobo lwepetroli ezisetyenzisiweyo), inkqubo yokulawula inikeza umyalelo wokugalela umxube weoli. Ukuba kuyimfuneko, tshintshela kwenye uhlobo lwepetroli, ukubaluleka koxinzelelo lwe-preset (reference).

Kwakhona, ukulungiswa kwexesha lokutshitshiswa komxube wamanzi kungenziwa kwindlela yokuzenzekelayo, njengenjini eqhelekileyo. Kwi-cylinder kukho imakrofoni - inzwa yecononation. Imakrofoni iguqula ukuzwakalisa ukuzwakalisa izandi zendlu ye-cylinder ibe ngumqondiso wombane. Isihlungi sedijithali, ukususela kule setethi yeemali ze-sinusoid yombane wombane, ichonga i-harmoniic (sinusoid) ehambelana nemodi yokukhunjulwa. Xa umqondiso uvela kwisixhobo sokucoca esihambelana nokubonakala kwe-injon injini, inkqubo yokulawula iyanciphisa inani le-signal reference, ehambelana noxinzelelo lomlilo womxube onokutsha. Ukuba akukho mqondiso kwi-detonation ehambelanayo, inkqubo yolawulo, emva kwexesha, ikhulisa inani le-signal signal, ehambelana nomxinzelelo wokutshaya umbane, kude kubekho ukukhanya kwe-detonation yangaphambili. Kwakhona, ekubonakaleni kweefrikansi ezandulela ukutshatyalaliswa, inkqubo iyanciphisa isalathisi sobhenkco, ehambelana nokunciphisa ukunyanzeliswa komlilo, kwi-ignition-ignition-ignition. Ngaloo ndlela, inkqubo yokutshisa i-ignition system ichitshiyelwa kuhlobo lwamafutha asetyenziswayo.

Umgaqo wokusebenza kweenjini ezifanelekileyo.

Umgaqo wokusebenza komgca, kunye ne-injini yangaphakathi yomsakazo otshayekileyo, usekelwe kwimpembelelo yokwanda kwamanzi kweegesi ezenzekayo xa umxube womoya utshaya kwaye uqinisekisa ukufuduswa kwepiston kwisilinda. Intonga yokudibanisa idlulisela ukunyakaza okuphindaphindiweyo kwe-piston kwi-generator yombane, okanye i-compressor ye-piston.

I-generator engqalileyo, umzobo. I-4, iqukethe amabini amabini e-piston esebenza kwi-antiphase, eyenza ukwazi ukulinganisela injini. Icandelo ngalinye leepiston lidibaniswe ngendonga. Intonga yokudibanisa imisiwe kwiimithwalo eziphathekayo kwaye ikwazi ukuhamba ngokukhawuleza, kunye neepiston, kwizindlu zesejista. Iipiston zifakwa kwiisilinda zeenjini zangaphakathi zomlilo. Iitshini zihlambulukileyo kwiifestile eziqhawulayo, phantsi kwefuthe lokuncinci kancinci okwenziwe kwindlu yokuqala. Kwintonga yokuxhuma yinxalenye ehambayo yesiphaluka sombane we generator. Ukuxhaswa kwemithambo kudala i-magnetic flux efunekayo ukwenzela ukuvelisa umbane wamandla. Ekuhambeni kwesigxina sokubamba intonga, kunye kunye nayo, iinxalenye zesiphaluka sombane, imizila yokufakelwa kwamagnetic eyenziwe ngumxhelo ojikelezayo ojikelezayo wamandla ovelisi, owenzela kuyo umbane wamandla kunye nokukhoyo (ngokujikeleza ugesi).

Umzobo. 4. I-generator yerhasi.

I-compressor engumgca, umzobo. 5, iqukethe ezimbini zombini zepiston ezisebenza kwi-antiphase, okwenza kube lula ukulinganisela injini. Icandelo ngalinye leepiston lidibaniswe ngendonga. Intonga yokudibanisa inqunyanyiswe kwiibhethri ezidibeneyo kwaye ikwazi ukuhamba ngokukhawuleza kunye neepiston kwizindlu. Iipiston zifakwa kwiisilinda zeenjini zangaphakathi zomlilo. Iitshini zihlambulukileyo kwiifestile eziqhawulayo, phantsi kwefuthe lokuncinci kancinci okwenziwe kwindlu yokuqala. Ngokuhamba kwesigxina sokubamba intonga, kwaye kunye nayo iipistoni ze-compressor, umoya ophantsi kwengcinezelo utyalwa kwisithinteli se-compressor.

Umzobo. 5. I-Compressor engqalileyo.

Umjikelo womsebenzi kwi-injini uqhutyelwa ezimbini.

1. Umjikelo wokunyanzela. I-piston ihamba ukusuka kwindawo efile yokufa yepiston ukuya kwisibhedlele esiphumayo sepiston, ehamba ngeefestile zokucoca kuqala. Emva kokuba i-piston ivaliwe ngeefestile zokucoca, i-fuel injected kunye nokuxutywa komxube we-fuel kuqala kwi-cylinder. Kwi-pre-chamber phantsi kwepiston, i-vacuum yenziwe, phantsi kwesenzo apho umoya ungena kwikamelo langaphambi kokungena ngokusebenzisa i-valve yokuvula.

2. Ukusebenza kwesifo. Kwimeko yepiston kufuphi nomgangatho ophezulu wokufa, umxube osebenzayo uxinzelelwe ngumbane wamandla ophuma kwibhandlela, obangela ukushisa nokuxinzelelo kweegesi ezikhulayo ngokukhawuleza. Ngaphantsi kwefuthe lokunyuka kwamafutha kwegesi, i-piston iya kwiziko elifileyo eliphantsi, ngelixa iigesi ezandayo zenza umsebenzi onobuchule. Ngokufanayo, i-piston idala uxinzelelo oluphezulu kwi-pre-chamber. Ngaphantsi kwengcinezelo, i-valve ivala, ngaloo ndlela ikhusela umoya ukuba ungene ekutheni uninzi.

Inkqubo yokuphucula umoya

Nge-stroke esebenza kwi-cylinder, Fig. 6 I-stroke esebenzayo, i-piston phantsi kwesenzo soxinzelelo kwikamelo elumlilo, lihamba kwicala eliboniswe ngolotolo. Ngaphantsi kwefuthe loxinzelelo oluninzi kwikamelo langaphambi kokungena, i-valve ivaliwe, kwaye nantsi umoya uyancinezelwa ukuvala isilinda. Xa i-piston (iindandatho zoxinzelelo) ifinyelela kwiifestile zokuhlanza, umzobo. 6 umoya wokuvutha, uxinzelelo kwikamelo elibuthayo lihlahla ngokukhawuleza, kwaye i-piston inentonga ihamba ngokungaqhelekanga, oko kukuthi, ubunzima beqela elihambayo lejenerethi lidlala indima ye-flywheel kwinjini eqhelekileyo. Ngexesha elifanayo, iifestile zokuhlanjululwa kunye nomoya ogxininisiweyo, ophethwe yinkomfa yangaphambili, ivuliwe ngokupheleleyo, ngaphantsi kwefuthe loxinzelelo lwexinzelelo (uxinzelelo kwigumbi lokuvula kwangaphambili kunye noxinzelelo lwangaphakathi), iqhuma i-cylinder. Ukuqhubela phambili, kumjikelezo osebenzayo kwi-cylinder eyahlukileyo, umjikelezo wokunyanzelisa uyenziwa.

Xa i-piston ishukunyiswa kwindlela yokunyanzelanisa, umzobo. Ukuxinwa kwee-6, iifestile zokuhlanjululwa zivaliwe ngepiston, i-fuel fuel isjected, ngeli xesha umoya kwiklasi elifudumeleyo phantsi koxinzelelo oluncinane lokuqala komjikelezo wokunyanzeliswa. Ngokuqhutyelwa phambili, ngokukhawuleza ukuba uxinzelelo lomxube we-compressible fuel lilingana noxinzelelo lobhekiselelo (olubekwe lolu hlobo lwepetroli), i-voltage yombane iya kufakwa kwi-spark plug electrodes, umxube uya kutshabalalisa, umjikelezo womsebenzi uya kuqala kwaye inkqubo iya kuphinda iphindwe. Kule meko, injini yangaphakathi yomsakazo i-coaxial kuphela kwaye iqulethe i-cylinders kunye ne-piston.

Umzobo. 6. Inkqubo yokuhamba ngeenjini ezihamba phambili.

Ipompo yepetroli

Ukuqhutshwa kwepompoli yamanzi yombaneli wombane ongeyombane yinkomfa, ixutywe phakathi kwepomon roller kunye ne-pump pump roller, Fig. 7. I-cam ephezulu ikhambelana nentonga yokudibanisa ye-injini yomsakazo wangaphakathi kwaye yandisa i-piston kunye ne-pump rollers kwi-stroke nganye, ngelixa i-pump piston ihamba ngokumalunga ne-cylinder yamapom kwaye inxalenye yombane ifakwe kumbhobho wokufakelwa kwamafutha ekuqaleni komjikelezo wokunyanzeliswa. Ukuba kuyimfuneko ukutshintsha inani lepetroli liphonswe ngaphandle kwesinye, i-cam ephezulu iyajikelezwa ngokumalunga ne-axis longitudinal. Xa indawo yekhampi ijikelezwa ngokumalunga ne-axis longitudinal, ii-roller piston rollers kunye ne- pump pump rollers ziya kutshintsha okanye zitshintshe (kuxhomekeke kwinqanaba lokujikeleza) ngomgama ohlukeneyo, ukushayiswa kwepiston yamapompo kuyatshintsha kwaye inxalenye yesibindi esitshisiweyo iya kutshintsha. Ukujikeleza kwekhampasi ehambelana nekhampasi yayo kwenziwa nge-shaft esityebileyo eyenza i-cam isebenze ngokukhawuleza. Ngaloo ndlela, ikham ehamba phambili nangaphandle, kwaye i-shaft ihlala ihleli. Xa i-shaft ijikelezisa i-axis yayo, i-cam ejikelezayo ijikeleza i-axis yayo kunye nokushaywa kwepompu yepetrothi iyashintsha. I-shaft yenguqu yecandelo le-injection injini iqhutywe ngumqhubi we- stepper okanye ngesandla.

Umzobo. 7. Umpompo wombane we-generator generator.

Ukuqhutshwa kwepompoli yombane ye-compressor engqinelanayo yinkcenkca yechampu phakathi kwendiza yepiston yepom kunye nenqwelo yepompo yokuhlala, umzobo. 8. I-cam yomhlaba ijikeleza nge-shaft yokuvumelanisa ye-injini yomsakazo wangaphakathi kwaye iqhube iipiston kunye neepompo zeepompo kwi-stroke nganye, i-piston yokuphamla ishukunyana ne-cylinder yokupompa kwaye iqhube isabelo senqwelo-mafutha kwisibilini sokumisa umbane ekuqaleni komjikelo wokunyanzelisa . Xa usebenzisa i-compressor engqinelanayo, akukho mfuneko yokutshintsha inani le-fuel ejected. Ukusebenza kwe-compressor engqinelanayo kuthethwa kuphela ngokubambisana ne-receiver power storage, leyo ingayigcina imithwalo yokuphakamisa intloko. Ngoko ke, kucetyiswa ukuvelisa i-compressor motor ehambayo kuphela kwiimodyuli ezimbini: imodeli enkulu yokulayisha kunye nefowuni yeqashiso. Ukutshintshana phakathi kwezi modyu zombini kwenziwa ngeendlela zeplasenoid valves, inkqubo yolawulo.

Umzobo. 8. Umpompo wombane wecompressor.

Inkqubo yokuqalisa

Inkqubo yokuqala ye-motor linear eqhutyelwayo, njengenjini eqhelekileyo, ngoncedo lomqhubi kagesi kunye necebo lokugcina amandla. Ukuqala kweenjini eziqhelekileyo kukusetyenziswa kwinqanaba lokuqala (umbane wombane) kunye ne-flywheel (i-energy store). I-motor engqalileyo iqaliswe nge-electro-compressor kunye ne-start-up receiver, Fig. 9.

Umzobo. 9. Ukuqalisa inkqubo.

Ekuqalekeni, i-piston ye-compressor yokuqala, xa isetyenziswa ngamandla, ihamba ngokunyuka ngenxa yentsimi ye-electromagnetic ye-winding, kwaye i-spring iya kubuya kwimo yaso yangaphambili. Emva kokuba ummkeli aqhutywe ukufika kwi-8 ... 12 i-atm, amandla asuswe kwii-terminals zokuqala ze-compressor kwaye injini ilungele ukuqala. Ukuqala-nzeka kwenzeka ngokunikezela ngomoya oxinyiweyo kumagumbi angaphambi kokungena. Ukunikezelwa kwamanzi kwenziwa ngeendvuthsi zombane zomoya, umsebenzi olawulwa yinkqubo yolawulo.

Ekubeni inkqubo yolawulo Akukho lwazi, apho isikhundla injini iintonga kokuxhuma ke, ngaphambi kokuqalisa, nangoncedo umoya ukunyuka koxinzelelo kumzekelo egumbini predpusknye, iisilinda esibi, Pistons Move liqinisekisiwe isimo sokuqala ngaphambi kokuba injini.

Okulandelayo, nangoncedo umoya ukunyuka koxinzelelo kwi ezizisekondari lombhobho kwigumbi predpusknye bayibhalayo umoya cylinder phambi kokuqala.

Emva koko, lo unikezelo komoya nehigh kwakhona predpusknye egumbini cylinder lwangaphandle injini ekuqaleni. Kamsinya nje umjikelo umsebenzi (i iziboniso zaomenzi woluvo xi xi eliphezulu egumbini yokutsha, elihambisana umjikelo oluphangelayo), inkqubo yolawulo usebenzisa umoya ivelufa stop umoya unikezelo ephuma kwisamkeli adubule.

inkqubo sync

Ungqamaniso emahlamvini motor yomgama esebenzisa iperi amagiya ukuvumelanisa kunye nezinye izinto, Fig. 10 eqhotyoshelwe kwinxalenye eshukumayo yaloo mmandla otsalayo endawo ebiyenzekele kuyo okanye isiguquli Pistons. Sengathi ivili gear ke ngaxeshanye iqhutywa pump oyile, apho kwiindawo ukuthambisa ajikeleze ngenkani yomgama iindawo ukukhuhlana motor.

Isazobe. 10. ungqamaniso le igeza generator.

Ukunciphisa ubunzima wesiphaluka Imagnethi yomhlaba kunye isekethe yombane hlangana engathi.

Olingene generator linear njini umatshini yolunye. Xa generator plane eqhelekileyo yenza intshukumo ojikeleza ubunzima inxalenye eshukumayo yaloo mmandla otsalayo akuyonto ibalulekileyo. Xa oscillator inxalenye yomgama ezihambisekayo kumphathi wesekethe otsalayo yenza intshukumo Buyisela kunye ngentonga yokungena ye injini yokutsha lwangaphakathi, kwaye ubunzima eliphezulu inxalenye ihamba yaloo mmandla otsalayo yomvelisi benza nzima. Kuyimfuneko ukufumana indlela yokunciphisa ubunzima inxalenye eshukumayo yaloo mmandla otsalayo le generator.

Isazobe. 11. Generator.

Ukunciphisa ubunzima inxalenye eshukumayo yaloo mmandla otsalayo, kuyimfuneko ukunciphisa le milinganiselo zejometri ngokufanelekileyo kunciphise umthamo kunye nobunzima, Umfanekiso 11 Ke ngoko wobhobhozayo magnetic iqabele isibini jiko enye kuphela endaweni iifestile ezintlanu, oku kulingana ngexabiso ukuba umqhubi magnethi obhobhozayo iqabele elifutshane izihlandlo ezihlanu, ngokulandelelana kunye ombane output (power) mazincitshiswe amaxa-5.

Ukuze kubuyekezelwe kunciphiso ombane wenkunkuma kuyimfuneko ukongeza inani amathuba kwi window nye, ukuze amandla ngokubhijela ubude umqhubi yaba ngokufanayo kwi original uguqulelo generator 11 okuqashwa.

Nangona kunjalo, ukuba kukho inani elikhulu jiko ebekwe phantsi kwi window kunye nemilinganiselo efanayo zejometri, kuyimfuneko ukunciphisa eli candelo umnqamlezo nombhexeshi.

E rhoqo imveliso umthwalo ombane kunye umthwalo thermal, ngokuba umqhubi enjalo, kulo mzekelo ziya kwanda yaye kuya kuba eliphezulu kakhulu (current ihleli injalo, kwaye icandelo umnqamlezo umqhubi lancipha phantse 5 amaxesha). Oku ke kuya kwenzeka ukuba engathi iifestile sinxulumene kuthotho, oko kukuthi, xa yangoku umthwalo aqukuqela engathi ngaxeshanye, njengoko a generator eqhelekileyo. Kodwa ukuba umthwalo khosi qhagamshela ngokubhijela isibini kuphela ezo window zangoku njengangoku inqumla ukubhobhoza magnetic, le lale kwixesha elingephi ixesha, akanayo ixesha shushu ngokugqithisileyo, kuba iinkqubo inertia thermal. Oko kuyimfuneko ukuba khosi ukudibanisa ukuya umthwalo kuphela ukuba yinxalenye wenkunkuma jiko (kwipali isibini), apho unqumla ukubhobhoza magnetic, ngamanye amaxesha kufuneka uphole. Ngoko ke, lo umthwalo ngawo onke amaxesha edityaniswe kwi series omnye kuphela osuka le generator.  

Kule RMS yangoku ayahamba oko kwayijikeleza yomvelisi ayisayi kuba ngaphezu ixabiso elilelona ngokwembono le zokufudumeza umqhubi. Ngoko ke kuba amaxesha kakhulu ngaphezulu kwe-10, ukunciphisa nje ubunzima inxalenye eshukumayo yaloo mmandla otsalayo yomvelisi, yaye ingqimba kunye nenxalenye ezisisigxina sekethe ngemagnethi.

Ukutshintshela engathi ngokusebenzisa izitshixo elektroniki.

thyristors (triacs) - nezitshixo, izixhobo semiconductor zisetyenziselwa khosi odibanisa engathi wenkunkuma ukuba umthwalo.

Umvelisi yomgama, oko efakwe umvelisi eqhelekileyo, Fig. 11.

Ngokomzekelo, omnye rhoqo ehambisana 3000 imijikelo / min nangexesha intonga ka-6 cm kwi, ngasinye siya kuya shushu ngo 0,00083 umzuzwana, indawo yangoku 12 okubhalwa ngegama, ixesha lokuphumla - malunga 0,01 imizuzwana, le coil iya lupholile. Ngokunciphisa amaza yokusebenza, ixesha kufudumeze aya kunyuka, kodwa, olunge, kuya kuncipha yangoku lowo ujikeleze lonke coil kunye umthwalo.  

Triac - utshintsho (oko ukuvula okanye ukuvala isekethe yombane). Ukuvula nokuvala ngokuzenzekelayo. Xa ukusebenza, ngokukhawuleza wobhobhozayo magnetic niwele engathi ekuqaleni, iziphelo engathi ivela kwi ombane olubangelwe, oku kukhokelela kokuphela kwalo yombane (triac lokuvula). Ngoko, xa wobhobhozayo magnetic inqumle engathi ye-jiko, drop olulandelayo ombane enqumla iziphumo electrode ekuwuvuleni kwisekethe triac. Ngenxa yoko, ngelo xesha ngalinye, umthwalo ivuliwe lonke ixesha, ngokulandelelana, omnye kuphela osuka le generator.

Isazobe. 12 ibonisa indibano umzobo yomvelisi ngaphandle entsimini jiko.

kwiindawo ezininzi iinjini yomgama akhiwa a Umphezulu wotshintsho, ngamanye ube imilo zezindlu. Oku kwenza kube lula ukuvelisa usebenzisa i libiza kancinane kwaye automated imisebenzi sakujika.

Isazobe. 12. isikhungu umzobo le generator.

Imodeli zezibalo ze motor yomgama

Imodeli zezibalo yomvelisi yomgama isekelwe phezu komthetho nokulondolozwa kwamandla kunye nomthetho Newton: nangaliphi na ixesha, xa t0 kunye T1, kufuneka ngokulinganayo imikhosi ebambeleyo ekhankanyiweyo piston. Emva kwexesha elifutshane lekhefu, phantsi kwempembelelo bomkhosi iziphumo, lo piston ihambisa kumgama othile. Kweli candelo elifutshane sicingela ukuba piston kumphatha ravnouskoreno. Ixabiso yonke imikhosi iza kutshintsha imithetho physics kwaye ibalwa iindlela ezaziwayo

[Handbook of physics: Kuhling H. Lane. nayo. ezinge- 2. - M:. Mir, 1985. - 520 s, yl] ... Yonke idatha irekhodwa ngokuzenzekelayo itafile, ezifana Excel. Emva koko babelwa amaxabiso t0 T1 kunye uyaziphinda komjikelo. Oko kukuthi, sivelisa ukusebenza logarithm.

Umfuziselo ngokwezibalo li itafile, umzekelo kwinkqubo Excel kunye nebandla umzobo (umzobo) yomvelisi. Kwi mzobo ongazaliyo imilinganiselo yomgama kwaye uququzelelo leeseli itafile e-Excel. Le theyibhile iya kwenziwa ingqinelane imilinganiselo yomgama ecetywayo, kunye software ubala kwaye Sihlahla nje intshukumo piston, wokuphehla virtual. Oko kukuthi, wokusebenzisa imilinganiselo: ububanzi we piston, ivolyum egumbini predvpusknoy piston stroke amazibuko ngokudla, njl, sifumana ngamayelenqe umgama ohanjiweyo, isantya kunye yokunyusa intshukumo ye piston ukususela kumaxesha ngamaxesha ... Oku kwenza kube lula ukubala phantse amakhulu iinketho kwaye akhethe ilungileyo.

Zithethwa generator jiko ngcingo.

Le iingcingo Umaleko enye yomgama generator window, ngokungafaniyo wenkunkuma eqhelekileyo, ilele-moya enye spirally ecikizekileyo, ephothiweyo, kulula oko umoya ucingo coil ayikho ngeenxa cross-candelo kunye ebuxande, ngamanye amazwi athe ngokubhijela na spirally ephothiweyo plate zezobhedu. Oku kwenza kube lula ukwandisa nokugcwaliswa ngumba window, kodwa kakhulu ukwandisa amandla ngomatshini le engathi. Kufuneka kukhunjulwe ukuba isantya yentonga, yaye ngenxa yoko inxalenye eshukumayo yaloo mmandla otsalayo, akufani. Oku kuthetha ukuba imigca magnethi obhobhozayo abawela ukusongwa of kwezahlukeneyo iiwindow ngezantya ezahlukeneyo. Ukuba asebenzise ngokupheleleyo iingcingo jiko, inani amathuba ye window nganye kufuneka ukutshatisa isantya wobhobhozayo iinkcukacha ngemagnethi kufutshane window (isantya ngentonga). Inani amathuba ye engathi ye window nganye uyonyulwa ngesantya malunga ngentonga kuxhomekeke umgama ohanjiweyo ngentonga.

Kwakhona, ngokuba ombane efanayo ngakumbi ngoku eyenziwe, kunokwenzeka ukuba umoya le window kwemicimbi of ipleyiti ngamnye ubhedu olulingana ezahlukeneyo. Ngelo isabelo apho intonga ukudibanisa ayikho isantya enkulu, athe ngokubhijela oluqhutywa phaya Ebubanzini nembasa. Le window ingqamana Inani elikhulu amathuba jiko, kwaye ngesantya ephantsi eziqhagamshelayo intonga kule sayithi, i wenkunkuma uya kuvelisa amandla ombane ayi siwenze kunye ombane ngoku kukho iinxalenye "fast", nangona yangoku eyenziweyo iya kuba ngaphantsi kakhulu.

Ukusetyenziswa kwe generator yomgama.

Eyona Isicelo yomvelisi ochazwe - uninterruptible umbane kwi izityalo ephantsi-amandla, sivumele izixhobo inxibelelene ukusebenza ixesha elide xa kucime umbane okanye xa we parameters zayo ngaphezulu eqhelekileyo.

Umbane esinokusetyenziselwa ukunika amandla ombane ukuze izixhobo zombane mveliso ekhaya, xa lingekho yentsimi yombane yothungelwano, kwakunye njengeyunithi amandla isithuthi (isithuthi hybrid), njengoko amagunya zombane mobile generator.

Umzekelo, i zombane amandla wenkunkuma ngohlobo ngezobudlelwane (iisutikheyisi, iingxowa). Umsebenzisi ithatha naye kwindawo apho kungekho nothungelwano zombane (isakhiwo, ukunyuka intaba, iholide ekhaya, njl ...), Ukuba kuyimfuneko, ngokunqakraza kwiqhosha "Qala", i-generator uqala kwaye uyawondla amandla ombane elidityaniswe kuyo izixhobo zombane: izixhobo igunya, indlu zomculo. Lo mthombo ngokwesiqhelo wamandla ombane, kodwa sitshiphu kunye noogxa lighter.

Ukusetyenziswa iinjini yomgama yenza kube lula ukwenza i kangako, ukusetyenziswa lula-to-nokulawula, imoto lula.

A isithuthi generator yomgama ugesi

A isithuthi generator yomgama zombane kuba kukukhanya kabini (250 kg) wesithuthi, komkhiwane. 13.

Isazobe. 13. Vehicle linear Petrol.

Xa ulawulo akuyomfuneko ukuba bayeke amagiya (ihamba ezimbini). Ngenxa yokuba le generator uyakwazi ukuphuhlisa amandla alo eliphezulu naxa "etsala kude 'ezitroneni zabo (ngokuchaseneyo isithuthi aqhelekileyo), iimpawu lunikezelo nokuba amagunya phantsi motor imoto, aneempawu ukusebenza ngcono izithuthi ezifanayo eqhelekileyo. Yokukhulisa effect esungulayo kunye nenkqubo ABS kolu software, njengoko bonke "intsimbi" kuyimfuneko sele (injini ivili ngalinye uyakwazi ukulawula torque okanye elekhtrons ivili torque, umzekelo xa ekuguquleni ukwabiwa torque isondo phakathi ngasekunene nangasekhohlo walijika amavili, yaye amavili zijikeleziswe ngokwabo umqhubi ivumela kuphela ukuba ukujikeleza, oko kukuthi, ulawulo ngaphandle umgudu). Uyilo seemodyuli sithathela ivumela imoto ukuba babuthelane isicelo umboleki (ungakwazi ngokulula indawo Alternator kunye onamandla ngaphezu okwemizuzu embalwa).

Le imoto kodwa sitshiphu kunye noogxa lighter.

Features - operation lula, ixabiso eliphantsi, isantya iseti ekhawulezayo, amandla ukuya ku-12 kW, drive lonke-wheel (yonke isithuthi imigodi).

Isithuthi kunye wenkunkuma olucetywayo, ngenxa imilo ethile yomvelisi, kukho iziko eliphantsi kakhulu womxhuzulane, ngoko kuya kuba uzinzo eliphezulu ukubaleka.

Kwakhona, eso sithuthi bekuya kuba izakhono eliphezulu kakhulu lunikezelo. Xa isithuthi olucetywayo angasebenzisa amandla ubuninzi yeyunithi amandla ngalo lonke ngezantya.

ubunzima bahambisa unit lwamandla akukuniki ukulayisha umzimba imoto, ngoko ungenza ezitshiphu, kulula kwaye elula.

injini yesithuthi ibambelele, apho iyunithi drive isebenzisa wenkunkuma yomgama kufuneka anelise ezi mfuno zingummiselo zilandelayo:

- amandla motor kufuneka ngqo ngaphandle converter kwintambo generator (ukwandisa ukwanela yokosulela zombane inciphise neendleko-DC lokuguqulela);

- i shaft imveliso ye zesantya ukujikeleza motor kufuneka zilungiswe ngaphezulu uluhlu olubanzi, kwaye kufuneka akuxhomekekanga amaza umvelisi amandla isebenza;

- I-injini kufuneka abe MTBF eziphakamileyo, oko kukuthi ukuba ethembeke msebenzi (ungabinayo umqokeleli);

- I-injini kufuneka sabiza (ezilula);

- injini kufuneka torque eliphezulu ngesantya esisezantsi ojikeleza yemveliso efumaneka shaft;

- injini kufuneka ubunzima ukukhanya.

Scheme ukudibanisa engathi lomcimbi kubonisiwe okuqashwa. 14. Xa ukulungisa ngamandla plane jiko wokwephuka bafumane torque ivili.

Kwakhona, ngokuguqula ubukhulu kunye wokwephuka ngamandla plane jiko ifakwe sliding ukujikeleza plane kuthelekiswa le stator zibuthe. Lilawulwa amandla AC le plane jiko, kukho slidably ulawulo, ukusuka 0 ... 100%. Unikezelo amandla plane siya kuba malunga ne-5% of igunya injini, asenjalo nangoku amandla converter akuyomfuneko ukwenza ukuba iinjini yonke yangoku imoto, kwaye kuphela excitation yangoku. Power-DC lokuguqulela, umzekelo, kuba-Yodi wokuphehla umbane ka-12 kW yi 600 kuphela W, yaye eli gunya yahlulwe iindlela ezine, ngamanye ijelo amandla inverter ngalinye 150 W (for imoto motor nganye ijelo ivili). Ngoko ke, ukusebenza phantsi kwe converter ayichaphazeli kakhulu kwinkqubo ukusebenza. Le lokuguqulela lungakhiwa usebenzisa esezantsi-amandla, zexabiso eliphantsi iziqalelo semiconductor.

Umbane ukusuka iiclamps ngaphandle nayiphi na inguqu nakwesiphi na engathi amandla Motors zokutsalwa kwimithwalo. Ukuguqula kuphela excitation ngoku, ukuze ukuba kusoloko kwisigaba eliphikisayo ngamandla ngokubhijela yangoku. Ekubeni excitation yangoku ka-5 ... 6% ye yangoku iyonke ndiyaphela motor imoto, amandla drive ezifunekayo 5 ... 6% ngamandla wenkunkuma, leyo ukunciphisa kakhulu iindleko kunye ngokobunzima inverter nokunyusa ukusebenza kwale nkqubo. Kulo mzekelo, i Converter excitation imoto yangoku Motors kufuneka "uyazi" imeko apho shaft motor kukuba ngelo xesha ngamnye excitation jiko ngoku inikezelwa ukudala torque. Indawo isivamvo yemveliso efumaneka oluthi imoto ibambelele i zakho zokukhowuda ngokupheleleyo.

Isazobe. 14. I cebo ngokuqukwa engathi imoto motor.

Ukusetyenziswa yomvelisi yomgama zombane, njengeyunithi amandla yesithuthi ukudala imoto a layout block. Ukuba kuyimfuneko, imizuzu nje embalwa ukutshintsha amacandelo aphambili kunye neendibano, Fig. 15, kwaye asebenzise umzimba amanzi ngeenxa zonke kakuhle; kuba akukho ephantsi amandla isithuthi amandla headroom yokoyisa ukumelana nomoya ngenxa imilo abangafezekanga ashukimisayo (ngenxa inani eliphezulu yokunganyangeki).

Isazobe. 15. Ukubanako ukuvimba lungiselelo.

A isithuthi isiguquli yomgama

A isithuthi isiguquli yomgama kuba kukukhanya isihlalo-amabini (200 kg) wesithuthi, komkhiwane. 16. Oku kwiwotshi lula yaye kungabinandleko emotweni kunye wenkunkuma yomgama, kodwa ngendlela transmission asezantsi.

Isazobe. 16. Pneumatic imoto. Le motor yomgama.

Isazobe. 17. wheel Control.

Njengoko woluvo isantya ivili usetyenziswa kwandiswe zakho zokukhowuda. Kwandiswe khodi ukubetha output ukuba, lokut- nge angle ezithile eveliswa imveliso ye ubume ombane. zikagesi woluvo, "kutsho" inani la nganye ixesha unit, aze abhale olu ikhowudi kwirejista kwimveliso. Xa "nokusebenzisa" ikhowudi inkqubo yolawulo (idilesi) womenzi woluvo, isiphaluka yeletroniki zokukhowuda, kukho iziphumo ezilandelelanayo ukufunda imveliso irejista kwisikhokelo ulwazi. Inkqubo yolawulo ufunda ukuchongwa sensor (ulwazi isantya yevili) kunye algorithm kwangaphambili ivelisa ikhowudi lokulawula motor actuator stepper.

isiphelo

Ixabiso le-isithuthi, kuba abantu abaninzi, yi-20 ... 50 imivuzo yenyanga. Abantu abanakukwazi athenge imoto entsha 8 ... amawaka 12 $, kwaye bathengi imoto kuluhlu kwixabiso 1 ... 2 amawaka $. Sebenzisa eveliswa yomgama zombane okanye isiguquli, njengeyunithi amandla isithuthi ukwenza elula ukuyisebenzisa, kunye isithuthi imali eninzi.

ubugcisa bemveliso PCB Modern kwaye uluhlu lweemveliso elektroniki, likuvumela ukuba wenze phantse yonke umbane kunye iingcingo ezimbini - amandla kunye nolwazi. Oko akuthethi ukuba ukuvelisa ambaxa Wahlanganisa isixhobo nganye yombane ngamnye: abenzi boluvo, actuators kunye nezixhobo isignali ukuqhagamshela ifowuni ngamnye nomkhosi zizonke, kwaye ucingo ulwazi ngokubanzi. Inkqubo yolawulo, ke, libonisa i khowudi (iidilesi) izixhobo, ikhowudi serial, iinkcukacha kwicingo, uze ulindele ulwazi malunga nemeko yecebo, nayo ikhowudi silandelelaniswe kakuhle, kwi kumgca enye. Ngokusekelwe kwezi iimpawu, inkqubo yolawulo ivelisa codes wokulawula we elawulayo izixhobo zokubonisa, kwaye edlulisela ukuba le actuators translation okanye izixhobo ebiza urhulumente omtsha (ukuba kuyimfuneko). Ngenxa yoko, ngexesha ufakelo okanye ukulungiswa, isixhobo nganye kufuneka adityaniswe kwi oogesi ababini (iingcingo ezimbini zixhaphakile zonke ekwinqwelo zombane) umhlaba kunye zombane.

Ukunciphisa iindleko, yaye ngenxa yoko ke amaxabiso lweemveliso kubathengi,

kufuneka lula ufakelo kunye lombane unxulumano eyayifakwe izixhobo. Umzekelo, ukufakelwa yemveli, ukwenzela ukuba isibane kwindawo angasemva, kufuneka ivalwe, kunye iswitshi, isiphaluka yombane kwamandla izibane isixhobo. Umphathi wesekethe iquka: umthombo wamandla ombane, umqhubi unikezelo, switsha enamandla kakhulu, kukho umthwalo wombane. isiqalelo yesekethe nganye ngaphandle umthombo wamandla kufuna ezifuna ngamnye, switsha mechanical engaxabisi kukho inani eliphantsi yemijikelo "kwi-off". Njengoko inani elikhulu izixhobo zombane ekwinqwelo, ixabiso yofakelo connecting iingcingo ukunyuka ngokomlinganiselo inani kwezixhobo kwandisa amathuba iimpazamo ngenxa izinto zabantu. Xa elikhulu-scale imveliso ulawulo lula kwezixhobo nokufunda kolwazi nabenzi boluvo ukwenza umgca omnye kungekhona umntu, kuba isixhobo ngasinye. Umzekelo, ukwenzela ukuba isibane kwindawo angasemva, kulo mzekelo, kuyimfuneko ukuba bachukumise woluvo kwebala yasemgceni, wesiphaluka yolawulo iya kuvelisa ikhowudi ulawulo ukuze isibane position angasemva. Ulwazi malunga wire luzakubonisa isixhobo sokuhlanganisa idilesi diff indawo usisibane uze uphawu lokuvala, uze ivale wesekethe lwangaphakathi kwamandla adjustable isibane isikhundla. Oko kukuthi, yombane akhiwa entsokothileyo: ngokuzenzekelayo ekuvelisweni olushicilelweyo yesekethe n