Mali Federal - it ... uMthetho kwi Budget Federal

Naziphi na izibonelelo zentlalo, indalo non-ngeniso amaziko ngokutsha, kunye nezinye iziganeko ezininzi ezibalulekileyo yesizwe ikakhulu mababuyekezwe ubutyebi wesizwe. lasungulwa kunye ayalelayo - inkqubo kunzima kakhulu kwaye kuthatha ixesha elide, kwaye kulo siya kuzama ukuqonda eli nqaku.

Ingcamango lwabiwo-mali federal

Uhlahlo lwabiwo-mali federal - yinto ubuncwane esisiseko kwalo naliphi na ilizwe, nto leyo indlela yonxulumano esekelwe kwi-cash mandatory, leyo lukwa yinxalenye yale mali karhulumente. ubutyebi mali kaZwelonke-sikhokelo lasungulwa kuthatha iimpawu ezisisiseko kwezentlalo noqoqosho lweli lizwe, apho ume ngaphandle imiyalelo eziphambili lungeniselo elizayo kunye neendleko.

Ngenxa yoko, i federal yohlahlo-lwabiwo-Russian Federation uphumeza imisebenzi ebalulekileyo ukuphila kukarhulumente:

• ikhuthaza migomo;
• nokulawula iinkqubo kwezoqoqosho kweli lizwe;
• ithatha inxaxheba nokunikezelwa GDP kunye nengeniso zesizwe;
• ulawula ukungena nokuphuma kwemali.

Njengoko ubona, imisebenzi kweli sixhobo mali ingaphezulu ngokwaneleyo, ngoko ke urhulumente ngokupheleleyo oluhambelana ekwakhiweni kwayo kunye ayalelayo, njengoko siqhubeka ukuthetha.

Njani na ibhajethi

Sonke siyazi ukuba ibhajethi federal - ukuba nje ubonelelo ngemali, leyo yindlela omkhulu entsonkothileyo, kwaye ngamnye kuthi uyazibuza, yiyiphi imigaqo ekhokelwa amagosa emva kokungeniswa.

Njengomgaqo, ekuthe kwavunywa ngalo nguNondyebo kwezimvo ezine, kwaye ibandakanya isethi zilandelayo nkqubo:

1. Ngokwe-manani ze kumashishini angundoqo eziqikelelwa ewonke kwixesha lokunika ingxelo langaphambili.
2. Ngaphezu koko eqikelelwayo amathuba nangoko kuphuhliso lwezentlalo noqoqosho karhulumente.
3. Kwaqaqambisa iingongoma eziphambili irhafu kunye nohlahlo lwabiwo-nkqubo oluzayo.
4. mali esidityanisiweyo elicingelwayo kunye nentsalela consolidated financial ngokusekelwe kwezicwangciso zophuhliso zeenkalo eziphambili.
5. Ngaphezu koko kulindeleke iinkqubo federal ukulungiselela iinjongo ezahlukeneyo - trust, utyalo-mali kunye ukuzithethelela.
6. Kuthathelwa ingqalelo uhlobo ngamazwe kwesivumelwano kunye naziphi na iimfanelo zemali.
7. Kuthathelwa ingqalelo mali federal ezinye iindleko.
8. Siqwalasela inkqubo ezayo ejolise ekuphunyezweni mboleko yangaphandle.
9. Amangenelo inqanaba elincinane indexation iintlawulo zentlalo.
10. imigaqo emsebenzini, inkxaso asilungiselelwanga-nkqubo yezemali yonyaka ozayo.

inkqubo esisinyanzelo

Ngebhajethi federal njengoko isixhobo zemali kwakhona uye umthwalo ezithile zentlalo kubantu zalo, ngoko ezinye iinkqubo zomthetho kusafuneka indawo, kodwa elowo kubo iyakhangelwa ngononophelo lokuthobela. Ukulungiselela le njongo, kukho evunyiweyo ngokulandelelana ezisemthethweni; ngokucacileyo izenzo:

• Urhulumente ebubonelele ukuba kubekho ukugwetyelwa projekthi ukusuka kwindawo kubugcisa nakuqoqosho lwembono, ngenxa yokuba izixhobo karhulumente makaqinisekise imfuneko ukuxhasa ngemali le okanye elo inkqubo ne-Ofisi kaNondyebo;
• ngakumbi ekujongwe iziphumo zentlalo kunye nokusingqongileyo ekuqalisweni kwe inkqubo ethile;
• ekhokelwa yi-mthetho ngoku, urhulumente isigqibo isixa mali ngqo yeprojekthi ethile;
• walungisa enye amaxwebhu ayimfuneko.

Principles of ukubunjwa mali federal

Naziphi na iinkcukacha eziphathelele kusekwe kunye nokulahlwa kaNondyebo kaRhulumente, olawulwa ngulo Mthetho yomthetho - uMthetho Federal kwi-Budget Federal. algorithm kuchazwe ngokucacileyo izenzo xa kuthe kwakho imeko kubalulekile kakhulu ubudlelwane kwimarike aziphethe ngayo namhlanje. Njengoko kungaba engaqhelekanga kakhulu kwaye ngqiqweni emva zokwamkelwa isakhiwo zikaNondyebo kunyaka yangoku ukulahla kwemali kwi umphakathi ubabalo ekomelezeni yokhuselo lwesizwe.

Ngoko ke, wonke umntu, nditsho lolawulo uhlobo minor kwemali karhulumente ilawulwa yi-mthetho ebisebenza kwaye isekelwe phezu kwale mithetho-siseko ilandelayo:

• zonke nokuphuma ingeniso yemali zahlulwa ngokwamaqela kunye neeklasi, kuxhomekeka ukuthambekela kwezoqoqosho kule ndawo - oko kuthetha ukuba ezinye ngongeniselo lwabiwo zasekuhlaleni kwaye uhlale kulahlwe kwisithili, kwaye vice versa;
• e eshotayo kwenzeka ngenxa iindleko kakhulu zoya igqunyiweyo, nabo ukususela icandelo noshowo sixhobo.

Ngokubanzi, kunzima ukuchaza indlela yolawulo zobuncwane likarhulumente izivakalisi ezimbalwa, kodwa siya kuqhubeka ukuzama ukujongana nale nto ezintsonkothileyo.

Ubume lwabiwo-mali federal

ukuqonda Sonke ukuba imali entsonkothileyo elikhulu flow lingenako nokulawula amagunya olawulo ephakamileyo. Uhlahlo lwabiwo-mali federal - kuba nanto kunye nantoni na efana kwiziko lemali ubukhulu, kwaye kukho ezimbalwa izakhiwo eziqhelekileyo yommiselo yayo ehlabathini:

• zebhanki;
• mixed;
• Treasury.

Kwake kwenziwa kubume yeebhanki eRashiya evumela ukuba abhale intshukumo enabela kwinqanaba sentlawulo kulawulwa yi-Central Bank. Kodwa inkqubo enjalo wayengafezekanga ngenxa yokulibaziseka isiboniso, ngoko kwagqitywa ukuya kulawulo zobuncwane.

ulawulo lohlahlo lwabiwo

Ukongeza kule migaqo yocwangco, umthetho federal kwi mali federal kwaye ilawula onke amanqanaba karhulumente asethi data.

Ngoko ke, kwinqanaba lokuqala iCandelo Jikelele we-Federal Treasury, leyo balancing uxanduva yonke ingeniso ekhoyo kunye neendleko, kwakunye ukwazisa malunga isebe yesigqeba.

Kwinqanaba lesibini iSebe lezeMali, subordinated ngqo abasemagunyeni zesithili. Imisebenzi yeli ziko kukwazisa imizimba ephezulu yengeniso odolo yenkcitho nommandla wayo.

Isigaba ulawulo wesithathu ziquka isixeko zasekuhlaleni kunye novimba zezithili zemfundo, nto leyo enze ingxelo kuvunyelwa ukusetyenziswa kwale mali karhulumente kwindawo echongiweyo.

Imisebenzi ye Central Treasury

Zonke mali federal phofu ukuba accounting amagosa Central Treasury, nto leyo siphathiswe iqela lemisebenzi ebalulekileyo kunye nemisebenzi:

• ukwabiwa iingeniso mali phakathi kwemigangatho eyahlukeneyo karhulumente;
• iirekhodi iintlawulo naluphi na uhlobo, kuquka irhafu, ngenxa ngokubaluleka zesizwe;
• ukuphunyezwa kwemali kunye izinciphiso ngokungeyomfuneko okanye ngempazamo igqithiselwe mali phakathi ebuncwaneni onke amanqanaba;
• ekujoliswe kokuguquka, kuthathelwa ingqalelo iindidi ezahlukeneyo deferrals nokuxolelwa;
• ukufakwa kwemibandela ethile mali;
• esweni okokoko ukuchitha kulawulo olusebenzayo wokulondoloza imali karhulumente;
• ulawulo zonke enabela eyilwayo wokulondoloza imali ebhankini.

imithombo yengeniso

Ngubani benza kaNondyebo kaRhulumente? Makhe sijonge kwi-nxaxheba kule nkqubo kwaye ngokuqhubekayo:

1. Berhafu - ukwenza rhoqo ngendlela sengigqi supplement yingeniso-mali zasekuhlaleni.
2. I-Central Bank libambisene ne yorhwebo - ukuhlela ngqo ukuhamba kwemali karhulumente kwi-akhawunti.
3. Federal Treasury kunye neeyunithi zayo zokusebenza - ukwenza iirekhodi ezifunyenweyo yezimali.
4. imizimba Executive, kuquka UMhloli State - ezi abalamleli phakathi abangahlawuliyo kunye neemfanelo kaNondyebo elawula ubudlelwane babo.

Ngenxa yoko, sinokuthi kubalulekile kakhulu kwaye nxaxheba ebalulekileyo kule ndlela zizinto ezikhoyo yoshishino kufuneka izibophelelo ezithile kweli lizwe. Kodwa ke zikhona non-irhafu ezingenayo, eziquka izohlwayo kunye nezinye nezohlwayo ezenzeke ngexesha lobudlelwane nabasemagunyeni karhulumente.

imithombo iindleko

Ziphele mali federal - sisiphumo iiyunithi zokuhlala, leyo ixhomekeke ngokupheleleyo kwicala ingeniso ngayo. Ubungakanani eli candelo kaNondyebo kaRhulumente umlinganiselo ngqo neemfuno zentlalo noqoqosho zeli zombini inani labemi kunye nelizwe ngokubanzi. Kakade ke, oku akuthethi ukuba banelisekile ngokupheleleyo, Noko ke, kuthathelwa ingqalelo kwizicwangciso zonyaka. Bona ngokwentando-siseko ilandelayo:

• isebe (kwakheka kwi kwiimfuno iintlobo ezahlukeneyo amasebe nabaphathiswa);
• indawo (indawo inxaxheba izifundo eli lizwe, oko kukuthi i-abantu);
• functional (iindleko zigcinwa ngokuhambelana neenkqubo kujoliswe lowu, kuquka imibuzo kwezentlalo, kwezisingqongileyo, yenzululwazi kunye nezinye kungachaphazeleka).

Naziphi na izigqibo inkcitho karhulumente athathwe ngqo Central Treasury kunye yoMphathiswa wezeMali.

kwincitho mali

Ibhajethi federal ye-Russian Federation kumashumi eminyaka akutshanje ayikwazanga kuqhayisa balance yayo, umgaqo, kuyinto eqhelekileyo ehlabathini - kusoloko kukho into ngakumbi ingeniso okanye ngeendleko.

Ngoko, kwi 90 kwinkulungwane lokugqibela kunomfana yokushota mali, nto leyo ethetha ukuba iimfuno yommiselo zentlalo noqoqosho kurhulumente yaba likhulu kakhulu nokungena kwemali evela berhafu.

Noko ke, kwiminyaka yakutshanje meko itshintshe kanye esahlukileyo, yaye ngalo mzuzu kukho intsalela uthotho lezeMali leSizwe.

Regulation lwabiwo-mali federal

owona msebenzi ubalulekileyo ezibekwe ngurhulumente ngoku - ukwandisa ukusebenza kwezoqoqosho kwisiqalo-nkqubo amazwe, nto leyo ethetha ukuba okokuqala zonke ulawula ngesakhiwo kwezibonelelo zemali zoluntu. iintlobo ezahlukeneyo ze siseko yolawulo zosasazo zasekuhlaleni ilawula uMthetho Federal kwi-Budget Federal.

ukuqonda ke sonke ukuba kunzima ukuqikelela nantoni na enjalo ubudlelwane kwimarike ezingazinzanga, leyo ixhomekeke kakhulu kubudlelwane ngamazwe. Ngoko ke, kwimvelaphi iziganeko zakutshanje a uzinziso mali eyodwa, ezijoliswe ekuxhaseni ukukhula kwezoqoqosho ngokuthi zintsalela mali sele yenziwe.