Isimo kunye nokwakheka le yokakayi

Xa uhlolisisa ukakayi yabantu, sinako athande amacandelo zalo eziphambili. Kananjalo kubalulekile ukuba siqaphele ukuba le nxalenye amathambo iquka amathambo mixed tyaba kwaye bumba. Icandelo ngalinye isakhiwo umdla nzima, efuna ingqalelo ekhethekileyo.

komzimba ngokubanzi amathambo entloko

Isimo se Amaza ukuvavanya ukwahluka imisebenzi yayo: lidini inkxaso amasuntswana ngokuma yokuqala (kwisisu ngeempumlo kunye umlomo), lokugaya. Ngaphezu koko, le yinxalenye amathambo uba silahla izivamvo kunye ingqondo.

Yaba lukakayi lungahlulwa-hlulwa zibe kumacandelo ezimbini eziphambili: ubuso nobuchopho. Umda phakathi kwabo ekupheleni aphezulu kwezisekelo iliso: ilandela ecaleni kwaye udlula le ebangwa-zygomatic suture. Ngenxa yoko, umgca ngokwahlula kuza encotsheni inkqubo mastoid kunye lomsele orifice eziviwayo.

Eyona ndlela ibhetele ukufunda ngokweenkcukacha isakhiwo entlokweni yomntu - nguwo mphandle intamo. Le komzimba yenxenye yomzimba kule meko icaca kakhulu. Ngapha koko, ukufunda elahlukileyo amathambo, njengoko umthetho, uhlale ecaleni imfundo ebalulekileyo ezahlukeneyo (imingxunya kunye nemijelo), kuhlangana.

isebe ubuchopho

Enyanisweni, lweHo- lo cranium yi phambili lomsele spinal. Le yinxalenye amathambo yenziwa amathambo ezine unpaired (Occipital, sphenoid, ngokungqalileyo kunye ethmoid), kwakunye ngambini ezimbini (zexeshana kunye Parietal).

Ukuba uhlawula ingqalelo isebe zobuchopho, sinako ukubona ukuba une imilo ovoid yohlulwe isiseko kunye nophahla (eliseluphahleni) kunye. Indima imida phakathi kwabo udlala-moya, nto leyo ukuthwala ukusuka ukuphakama ngaphandle ithambo Occipital ukuya Iingqameko superciliary.

Ubume lophahla kunye nesiseko

Uphahla iqulathe Occipital, zezomzuzwana, Parietal, amathambo ngokungqalileyo kunye namaxolo. Isimo se le cranial sikuvumela ukuba ubone ukuba zonke ezi macandelo kufuneka isakhiwo ezikhethekileyo - kwamacwecwe amabini. Omnye kubo zijonge ngaphakathi entloko, elinye bangaphandle.

Inxalenye lowermost ye lukakayi, ngokuba isiseko kwakhona une yangaphandle kunye umphezulu ngaphakathi. Kukho nangasemva, ngaphambili kunye fossa eliphakathi cranial. Bona ise kumphezulu engaphakathi kwisiseko. Kwimeko ngaphandle kwendawo yase isiseko ukakayi ivumela sibone condyles bakhe kunye neenkqubo ngethambo, umngxuma, kunye choanae.

Njengoko ubona, nesakhiwo sedata Isebe kakhulu nzima.

Eyona ithambo le cranium

Ngokufundisisa yeendima eziphambili kule nxalenye yolu amathambo entloko, asinakho ngoyaba umphezulu amaphiko. Nantsi ithambo Occipital. Ngaphandle, isiphathele imilo khaxa, elingaphakathi - phakathi. Le ithambo silinganiselwe ukuya magnum foramen, izihlanganisi umsele vertebral kunye umngxuma.

Mphandle neurocranium kunceda ufumane ithambo zezomzuzwana, nelilelona gumbi zomphunga ngexesha elifanayo zinzima. Ukuba imali eseleyo umzimba nokuva. Le ndawo yentloko asemzimbeni nokuba uwahlule ube zahlulo zithathu: enamatye, igubu kunye enamaxolo.

Phakathi ithambo zexeshana ze ezininzi ezibalulekileyo. Iintungu nelembande, ubuso sleepy, canaliculus mastoid, njl Ngenxa yesi sizathu, yokwenzakala kule ndawo kuyingozi kakhulu.

Kwakhona ukhakhayi mphandle ivumela ukuba uqwalesele ubuchopho i ngoonobumba. Liphethe izibini ezithathu waso nomzimba. A zilahlwa phakathi ngokungqalileyo (ngaphambili) kunye ithambo Occipital (ngasemva). Incence medial oyinxalenye waso iphiko wokusungula kwisisu ngeempumlo.

Ubuchopho yinxalenye amathambo entloko kunye ngokungqalileyo, Parietal, kunye ithambo ethmoid.

Isimo se Amaza yobuso

Ukuba uhlawula ingqalelo kule nxalenye amathambo entloko, sinako ukubona ubume kakhulu inzima. Kufuneka uqale kwemihlathi yangasentla, nelilelona gumbi zomphunga ibandakanya iinkqubo ezine (iPalatine, ngokungqalileyo, zygomatic, alveolar) kunye nomzimba. Emzimbeni ezingaphansi ngeempumlo, Orbital, infratemporal kunye umphezulu ngaphambili.

Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba kwemihlathi yangasentla inxaxheba lokusekwa lweHo- ngeempumlo, libe sisigingqi infratemporal pterygium-palatal, kwakunye emlonyeni neliso neziseko.

Skull sendawo kwenza kube lula ukufumanisa ithambo zygomatic. Kananjalo ikwanceda igumbi zomphunga someleza inxalenye ngaphambili. Eli candelo le amathambo entloko inxibelelene lo, amathambo ngokungqalileyo zexeshana kunye kwemihlathi yangasentla.

bone iPalatine Kwakhona ludlala indima ebalulekileyo. Izakufunyanwa emva emhlathini eliphezulu. Imida lwesi sakhi yoKhakhayi ngaphandle inxalenye ephambili yale nkqubo pterygoid wethambo sphenoid. INKUNDLA inkalakahla ziquka amacwecwe nkqo nethe tyaba.

Imihlathi esezantsi, nto, nto kuphela ithambo unpaired kunye ilungu eshukumayo le amathambo entloko. Kuye amasebe amabini kunye nomzimba. Ngelo ithambo zexeshana Ulobumba ilunga temporomandibular. Ngqo umzimba ngokwawo ngokumila esigotyiweyo esenokuba khaxa bangaphandle nezinemiphezulu angaphakathi phakathi.

Kwakhona phambi amathambo entloko abe ngeempumlo, lacrimal, ithambo hyoid, nezembe kunye condylar inkqubo.

Ngenxa yoko, isimo se Amaza sifikelela kwisigqibo sokuba le yinxalenye yomzimba womntu yenye yezona entsonkothileyo ezisebenza umsebenzi exhasayo zokhuseleko, kodwa ludlala indima ebalulekileyo bokuphefumla kokudla.