Le modeli umgangatho wendalo iphela

I-Standard Model - ithiyori olumele ntetho mihla izinto yesiseko yoqobo xa kusakhiwa iphela. Le modeli ichaza indlela mbandela wabumba kumacandelo zalo ezingundoqo, imikhosi yentsebenziswano phakathi kwamalungu ayo.

Kakuhle eli imodeli standard

Kubume bayo, onke amasuntswana eziziziqalelo (nucleons) of ebandakanya elakha, kwakunye naziphi na amasuntswana enzima (hadrons) kuqulatha amasuntswana kakhulu yinkulumbuso ebizwa esisiseko.

Ezi mpawu zingundoqo zokuqokelelwa Mba ngoku quarks. Le quarks kakhulu lula kokuhlambeleyo yahlulwe eliphezulu (u) nolusezantsi (d). Proton iquka indibanisela quarks uud, kwaye neutron - udd. Charge u-quark ngu 2/3, lo gama d-quark - kwentlawulo negative -1/3. Ukuba Ungabala udibaniso izityholo quark, ukuba izigxina Proton kunye neutron lufumaneka ngokungqongqo ilingana no-1 no 0. Oku kubonisa ukuba umfuziselo oluqhelekileyo ichaza ngokupheleleyo ngokwaneleyo leyinene.

Kukho ngababini ezininzi quarks, eyenza i amasuntswana bumane. Ngoko ke, size ke isibini kwenza ndisangqengqile (s) kunye odd (s) quark, kanye pair sesithathu - okwenyaniso (t) kunye entle (b).

Phantse zonke amasuntswana abakwaziyo ukuqikelela imodeli umgangatho, sele ukuvulwa nokuhlola.

Ngaphandle quarks ngokuba "iibhloko zokwakha" ezi leptons ekuthiwa njalo-. Zakha kwakhona izibini ezithathu amasuntswana: ovela ukusuka neutrino electron, Muon neutrino Muon, otau womphandle otau womphandle-neutrino.

Quarks kunye leptons, ngokutsho izazinzulu, zezona izinto eziphambili zokwakha ngokusekelwe leyo edale imodeli mihla yonke. Zihlangana nge yamasuntswana-abathwali ukuba adlulisela pulses amandla. Kukho iindidi ezine eziphambili intsebenziswano enjalo:

- strong, apho quark igcinwe ngaphakathi amasuntswana;

- umoya;

- amandla, nto leyo ekhokelela iintlobo ukubola;

- womxhuzulane.

Strong umbala intsebenziswano amasuntswana idluliselwe ngokuba gluons abo akukho ubunzima kunye kagesi. chromodynamics Quantum ukufunda olu hlobo loqhagamshelwano.

Intsebenziswano magnetic lwenzeka ngokutshintshiselana ubunzima, ndayihluthwa photons - ufaka radiation electromagnetic.

Intsebenziswano obuthathaka kubangelwe bosons wesangqa elikhulu, apho phantse amaxesha 90 ngaphezulu protons.

intsebenziswano omxhuzulane inika gravitons wonxibelelwano akukho ubunzima. Noko ke, ngokomfuniselo ukubona ezi amasuntswana abangekenzi baphumelele.

imodeli Standard iqwalasela iintlobo ezintathu zokuqala intsebenziswano phakathi wabonakala ezintathu ezahlukeneyo eziluhlobo olulodwa. Phantsi impembelelo yamandla obushushu aphezulu, apho asebenza kwindalo iphela, eneneni edidekile, kunye, ukuze ke ngoko ukubona. Okokuqala, njengoko izazinzulu ziye zafumanisa, oludibanisa amandla amandla enyukliya kagesi. Ngenxa yoko, oku kukwadala intsebenziswano electroweak, apho sinako ukubona kwiilebhu mihla le accelerators isuntswana aphantsi.

imfundiso Universe ithi ngexesha lemvelaphi yalo kwimizuzwana yokuqala emva kokuba Big Bang, umahluko phakathi imikhosi kagesi kunye yenyukliya ebengekho. Yaba kuphela emva ngokunciphisa kobushushu iphela ukuya ku-10 14K, iintlobo ezine yentsebenziswano bakwazi ukwahlula kwaye jonga mihla. Okwangoku, lobushushu ngasentla olu phawu, wenza kuphela amandla esisiseko womxhuzulane, Yomelela kunye nonxibelelwano electroweak.

intsebenziswano Electroweak obudibene kukomelela kubushushu omalunga 10 27 K, ingenakufikeleleka zaselebhu mihla. Kodwa ezi amandla ngoku uswele nkqu indalo ngokwayo, encinane kakhulu ukuqinisekisa okanye awuvisisani le ngcamango ayikho kodwa kunokwenzeka. Kodwa ke imfundiso echaza iinkqubo yolwalamano kuvumela ukuba akunike eminye iingqikelelo malunga neenkqubo ezenzeka kumanqanaba asezantsi amandla. Kwaye ezi uqikelelo iqinisekiswa ngoku ngokomfuniselo.

Ngenxa yoko, imodeli eqhelekileyo inika ingcamango yokuba ubume iphela, umcimbi ubunjwe leptons kunye quarks, kwaye unxibelelwano phakathi kwezi amasuntswana zichazwe neengcamango grand emanyeneyo. Model kodwa akuhambelani kuba aliquki ukuhlangana omxhuzulane. Ngophuhliso ngakumbi ulwazi lwenzululwazi nobugcisa, le ongumzekelo kumana kwaye ziphuhliswe, kodwa okwangoku - ukuba eyona nto bakwazi ukuphuhlisa izazinzulu.