Esasiya. Le mfazwe eYugoslavia: Chronicle of Events

ngxabano yezobupolitika emikhulu efana USA ne-USSR, eyathatha ukusuka 40 ephakathi ukuya kwi 90 Ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane lokugqibela, yaye ikhula iba ungquzulwano yokwenene yasemkhosini, kukhokelele ukuvela elide njengoko enjalo Cold War. Esasiya - owayekade yobusoshiyali ilizwe ngamazwe, nto leyo ethe khunubembe ngaphandle phantse ngaxeshanye eSoviet Union. Isizathu esiyintloko yaba kucalu ekuqaleni impixano wamajoni, waye umnqweno West ukuseka nempembelelo yalo kwintsimi ngaphambili ekule eSoviet Union.

Imfazwe baseYugoslavia kwakuba uthotho kungquzulwano ngezixhobo, eyathatha iminyaka 10 - ukususela ngowe-1991 ukusa kowama-2001, yaye ekugqibeleni kwakhokelela sokonakalisa karhulumente, nto leyo ekhokelele ekubunjweni ithi eziliqela macala ezizimeleyo. Kwakukho inter-yobuhlanga zokulwa umlinganiswa, ubuhanjelwe Serbia, iCroatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Albania kunye kwelaseMakedoni. Imfazwe baseYugoslavia yaqala ngenxa yokucingela yobuzwe neyenkolo. Ezi ziganeko zenzeka eYurophu, baba wegazi kunye amaxesha ka 1939-1945.

Slovenia

Imfazwe baseYugoslavia kwaqala imfazwe, Juni 25 - Julayi 4, 1991 Ikhosi kweziganeko uhamba emva kwesibhengezo unilateral geqe eSlovenia, kubangele phakathi kwayo Yugoslavia, yaqala impi. Ubunkokeli kwiriphabliki uye uthathe ulawulo yonke imida kunye nomoya imihla lizwe. iiyunithi zomkhosi Local baqalisa ukulungiselela iwuthimbe lo yegumbi JNA.

YesiYugoslav Abantu Umkhosi wadibana nokumelana komsindo abavela kumaqela zasekuhlaleni. I ungxamile sakhiwe ngothango ithintele indlela emva amabutho JNA. Kwiriphabliki kwathiwa ngokugaya, kunye neenkokheli zayo wabhenela kwamanye amazwe aseYurophu.

Le mfazwe yaphela ngenxa wokutyikitywa kwesivumelwano Brioni, nto enyanzela JNA sokunqanda kungquzulwano ngezixhobo, Slovenia kwafuneka iinyanga ezintathu ukuya ukuxhoma kokusayina IsiBhengezo isibhengezo ukuzimela kwayo. Iilahleko ezivela umkhosi baseYugoslavia eyenziwe ngabantu 45 abulewe 146 ababuleweyo, kunye Slovenian, ngokulandelelana, 19 no 182.

Kungekudala Ulawulo SFRY kwanyanzeleka ukuba ukuvuma ukoyiswa wamkele geqe eSlovenia. Elokuqukumbela, eli JNA amabutho ayo kummandla ngurhulumente omtsha.

Croatia

Emva Slovenia yazimela esasiya, inxalenye Serbian abantu abahlala kuloo ndawo, izame ukwenza kwilizwe eyahlukileyo. Bona siqhutywa ngumnqweno wabo ukuba ukhipha yokuba kusithiwa rhoqo kuphula amalungelo oluntu. Ukuze benze oku, la waqala ukudala ebizwa ngokuba yi-kwiiyunithi self-yokuzikhusela. Croatia nakugqala njengelinge yi eqale ayo Serbia icala abachasi bakhe zokwanda, kangangokuba ngo-Agasti 1991, waqala ezinkulu-scale ukulwa.

Kwama-40% ye-lizwe e imfazwe. Croats ezazijoliswe ukuphelisa yamaSerb bandigxotha i JNA. Amavolontiya abafuna ukuba bafumane inkululeko elide-ilindelwe, simanyene ngamaqela abalindi yonke imikhosi befuna ukuba bona kunye neentsapho zabo geqe.

impi Bosnian

ngonyaka 1991-1992 kwaphawula ukuqala umendo inkululeko nga crisis e Bosnia and Herzegovina, apho kuyo esondela yiYugoslavia. Imfazwe eli xesha ochaphazelekayo republic omnye nje kuphela, kodwa amazwe asebumelwaneni. Ngenxa yale impixano kuye kwatsala ingqalelo NATO, EU kunye UN.

Ngeli xesha isenzo zomkhosi kwenzeka phakathi Bosnian amaSilamsi ngentsebenziswano yazo ngo-nkonzo, ratuyuschimi ukuba ukuzimela, kwakunye Croats nama ngamaqela axhobileyo. Ekuqaleni kwimvukelo kwi ungquzulwano kwaye wabandakanyeka JNA. Emva kwethutyana ke zadibana NATO, mercenaries kunye namavolontiya evela kumacala ahlukeneyo.

NgoFebruwari 1992, isindululo senziwe ngomhla kwisahlulo kwiriphabliki lezabelo 7, ezimbini kuzo ukuya kwi Croats yaye amaSilamsi, ezintathu - ukuya namaSerb. Esi sivumelwano singavunywanga yi yintloko imikhosi Bosnian ka Alija Izetbegovic. Croat and Serb isizwe baxoka besithi ithuba kuphela ukunqanda ungquzulwano, koko waqhubeka imfazwe yamakhaya eYugoslavia, etsala ingqalelo phantse yonke imibutho yamazwe ngamazwe.

Le imikhosi exhobileyo nozimanya ngokupheleleyo kunye AmaBosnia amaSilamsi, ukuze wadalwa Army of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina. NgoMeyi 1992, i-ARBiH ibe imikhosi ezisemthethweni abaxhobileyo umbuso ozimeleyo elizayo. Ngokuthe ngcembe izimpi zaphela ngenxa wokutyikitywa isiVumelwano Dayton, apho wagqiba isakhiwo siseko ozimele Bosnia mihla naseHerzegovina.

Operation "ngenkani ngabom"

Yaba igama ikhowudi owanikwa bombardment eriyeli kwezithuba abangamaSerb mu lupwa ungquzulwano e Bosnia and Herzegovina, nto leyo eye lisingathe NATO. Isizathu yokuqalisa ukusebenza wakhonza dubulo ngo-1995 kummandla zemalike Markale. Ukumisela abenzi ayiphumelelanga ubunqolobi, kodwa NATO sele kukujongana ngoko kwenzeka namaSerb, ngubani ngokucacile wala ukuba ukurhoxisa izixhobo zayo waseSarajevo.

Ngoko ke, imbali kwemfazwe baseYugoslavia waqhubeka ukusebenza "ukucinga malunga amandla" ubusuku Agasti 30, 1995. Injongo yawo ukunciphisa amathuba ukuhlasela owayo phezu imimandla ekhuselekileyo, elathi laseka i NATO. Aviation UK, USA, eJamani, eFransi, Spain kunye Turkey kunye Netherlands waqalisa ukuhlasela izikhundla Serb.

Kwisithuba seeveki ezimbini, oko kwenziwa nokuhlasela ngaphezu kwamawaka amathathu ngu moya NATO. Umphumo waba ukutshatyalaliswa ufakelo iziqhushumbisi radar, izitora kunye iimbumbulu kunye neengalo, iibhulorho, uqhagamshelo zonxibelelwano kunye nezinye iziseko ezibalulekileyo. Kakade ke, eyona njongo iphambili kwaphunyelelwa: nama eSarajevo kunye noomatshini enzima.

Kosovo

Imfazwe baseYugoslavia waqhubeka kungquzulwano ngezixhobo eyaqalisa phakathi Fry kunye la isiAlbania 1998. Abemi baseKosovo wafuna ukuze bafumane inkululeko. Emva konyaka, imeko NATO wangenelela, nto ekuqaleni yokusebenza ebizwa ngokuba "Allied Force".

Ungquzulwano iye ngendlela akuphelekwanga ukunyhashwa kwamalungelo oluntu, nto leyo eyakhokelela ekubeni ngxwelerha ezininzi kunye nokuphuma enkulu kwamanye amazwe - kweenyanga ezimbalwa emva kokuqhambuka kwemfazwe, babelapho malunga 1 amawaka Uyabulawa ababuleweyo, kwaye ngaphezu kwamawaka 2, Refugees... Isiphumo yayiphuma kuThixo imfazwe leyo ukusonjululwa leZizwe eziManyeneyo ngo-1999, ngokutsho kwayo aqinisekiswe ekuthinteleni kut- neemeko kunye wokubuyiswa baseKosovo phantsi kolawulo lwaseYugoslavia. IBhunga lezoKhuseleko ukuqinisekisa ucwangco loluntu, kweliso inyathelo sam, ekade ye-pat (Kosovo Liberation Army) kunye amaqela axhobileyo Albania.

"Operation Allied Force"

Iliza yesibini ayehlasela North Atlantic Alliance kwi Fry kwenzeka ukususela ngoMatshi 24 ukuya Juni 10, 1999 Umsebenzi senzeke ngexesha kohlanga eKosovo. Kamva, le Nkundla International yaqinisekisa luxanduva imikhosi ukhuseleko Fry ngenxa zolwaphulo nimeneza ngabo bonke abantu abathetha isiAlbania. Ngokukodwa, "Lungelelanisa ngamandla 'xa kuqala ukusebenza.

Abasemagunyeni yesiYugoslav abakubonileyo amawaka 1.7. Abantu abafileyo, 400 kubo abantwana. . Abantu Malunga 10 lamawaka wenzakala kakhulu kuze 821 - babengekho. Nokusayinwa iSivumelwano Military zobuGcisa phakathi NATO kunye JNA aphelise le bombardment. Nemikhosi NATO kunye nolawulo jikelele wathabatha ulawulo lommandla. Kamva, la magunya anikwa Albania uhlanga.

Southern Serbia

Ungquzulwano phakathi iqela mthethweni bexhobile, leyo kuthiwa "Liberation Army of Medvedja, Bujanovac kunye Presevo", kunye FR iYugoslavia. Phezulu umsebenzi eSerbia kungqamane kukwehla imeko eMakedoni.

Iimfazwe kwindawo eyayisakuba yiYugoslavia, phantse wayeka emva kokuba izivumelwano ezithile phakathi NATO kunye Belgrade ngo-2001, nto leyo waqinisekisa ukubuya imikhosi yesiYugoslav ukuya kwindawo yokhuseleko emhlabeni. Ukongeza, izivumelwano zatyikitywa ngomhla ukuyilwa namapolisa, kwakunye benikwa-silwe, abenze isigqibo sokunikela ngokuzithandela.

Ngxabano kwi Presevo Valley kwabulawa abantu 68, 14 kubo namapolisa. amadela isi wenziwe ukuhlaselwa 313, nto leyo athi abantu 14 (9 kuwo ndayihlangula, kodwa bayahlelwa zone alaziwa unanamhla).

Macedonia

Isizathu sokuba ungquzulwano kweli lizwe akukho ezahlukeneyo iingxaki zangaphambili eYugoslavia. Longquzulwano kwenzeka phakathi separatists isiAlbania yaye abelaseMakedoni phantse sonke 2001

Le meko saqala ukwehla ngoJanuwari, xa urhulumente kwiriphabliki uye wabona iimeko rhoqo uchuku emkhosini kunye namapolisa. Njengoko inkonzo yokhuseleko Macedonian wathabatha akukho kwenza, abemi umnwe lokuzimela ekuthengeni izixhobo. Emva koko, ukususela ngoJanuwari ukuya kuNovemba 2001 kwakukho isidubedube rhoqo nabaseMakedoni kwamaqela isiAlbania. Iziganeko ezininzi anegazi kwenzeka kwisixeko Tetovo.

Ngenxa yoko, amaxhoba na ungquzulwano kwicala Macedonia kwakukho abantu abangama-70, kunye separatists isi - malunga 800. Le imfazwe yaphela ngokutyikitya isiVumelwano Ohrid phakathi Macedonia nemikhosi isiAlbania okwakhokelela ukuba i-Republic zoloyiso kumzabalazo ukuzimela kwaye lenguqu ukuya ukusekwa ubomi ngoxolo. Imfazwe eYugoslavia, umlando iziganeko esiphela ngokusesikweni ngoNovemba 2001, enyanisweni, siyaqhubeka unanamhla. Ngoku ngayo umlinganiswa lezimangalo ezahlukeneyo ukungqubana exhobileyo lalisakuba yiYugoslavia.

Iziphumo impi

Kweli xesha kwemfazwe ngayo wadala International Criminal Tribunal ngenxa elalisakuba yiYugoslavia. Olu xwebhu eye yabuyisela ubulungisa kumaxhoba kongquzulwano kuzo zonke republic (ngaphandle Slovenia). abathile, amaqela, abanenxaxheba ngokuthe ngqo mthetho olujoliswe ebantwini, ziye zafunyanwa kwaye babethwe.

Ngo 1991-2001 ,. emideni yonke elalisakuba yiYugoslavia oko lehla malunga 300 lamawaka. zibhombu kunye yakhululwa malunga 1 amawaka. imijukujelwa. Xa kumzabalazo ziiriphabliki ngamnye yokuzimela wadlala indima enkulu NATO, leyo wangenelela ngexesha ukuya nalwazelelelo koogunyaziwe waseYugoslavia. Imfazwe eYugoslavia, iminyaka kunye iziganeko eziye zathathwa ubomi amawaka abahlali, kufuneka abe isifundo eluntwini, ngenxa yokuba nkqu ebomini bethu banamhlanje akufuneki kuphela ukwazisa, kodwa zonke iindlela ukuxhasa uxolo kwihlabathi elinjalo ethe-ethe.