Kutheni ukuze imigewu ungathanda ukuba unxibe iindevu?

Kukho amabali amaninzi malunga imigewu elineentshebe. Ingaba intshebe ende - uphawu lokuphumelela kwizifundo kusiko, okanye ngaba kulucelomngeni eluntwini? Ngelo xesha kukho izimvo ezininzi, yaye zonke yaqala apha kunye nto.

Ngowe-1969, enye ingcali yenzululwazi kwi Bell labs ogama Ken Thompson wadibana ingxaki: yena wayengakwazi ukusebenzisa ikhompyutha yakho ukuze udlale yakho oyithandayo umdlalo - "yesiqalo Voyage," apho kwakufuneka ukubhabha rocket ngokusebenzisa wezijikelezi, enika imiyalelo ethile. Kwakukho iingxaki kunye ikhowudi. Xa izikhulu inkampani Bell unqabe isicelo ngu Thompson kuthenga iikhompyutha uDEC-10, waba ngomnye iilebhu ezisecaleni waza wagqiba ukuba uza babhale ikhowudi "Space ezinika" ukususela ekuqaleni. Izazinzulu mayingasuswa elebhu enye, Dennis Ritchie, umqambi adumileyo C ulwimi lokuprograma, bayakuthanda iprojekthi Thompson, yaye baqalisa kwazo kwintsebenziswano. Ngenxa yoko, Unix saphuhliswa kwintsapho iinkqubo zokusebenza - enamandla, multi-tasking, ephathekayo (oko kukuthi zingasetyenziswa kungakhathaliseki iintsimbi ethile), nto leyo eyaqala ukuze kuphuhliswe ngakumbi yaye ekugqibeleni waba ngukhokho firmware edumileyo ukusuka Apple iOS.

union echumayo

Thompson and Ritchie baye benza igalelo elikhulu ukuya becomputing nguvulindlela mihla. Enye iintlondi zabo isonjululwe ingxaki yokhuseleko khompyutha kuquka iimpawu ezintsha ezifana agqithisiweyo enkhripthiweyo UNIX nokupapasha master hacks kanye inkqubo bamnceda ukudala. Xa isangqa leengcali ubuchwepheshe be-computer, Thompson kunye Ritchie Kusekho kuqwalaselwa ziingcali kwelona nqanaba liphezulu.

Bobabini indevu. Ashinyeneyo, tousled, ifihla iindevu ebusweni bakhe.
Ndenzile? Ezinye imigewu nale ngokucacile ningavumelani. Kwaye njalo ilivo ye Unix isilevu wazalwa.

Le kwi ephelele hacker

Intsomi ukuba Uchwepheshe ukukwazi ukutshatisa lexinene iindevu zakhe, eneneni kuvavanywa ngo-2004 Tamir Hasson, ngoku isesikhundleni uMphathi Development e General Motors kwaSirayeli. Hasson isifundo kukuhlalutya ulwimi lokuprograma eyenziwe ngabasebenzi kunye okhuphisana zabo elineentshebe kokuhlambulukileyo-uchetyiwe. Akukho umahluko omkhulu zifunyenweyo.

Kodwa iindevu kudala ezinxulumene ngobulumko (uSocrates nezaziwa ngokuba "inkosi elineentshebe") inzondelelo (Taliban ukuthintela iindevu ngaphantsi kwe intshi 4) kunye neembono anarchic namapirates semvelo kunye namagcisa. Ngokwembali, iinwele yobuso sele isetyenziswe yindlela elula ukuhanahanisa, iinkosi zaseMelika zisebenzise le ndlela. Konke oku kwenza imigewu ogqibeleleyo iindevu into.

abafazi abaninzi, Kakade, abakwazi ukukhula iindevu, ukusebenzisa uphawu ubulumko ngenxa yenzuzo. Yintoni ezilingana nemazi ye Unix isilevu? INtloko iinwele? amashiya yene? No. Ngokwahluke ngokupheleleyo koko. Kule minyaka ingama-20 idlulileyo, abantu ixhonti yimpandla leyo kudala ndakwazi emehlweni oluntu. Ngenxa Mark Zuckerberg no Elliot Alderson iirobhothi engenazinwele kudala indawo imigewu zazixhonti kwimisebenzi yabo. Ngenxa iindevu kuncipha enxulumene buchopho computer.

Noko ke, kukho iqela elincinane imigewu, Unix isilevu ethandwayo namhlanje. I iindevu Ukhuphiswano yonyaka Mthovu kulo nyaka uthabathe inani elikhulu labantu inxaxheba.

Kodwa ke Unix isilevu iye yaqinisekisa ukuba intsingiselo yaso yesiqhelo, okanye ibe yinto yanamhlanje ngakumbi? Kubonakala ukuba kwihlabathi computer, apho abantu ukusebenzisa amagama abo yokwenene, imigewu kunye iindevu azive ekhuselekile ngakumbi. Kucacile ukuba inkqubo mihla ukubonwa kobuso awuyi kulahlekiswa nokuba kakhulu abantu yene, kodwa inyani. Ngokomfanekiso, neendevu - uhlobo lwe ikhowudi yokhuseleko ngenxa Uchwepheshe.

survey nesayensi

Mhlawumbi kwaba ukuqondana, kodwa kanye abaphandi ukwazi kwisikhululo senqwelo moya Massachusetts wafumana indoda elineentshebe. Akazange oya DefCon, njengoko abaninzi baye bacinga, kodwa kwaba umqambi software ye Bioinformatics kwaye wayenxibe T-shirt evela imigewu Association. Wacelwa ukuba uziva ekhuselekileyo kunye ngeendevu. impendulo yakhe: "Akukho Ngokuqhelekileyo, sidla sithembela ekhuselekileyo ngakumbi, kodwa isigqibo ukuba uqale ukukhula iindevu zakhe, ndathatha kwisikolo samabanga aphakamileyo Ndandicinga ukuba abantu baya kuba nentembelo ngakumbi kum ...." Kwakhona wavuma ukuba iindevu - indlela ethile hacker, hayi ukuzithethelela kwakhe.

enye inguqulo

Kukho nenye nebali iindevu, lo Uchwepheshe, iinkqubo kokukhona kuma uthi elide. Noko ke, waxelelwa yindoda elide elithe ngubani ungafuna nje ukuba embellish impumelelo yabo.

Ukunqulwa lelasesilevini

Kuba inkoliso imigewu iindevu - umlinganiselo amava. Kwisithuba seeveki ezimbini-iinwele zobuso akayi zihlume ziyakazele. Kananjalo umlinganiselo ngesithethe - amadoda iindevu zithathwa ukuba babe nobubele ngakumbi convivial, kunokuba uchetyiwe. Kodwa ke, ukongezelela, uhombiso lwe ubuso inkunzi inokuba luphawu iingxaki ebomini bakhe. abantu abaninzi nje ayeke ukunyamekela ngokwabo, ukuba achebe coca isikhumba kwanokuba azinayo kwisiqingatha sesibini. Ukuba yingqondi computer unomfazi okanye intombi, uya kuyenza aphucule. Uhlalutyo lwakutshanje-nxaxheba kwinkomfa leengcali badwelisi benkqubo ukuqinisekisile oku hypothesis: uninzi lwabathathi-nxaxheba ndachetywa kwaye wayenxibe nemisesane yomtshato. Abo akazange afune ukuba achebe rhoqo bazifumanisa sokuqala.

contest winner

Olu khuphiswano, nto leyo okhankanywe ngentla, kulo nyaka iphumelele uMnu N. lakhe T-shirt uzihombise, othi: "Bhuti, kodwa ndacinga lokhuseleko?" UMnu N intshebe ende kakhulu. Ngokulula singene Army Dumbledore kaThixo, hamba kabini wizard Gandalf, okanye babe understudy Captain Hook, owaba umkhwa bafihle iindevu zakhe zibe qhina. Noko ke, oyiphumeleleyo le yindlela nje ngokwesithethe, nangona into yokuba olu khuphiswano imele impumelelo ezintsha zophando computer ehlabathini.

Uphawu ukuphana nobubele

Kaloku, mhlawumbi hayi kuphela kule meko. Sinokuthi okukhona umntu abe iindevu, kokukhona wabanumzana, kuba uphumeleleyo yolu khuphiswano, uMnu N, ezinikelwe Fund for Development of iinkqubo ngekhompyutha $ 300 kunye ibhotile yewiski. Le yesitshixo abe ngumzekelo kwabanye abantu elineentshebe ngubani na ngoku kuqwalaselwa ndikhohlakele kuphela kwaye ekrelekrele, kodwa onesisa. Noko ke, ukuba nengqondo, akukho mfuneko ukunxiba ngeendevu. izenzo intle uyiphathisiweyo, ngokuthanda wentliziyo, ndingenzi zibe ngumtshangatshangiso udini lweendevu yakhe.