Izityalo oyidingayo. Types izityalo oyidingayo

Kuye kwafunyanwa - izinto eziphilayo ezigcinwe ehlabathini kwiindawo ezithile ukususela kumaxesha amandulo, nangona utshintsho kwiimeko zentlalo. Bona iintsalela amaqela zooyise, leyo, luninzi neminyaka edlulileyo zejoloji. Igama elithi 'amazwi' sisuka reliquus Latin, gama elo elithetha "abanye."

izityalo Relict kunye nezilwanyana zexabiso elikhulu zenzululwazi. Bona abathwali kolwazi kwaye inokuba okuninzi ukuxelela ngemeko-bume yendalo of zaphawula adlulileyo. Makhe uqhelane kunye eziphilayo zezityalo ezithathwa nje amazwi.

izityalo oyidingayo Geographical

Ziintlobo relict geographical zezityalo ezisagcinwe kummandla othile njengoko intsalela neminyaka zejoloji elidlulileyo kwiimeko zentlalo ezahlukeneyo ukususela namhlanje kulo kakhulu. Ngoko ke, ngokuba Neogene (tertiary) zingcwele ziquka ihlathi bokwakha imithi (nezompleyini, zelkova, kunye nabanye abambalwa), kukho inani, ndimkhathalela kwetyholo (Goryanka Colchic, boxwood, ruscus aculeatus, rhododendron pontic et al.), Yaye izityalo ingca ekhula e Kolkhida. Le iintlobo ngobulungisa ubushushu-bothando izityalo oyidingayo, ngoko zigcinwe kwiindawo ezishushu.

Imizekelo relicts glacial zezi cinquefoil Marsh, ikhula eCaucasus, kunye nenomlanga ezinde, begcinelwe Central Europe.

relicts Phylogenetic (iifosili eziphilayo)

Ezi iintlobo ezikhoyo ngoku babe zohlaza, phantse ngokupheleleyo izigidi extinct zeminyaka eyadlulayo. Bagciniwe, njengoko umgaqo, ngenxa Ukuqhela kuluhlu zabo zokuhlala evela kumaqela progressive ngakumbi. Xa izityalo oyidingayo phylogenetic ziquka ezifana ginkgo, Metasequoia, horsetail, sciadopitys, Wollemi, Liquidambar, iWelwitschia.

ginkgo

umthi Relict, yenye omdala on Earth. Study leesampulu yefosili ibonisa ukuba Ginkgo ubudala elingekho ngaphantsi kweminyaka million 200. Bavele ekuqaleni emva Permian, yaye yena ukhulisayo ephakathi സോഫ്റ്റ്വെയര് isoftwe sele ubuncinane 15 kwisizukulwana Ginkgo.

Ginkgo biloba (Ginkgo biloba ) - iintlobo kuphela ugcinwe unangoku. It sisityalo avuthulukayo ngoweqela gymnosperms. ukuphakama kwayo kweemitha ezingama-40. Imithi luphawulwa iingcambu zikhula kakuhle, ukumelana neemeko zemozulu embi, ingakumbi yimimoya enamandla. Kukho iziganeko eziye kufikelela kwiminyaka engamawaka 2.5. Iminyaka.

Ngenxa ukongeza gymnosperms ginkgo nompleyini kunye nespruce owned, kuqwalaselwe ngaphambili isityalo yethu ngamalungu nomgalagala ndawonye, nangona yahluke kakhulu kubo. Noko ke, ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, kukho iingcebiso ukuba izinyanya bakudala Ginkgo imbewu kumila.

Ngaphambili ezi iifosili eziphilayo ekuthiwa-kungaba kuphela e China kunye Japan. Kodwa namhlanje, isityalo iyalinywa kwiipaki kunye Botanical eMntla Melika kunye nezowuni etropiki Europe.

Metasequoia

Libhekisela sodidi lwe Conifers usapho sihlahla. Okwangoku, kukho kuphela amazwi walondoloza - gliptostrobovidnaya Metasequoia (Metasequoia glyptostroboides). izityalo yenkohlakalo yalo ntlobo baba emahlathini eMntla saseNtla. Baqala ke ukuba ukufa ngenxa ukutshintsha kwemozulu kunye ukhuphiswano imithi ngokubanzi-zodonga. iisampulu Ukuphila kulo mthi kwafunyanwa ngo-1943. Ngaphambi koko, Metasequoia ifumaneka kuphela ngokohlobo iifosili kunye kwakujongwa extinct.

Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, ezi zityalo oyidingayo, ezisagcinwe endle kuphela amaphondo Sichuan kunye Hubei (central China) kwaye zifakiwe kwi-International Red Book, ngenxa yokuba zisemngciphekweni yokutshabalala.

Ngenxa isibheno olubonakalayo Metasequoia lutyalwa izitiya, ndenza nemiyezo of Central Asia, Ukraine, eCrimea, neCaucasus, kwakunye eKhanada, eUnited States kumazwe aliqela aseYurophu.

Liquidambar

Liquidambar (Liquidambar) bobabo sodidi izityalo eneentyatyambo usapho Aptingievye kuquka iintlobo ezintlanu. izityalo data oyidingayo kwande kweli xesha emfundo ephakamileyo. Unobangela lokutshabalala kwazo eYurophu kwaba umkhenkce omkhulu ngexesha Ice Age. ukutshintsha kwemozulu kunye negalelo yokuduka iintlobo zezityalo ezivela North America kunye East Far.

Namhlanje Liquidambar eqhelekileyo kuMntla Merika, eYurophu Asia.

Ingaba imithi avuthulukayo mikhulu ukuba bakhule ukuya kwiimitha 25-40, kunye amagqabi palmate-lobed kunye neentyatyambo ezincinane, bahlangana yokudubula globular. Isithelo sibe iibhokisi imbonakalo enemithi, ngaphakathi apho kukho ezininzi zembewu.

equisetum

Ezi ezingcwele - sisityalo uhlobo yegazi igcinwe amanani amakhulu kwaye inani okwangoku iintlobo-30. Zonke iintlobo ngoku ikhula zengca ingaphelelwayo. Ukuphakama zikhula ukuya mitha eziliqela. Uhlobo olukhulu ke horsetail giant (Equisetum giganteum). Xa sangqa ibhuthi, ukuba ingagqithi 0.03 m, oko ukufikelela kubude obungaphezulu kwe-12 leemitha. Ukukhulela horsetail omkhulu eChile, Mexico, ePeru Cuba. Kukho kwakhona luyakhula kwaye ifomu enamandla - Schaffner horsetail (Equisetum schaffneri). Nomphakamo 2 m ububanzi yi-10 cm.

Olubangelwa horsetails luphawulwa ngumkhinkqi ophezulu, nto leyo kuchazwe bubukho dust. Izityalo nazo iingcambu ephuhliswe ngamandla kunye iingcambu ezikhaphayo kwi iindawo apho amelana kakhulu kwizinto ezahlukeneyo ezingalunganga yaye nokuba basinde umlilo. Horsetails zixhaphakile kwi kumazwekazi amaninzi, ngaphandle Australia kwaye Antarctica kuphela.

Wollemi

umthi relict Pine amelwe uhlobo kuphela - Wollemi enobuntu (Wollémia nóbilis). Yenye izityalo endala. Ukhula emva kwixesha സോഫ്റ്റ്വെയര് isoftwe. Isityalo kwakucingwa ukuba ziphele ixesha elide. Noko ke, ngo-1994, i-Wollemi yafunyanwa ngomnye abaqeshwa -National Park of Australia nguDavide Noble, athanda ukuyibeka embekweni yaye igama izimvo (nobilis - 'nengqondo "). Kwafunyanwa phantse relict Ashera yonke. Age of imithi midala ekutyholwa kwiminyaka engaphezu kwama-1000.

Wollemi umthi kakhulu eliphezulu. Ngaloo ndlela, kunokuba ukuya kwiimitha 35-40. izityalo namahlamvu kukho amagqabi twatse ngokupheleleyo Agatis സോഫ്റ്റ്വെയര് isoftwe, kukho malunga nezigidi ezingama-150 kwiminyaka eyadlulayo yaye uthathwa ukhokho yefosili Wollemi ukusuka kwixesha സോഫ്റ്റ്വെയര് isoftwe emva kwexesha.

sciadopitys

Kukho ifomu enye kuphela - sciadopitys whorled (Sciadopitys verticillata). In namathuba elidlulileyo zejoloji, olu hlobo imithi yaba ukwanda enkulu. Oku kungqinwa yinto yokuba Izidumbu esafunyanwa Cretaceous eJapan, Greenland, Norway, Yakutia, kule Urals.

Kweli thuba iimeko zendalo sciadopitys ikhula kuphela kwezinye iziqithi eJapan, apho kwabe igcinwe nomphakamo 500-1000 m ngaphezu komphakamo wolwandle emahlathini entabeni ulophu, kwakunye kumathambeka, kwi kwemiwonyo esemagqagaleni nooAshera.

Sciadopitys - evergreen umthi isithsaba pyramidal. Oku kukhula ukuya kubude-40 m ubukhulu ezikhulu ojikeleyo -. Ukuze kweemitha 4. Luphawulwa ukukhula olucothayo kakhulu. Umthi udla ngokuba "ngcu isambuleli" ngenxa yokuba yokumiswa eyodwa ezi naliti. Inaliti yawo atshabalalisa ukuba i-avareji ubude ukuya kwi 0,15 m, whorls ababuxoki lokuseka alaqhenqetha ngaphandle ecaleni, ngokungathi iiasi isambuleli.

iziqhamo Sciadopitys ke iikhowuni okweqanda, ixesha sivuthwa leyo iminyaka emibini.

Ekubeni sciadopitys inokuba ixesha elide ukukhula kwizikhongozelo, kuba isoloko isetyenziswa horticulture zokuhomba njengoko izityalo ngaphakathi greenhouse. Njengoko inkcubeko park kuqaliswa eYurophu ukususela ngenkulungwane ye-19.

iWelwitschia

IWelwitschia emangalisayo (iWelwitschia mirábilis) - iintlobo kuphela esekhona. Enye amalungu amathathu gnetalians iklasi kunokuba ezininzi yangaphambili ezenzeka namhlanje. igama layo IWelwitschia emangalisayo ngayo eAmsterdam ngenxa yokuvela kwayo ongaqhelekanga.

Isityalo akayithandi into engceni okanye kwi etyholweni okanye umthi. It is a isiqu elingqingqwa, 15-50 cm lithe tso ngaphezu komhlaba. Inxalenye eseleyo ifihlakele phantsi komhlaba. Ngaloo Amagqabi relict ukufikelela kangangeemitha ezi-2 ububanzi 6 ubude. Ubudala ezinye ngaphezu kweminyaka 2000.

IWelwitschia i kuwela wasezantsi-ntshona inxalenye Afrika, oko kukuthi onamatye Namib entlango, ukuba ibekwe ecaleni Atlantic kunxweme. Isityalo Kunqabile ukufumana ngaphezulu kwe-100 leemitha ukusuka elunxwemeni. Oku kuba umgama onjalo ukoyisa iinkungu ukuba iWelwitschia i umthombo wamanzi anika ubomi.