Inkqubo ye-EDI yinkqubo yolawulo lwekhompyutheni. Inkcazo, imiyalelo kunye neenkcukacha

I-EDI (i-Electronic Data Interchange) ngesiNgesi kuthetha "ukutshintshwa kwedatha yekhompyutha." Ngaphambi kokuba le sikimu ibonakale, ubudlelwane bezorhwebo bahamba ngendlela ende. Nayiphi na inkampani eye yanquma ukujoyina uhlobo loxwebhu lokudlulisela iyakwazi ukusebenzisana nawo onke amalungu enkqubo. Ngenxa yenkqubo enjalo, ukufakwa kwesango le-EDI kwishishini liyadingeka.

Iyintoni injongo yale fom yoqhagamshelwano?

Inkqubo ye-EDI iyakwazi ukutshintshisiswa ngolwazi lwentengiso (imiyalelo, ukuhanjiswa, ukudluliselwa kwemali, njl.). Oku kuququzelela ukusebenzisana ngokukhawuleza phakathi kweenkampani kwintsimi yobudlelwane bezorhwebo. I-Intanethi yokuTshintshana kwedatha ibhekiselele kubuchwepheshe obutsha.

Iingenelelo ze-EDI

Inkqubo yokulawula i-EDI ineenzuzo ezininzi:

• Zonke izenzo zenziwa kwinqanaba elizenzekelayo, ngaphandle kokulibaziseka kunye neephene, ngokuchasene nokungena ngamaphepha ngesandla.
• Ukusetyenziswa kweenkqubo ezizenzekelayo kwandisa isivinini nokuchaneka kokuqokelela idatha efunekayo kwaye kwenza amafayile agxininise kwiingxaki eziphambili, kunokubambezeleka kwephepha.
• Naliphi na umthengisi, umthengisi okanye inkampani yokwenza izinto ezixhamlayo kuphela. Ngaloo ndlela, kukho ithuba elingenamkhawulo lokuthetha ngeendleko eziphantsi kunye nabo bonke abathathi-nxaxheba. Ngexesha elifanayo, iinkqubo zabo zokubala, ukubuyiswa komqulu kunye neziqinisekiso zabasebenzi aziqwalaselwe.
• Inkqubo ye-EDI inokusombulula iimeko eziphikisanayo apho elinye iqabane libiza ukuba umyalelo uthunyelwe kubo, kunye nomnye-ukuba awuwamukelanga. Le meko iqhelekile. Kule meko, inkqubo iyakuthatha yonke imisebenzi kwaye inako ukubonelela ngolwazi olunzulu malunga nesenzo kunye namaxwebhu. Oku kunceda ukusombulula ngokukhawuleza ingxabano.

Yintoni eqinisekisa ubungqina bamaxwebhu?

I-EDI yinkqubo yokunxibelelana kwedatha yekhompyutha. EYurophu, isofthiwe sayo ngumgcini wokuqinisekisa ukuba onke amaxwebhu awela kuyo. Iingxabano azinakwenzeka. Ukuba inkonzo yerhafu inomdla kwiinkcukacha zeengxelo ezithile, kubandakanywa nesalathisi se-VAT, ke yonke idatha ingasuswa kwi-electronic archive system. Ilungelo lokuqhuba intsebenziswano kunye namaxwebhu kwikhompyutheni, kwaye kungekhona kwifomu yephepha, lusekwe kwinqanaba lomthetho.

Umzekelo wokubala ubuchule bokusebenzisa i-EDI

Iyini izinga lokusebenza kwe-EDI? Imizekelo yokubala isebenza njengesibonakaliso sokubonakala.

Kulula ukucacisa inani lezivumelwano zokutshintshana ezahlukeneyo ezizakugqitywa ngabathathi-nxaxheba kwimeko ethile:

• Kwabathathi-nxaxheba abathandathu, ukubala okulandelayo kusetyenziswa: N = 6 x (6-1) / 2 = 15.
• Kubantu abayi-100 abambisanayo, ukubalwa ngu: N = 100 x (100-1) / 2 = 4450.

Njengoko inani labathathi-nxaxheba likhuphuka, ukukhula kolu nani kukhula ngokukhawuleza.

Inani labasebenzisi lilingana nenani lokutshintshiselana, iqabane ngalinye lenza ngokuhambelana nemigaqo eqhelekileyo kwaye lidibanisa kwiqonga elifanayo. Kule meko, indlela yokudibanisa nabanye ababoneleli ayithandayo. Umboneleli we-EDI wento yonke uxanduva ngenxa yemigangatho ethile yemilayezo.

Masiqhubeke nokuhlalutya kobuchule bezoqoqosho. Ngenxa yesiseko esiza kuthatha intengiso yokuthungela, ukuthumela ii-4000 kwiinyanga. Ukuqhutshwa komyalelo wamanqaku kuthatha malunga nesiqingatha seyure. Inkqubo ye-EDI yekhompyutha iyakwenza oku kumaminithi amahlanu. Ukuba umbutho wezorhwebo unabathengi abayizinkulungwane eziliqela, ngoko ke iqingatha iyure lexesha elondolozwe kwiqabane ngalinye linikeza umphumo obalulekileyo.

Yintoni abasebenzisi abacinga ngayo ngeso sixhobo njengenkqubo ye-EDI? Ukuphononongwa kweempapasho zeekhompyutheni zekhompyutha Abasebenzisi baphikisana ukuba umsebenzi wekimu ucacile kwaye awuphazamiseki. Ngaphandle kwenkqubo enjalo, kuya kuba nzima ukuqhuba ishishini kwihlabathi lezoshishino zanamhlanje, apho yonke iminithi ibiza.

Abaxhasi be-EDI eRashiya

Ngokomzekelo, ifom yezoshishino kwinkqubo yethu kwilizwe lethu inokubonga ngenxa yemigangatho ekhoyo ekhoyo yokuchishana ngolwazi kwinqanaba le- electronic ye- EANCOM. Kukho nesibonelelo solwazi lwengingqi jikelele kunye nababoneleli ngeenkonzo ezenza ukuphunyezwa kwazo zonke iiprojekthi ngokuchithwa kweencwadi zombane.

Ngo-2004, ikomiti ye-ECR-Rus Technology yabamba ithenda, eyabangela ukhetho lweenkampani ezamkela ilungelo lokubonelela ngeenkonzo zogqithiso lweedokhumenti. IKomiti ijolise ukunyusa ngokuqhubekayo inani lababoneleli. Umgaqo ophezulu ekukhethweni ukuhamba kwezobuchwepheshe kwi-EDI inkonzo, kunye nexabiso leenkonzo ezibonelelwe kubasebenzisi.

Umsebenzi oyintloko we-ECR-Rus yindlela yokusebenzisa ubuchwepheshe be-EDI kwiinkqubo ezingekho kuphela kummandla wamashishini aphakathi naphakathi.

Ikomiti iphetha isivumelwano nabo bonke abanikezeli benkonzo, eyenza ukubeka iliso nokuxhasa imilinganiselo esemgangathweni esemgangathweni eyenziwe ngu-ECR-Rus.

Imbopheleleko yabanikezeli

Abanikezeli beenkqubo ze-EDI kufuneka ukuba baphumelele kwisakhiwo sabo se-IT kwaye banikeze umsebenzisi ithuba lokufikelela kwisiko lokuqhubela phambili esinezinga eliphezulu lokusebenza nokuthembeka. Iinkonzo zenkqubo kufuneka zifumaneke kuwo onke unyaka kwaye nangaliphi na imini.

Ngokungafani nesakhiwo se-IT senkampani ezininzi, isikhungo sokucwangcisa sinikezelwa ngogunyaziso olungenaziphazamisi, ukukhuselwa kwamanzi amaninzi, ukuqinisekiswa kokukhuselwa kolwazi kwanoma yiyiphi imingcipheko. Ixesha apho uxwebhu luthunyelwa ukusuka kwindawo enye ukuya kwelinye akufanele lidlule imizuzu eyi-10.

Umboneleli unoxanduva lokukhawuleza kwenkonzo, iqinisekisa ukuthumela imiyalezo kunye nokukhangela iimpazamo kuzo. Kule meko, ababoneleli banxibelelana nge-Intanethi, kwaye baqhagamshelana noonxibelelwano phakathi kwabasebenzisi abonelelwe ngethungelwano kunye nomsebenzi owongezelelweyo (VAN).

Ukwahlula phakathi komzekelo wekhaya wokusetyenziswa kwenkqubo evela kwiYurophu

I-EDI yinkqubo yokunxibelelana kwedatha yekhompyutha. Isicwangciso sisebenza njani eRashiya? Ukusetyenziswa kwe-EDI kwilizwe lethu kuhluke ngokukodwa kwimodeli yaseYurophu neyeMerika. Kula mazwe, ifomu ibonakala kwii-70 zekhulu elidlulileyo, kwaye apha yaveliswa iminyaka engama-20 kamva. Ngoko ke, ababoneleli banikezela iinkqubo ezahlukeneyo zokuxhomekeka ezixhomekeke kwinqanaba le-IT kwinkampani, inani lemibhalo ethunyelwe kunye nezixhobo zonxibelelwano. Oku kuvumela inkampani nganye ukuba isombulule iingxaki zayo ngendlela engcono. Kufuneka udibanise inkqubo yakho yokubhaliweyo kwaye ube ngumnini webhulo-mhlaba oza kuqinisekisa ukuba utshintshiselwano lwamaphepha kunye neqabane lamashishini.

Imisebenzi eyahlukeneyo kunye neendlela zokusombulula isisombululo zithatha amanqanaba ahlukeneyo enxibelelwano kunye nokugcinwa. Ababoneleli kweli lizwe bakhonza zombini iinkampani ezinkulu kunye nabalingani bamancinci - abaxhasi kunye nabathengi.

Ekuqaleni, ezinye iinkampani ezineentlawulo ezinkulu zinomdla kakhulu ekusebenzisaneni nomboneleli we-EDI ukuba bamnike inkokhelo yokuthengiselana kwee-counterparties zabo ngeendleko zabo okanye bazisa imali ephantsi yokubhalisela ukusetyenziswa kwenethiwekhi.

Izidingo eziphambili kubaboneleli ngeenkonzo

Umthengi ubeka iimfuno zakhe kwisivumelwano esibhaliweyo. Ibonisa ubude benkonzo, inkxaso, impendulo kwisicelo somxhasi, kunye nokupheliswa kwezakhono. Amanye amaphupha abalulekileyo nawo azinziwe.

Ngokuqhelekileyo, ababoneleli banikezela amacebo ahlukeneyo okuxhuma kwinkqubo, kunye neerhafu ezahlukeneyo ezixhomekeke kwinqanaba lenkonzo yenethiwekhi.

Iimfuneko zabaxhasi zingabanzi kakhulu kunamalungiselelo angundoqo asekwa yi-ECR-Rus.

Ngokomzekelo, kwiinkampani ezinkulu, iziqinisekiso zifunekayo ekusebenziseni nasekuhambisweni kwemilayezo, engabalwa ngemizuzu, kodwa ngemizuzwana. Kucingwa ukuba umyalezo omnye uya kuthunyelwa ngaphaya kwemizuzwana engama-10-20.

Iimfuno eziphambili zeenkonzo zabanikezeli ziquka:

• Inkxaso yazo zonke iintlobo zokuhambisa;
• Iindleko eziphantsi zebunikazi;
• Ukhuseleko lokuxhuma;
• Ukusebenzisana kunye namaqabane;
• Ukulula kokufakela nokucwangciswa;
• Uphicotho lwamaxwebhu athunyelwa ngethungelwano;
• Ukuguqulelwa koxwebhu oluvela kwifomathi enye ukuya kwesinye;
• Ukuqhagamshelana ngokukhawuleza kwamaqabane ebhizinisi;
• Indawo kunye nokuphuhlisa i-software ye-EDI;
• Iinkonzo zokubonisana, uqeqesho kunye nophuhliso lwezisombululo kwinkqubo;
• Ukuxhaswa kobugcisa kwabasebenzisi.

Umgangatho wengozi xa usebenzisa inkqubo

Ngaphandle kwesevisi ethembekileyo ye-EDI, ezinye iinguqulelo zangaphakathi zinokwenzeka. Ngokomzekelo, iinkampani ezininzi zaseRussia zisebenzisa iikhowudi zangaphakathi ngaphandle kokusebenzisa i-GLN code.

Ngaphambi kokusebenzisa i-EDI, kufuneka ufumane ezi khowudi uze uzifake kwinkqubo. Umngcipheko wokuphunyezwa kwe-EDI kuxhomekeke kwinqanaba le-IT. Nge-automated scrappy, usongelo luya kubakho ukungabikho kwenkqubo yokugcina ingxelo.

Izingozi zabadayisi beenkampani ezinkulu zidibene nokuphuhliswa kakubi kweemarike ze-EDI. Ukuqhekeka kokuphuhliswa ngumthetho, nangona ukuba umthetho wesayinwe wenziwe ngekhompyutha. Iinkampani ezenza ishishini eRashiya kufuneka zigcinwe kuzo zonke iincwadi ezikhutshwe kwiphepha. Abalingani bevela kwimimandla bayesaba ifom ye-elektroniki yokwenza ishishini kwaye bayalila, bengenise kumthengisi.

Iindleko ze-EDI

Ngokumalunga neendleko, inkqubo ye-EDI ayikwazi kuba yindleko kubasebenzisi, kuba iyaklanywa ukuphucula iindleko zokusebenza. Nangona kunjalo, kwiinkampani ezincinci, ezobuchwepheshe zingabonakala zingenakwenzeka, ukuba zingasetyenziswa ekusebenzisaneni ne-IT, ishishini labo alifani. Akunakwenzeka ukuba amafemu anjalo aya kufumana iimali zemali xa usebenzisa iindlela zokutshintshwa kweedokethi.

Yintoni ebandakanyiweyo kwiziseko?

Izibonelelo ziquka ukudibanisa, imigca yeethayi, amanethiwekhi. I-Intanethi ekuphuhlisweni kwe-electronic field yanikezela amanethiwekhi amaninzi avulekileyo (BITNET, njl. Njl) kunye neenethiwekhi ezikhethekileyo ze-intracorporate (EDI-Express General Electric, IBM Information Exchange Network). Iintanethi zangasese zazisasazeka ngokubanzi, ezahluke ngokukhawuleza.

Isicwangciso sokudluliselwa

Ukuthutha nge-imeyile, iTelnet kunye neHTTP. Ezinye iinkqubo eziqhelekileyo zi-SMTP, i-POP3 (ISP), IMAP, i-HTML.

Inkqubo yolawulo lwe-elektroniki ye- EDI inokubonelela ngemisebenzi kwaye ngaphandle kokusetyenziswa kwemigaqo-nkqubo evumelekileyo. Emazweni aseYurophu, iVPN (i-Intellectual Private Network), i- FTP (iProsoft Transfer Protocol) kunye ne-EDIINT (EDI kwi-Intanethi), kwakunye neenethiwekhi kunye neenkonzo ezingeziwe ze-VANs (Ii-Networks-Added Adds) zibe zindlela ezixhomekeke kuyo.

Kuye kwadalwa imigangatho emibini: AS1, evumela ukuhanjiswa kwamaxwebhu e-EDI nge- SMTP (i-imeyile) yomgaqo-nkqubo , umgangatho we-AS2, ukhonza ngokudluliselwa kwi-HTTP.

Imigaqo eyisiseko yokusebenzisa inkqubo ye-EDI kwi-intanethi ngezinga le-AS1 ne-AS2:

• Ukufihla ulwazi oluvela kumazwe angaphandle-amathuba okuwazisa amaxwebhu kunye nomthumeli kunye nommkeli;
• Ukuqinisekiswa - ukuqinisekiswa ngokutshekisha isayinithi yekhompyutha;
• Ukuthembeka koxwebhu - ukungenzeki kokutshintsha umxholo walo ngaphandle kokuthatha inxaxheba kommkeli;
• Isaziso esinokwethenjelwa - ukungenzeki kokugatya umyalezo owamkelweyo.

XML Basics

Uphuhliso olukhawulezayo lwe-Intanethi lubandakanye abasebenzisi abaninzi kunye nenethiwekhi. Izidingo zokutshintshana kwamaxwebhu nge-Intanethi zande. I-protocol ye-HTML iyeke ukuwanelisa izicelo zabathathi-nxaxheba abaninzi.

Inkqubo yenziwa njani? I-XML EDI yamkelwe ekuqaleni kuka-1998 ngumbutho wamazwe ngamazwe iW3C njengenkcazelo entsha.

I-XML (uLwimi oluPhezulu lweMarha) lwaba sisiseko sokudala iilwimi ezintsha. Kukho ezininzi iinkonzo zewebhu ezisebenzisa ubugcisa be-XML ukuhlela ulwazi olugcinwe kuzo.

Ngokusebenzisa i-XML, ungachaza yonke iklasi yezinto zeenkcukacha eziye zabizwa ngamagama axhomekeke kwindawo ethile. Inkqubo yenza ukuba kunokwenzeka ukuba kuvumeleke ukuba uthayiphe amathegi kunye neempawu zazo.

I-XML inike ithuba lokutsala abathengi bamashishini aphakathi kunye namancinci kwimakethe yekhompyutha. Iinkqubo ezikhoyo kwihlabathi lanamhlanje le-EDI zibiza (ukusuka kwi-10 000 ukuya kwi-100 000 zamawaka eerandi). Iinkampani ezininzi ezincinci abakwaziyo ukuzenza.

Ukunikezelwa kunye nemigangatho

Eli nqanaba liquka ukucacisa isakhiwo sedatha ngokusebenzisa i-syntax kunye ne-semantics. Umba obalulekileyo kukudalwa kwemigangatho yokwakhiwa kwedatha usebenzisa i-ANSI X.12 eyaziwa ngokubanzi e-USA, i-UNECE EDIFACT, isetyenziswa eYurophu naseAsia.