Ingozi Ilizwe kunye neendlela zovavanyo yayo

Ukwandiswa nobudlelwano yezoqoqosho isithuba kunegalelo ukuvela iingozi ukuba obekwayo kweli shishini kwilizwe lasemzini. Abatyali ezinomdla ulwabiwo ngokupheleleyo kwezixhobo, kwi marike olungaziwayo nazo i iyahlozinga wezopolitiko nolawulo, urhwaphilizo, sokungagqibeki kunye nezinye iziganeko ezibi. Zonke ezi zinto zinxulumene kumngcipheko lizwe.

definition

umngcipheko Country - oku ugrogriso ilahleko yemali kwimisebenzi leyo, ngendlela enye okanye ngenye edibene nemisebenzi ngamazwe. Oku kumiselwa imiqathango zophuhliso zeli lizwe kunye neqondo impembelelo yazo nabathengi, batyalayo. Umzekelo, nezithintelo imisebenzi kunye yelizwe amazwe kungabangela ukulibaziseka nezinyanzeliso. Le usongo ngokukodwa kuyinyaniso kumazwe apho ngokwembali walondoloza convertibility lohlobo lwemali kazwelonke.

sabaphathi

umngcipheko Country iqulathe amacandelo amabini: ukukwazi kunye nokuzimisela ukuba ahlawule. Ekubeni ilahleko yokuqala ezidityanisiweyo zorhwebo, kwaye eyesibini - ulawulo lwezopolitiko kweli lizwe. Iindleko zemali kunokuba zombini kwinqanaba likarhulumente i (umngcipheko amatyala) kunye kwinqanaba kwinkampani. Ngaphantsi yesibini, kuyaqondakala ukuba umgaqo-nkqubo yezoqoqosho State linokunciphisa ukukhutshelwa eyinkunzi. ubungozi ezopolitiko kunye nelizwe ziquka ithuba ilahleko ngenxa nemiphumela yeemeko egwenxa lwangaphandle kwindawo mali zotyalo-mali.

Iindlela analysis

Ukuze kuncitshiswe ukulahleka zemali, usebenzisa iindlela ezahlukeneyo ukuhlola imeko kweli lizwe. Uhlalutyo lwenziwa kwangoko phambi mali yotyalo-mali. Ukuba ingozi liphezulu, ngoko iprojekthi yalibaziseka, uye ixabiso "ibhonasi". Noko ke, iindlela zokuhlola iingozi ilizwe isetyenziswa ngaphambili ethile enkulu, ukuba aqabukile ulwazi. Ngubani na indlela kakhulu ethandwa nguye Ugcino. kubume bayo siyifumana yokuba abahlalutyi zokuqala baphuhlisa inkqubo izikhombisi, uze umtsalane iingcali abakhomba ubunzima factor ngasinye kwilizwe elithile. Icala elisezantsi yale ndlela ukujongwa kwentelekelelo.

iindlela zale mihla

Country ubungozi West abahlalutya indlela amanqaku. Kuyinto uthelekiso lwamanani iimpawu eziphambili kumazwe ahlukeneyo kunye nokupheliswa onesiphumo isalathiso efunekayo, nto leyo ethatha ingqalelo zonke iikhrayitheriya zeeteksi urhulumente ezinomtsalane yabo abayityale kweli shishini. Kwi indlela loo yakhiwe German BERI index. Oku kusetyenziswa ukuvavanya utyalo lwemozulu kumazwe 45 ngokusekelwe kwindlela 15 kunye nobunzima ezahlukeneyo ezithile. Isalathisi nganye yabelwe ireyithingi ukusuka ku-0 ukuya ku-4 The aphezulu amanqaku, kungona ingeniso enokuba wemali.

Fortune kunye The Economist waqhuba ucazululo lweengozi lizwe kwiMpuma Central Yurophu phantsi inkqubo lula, apho kugxininiswa ithemba iinguqulelo emarikeni. Ukubaluleka iziphumo emiselwe yokuba utyalo ngokukuko eyinkunzi kuxhomekeke ngobunzulu zokulungisa izinto amazwe.

abatyali Portfolio nazo usebenzisa amanqaku ezikhethekileyo ikhredithi ngenxa apho ukhetha into kangangoko sotyalo. Ngokwesiseko indlela iqulunqwe iphephancwadi Europe, kabini ngonyaka, ivavanye ukuthembeka kwehlabathi.

izinto

Ukudala isimo yotyalo sivune yimfuneko ebalulekileyo ekukhuleni koqoqosho. ukungena kwemali eyinkunzi Active (umzekelo, Russia) Kyea zizinto ezifana:

1. Ukungabikho kwesakhelo somthetho izinzile.
2. Ukukhula kwempixano ekuhlaleni ngenxa ekudodobaleni lomgadi imeko eziphathekayo yabemi.
3. abavakalelwa obuzimele, ezenzeka kwezinye iingingqi weRashiya.
4. Urhwaphilizo kwezinye iindawo.
5. iziseko Poor - ephawuleka kunazo zonke zothutho, unxibelelwano, ezonxibelelwano, inkonzo ehotele.

iintlobo

Lizwe kunye neengozi zengingqi ziquka izisongelo ezinjalo njenge:

1. Ukungaphumeleli ukuqaphela ityala okanye nokugcinwa kwayo elizayo.

2. Uhlaziyo iimeko intlawulo ezi: umbolekisi ziya kufumana imali encinane, kuba ubolekayo likwazile ukwehlisa amazinga. Ukuba mboleko ityala zezivumelwano ekuqaleni zincitshiswe izohlwayo, iziphumo ze-mali ziyafana kwimeko yokungahlawuli.

3. Kwimeko elinye ityala kukho meko ezimbini:

• ubungakanani iintlawulo kwisixa esiyintloko isahlulo yehlise ityala iye icinywe;
• ukuba umboleki ufuna ukulibaziseka ngeentlawulo, izinga akayi kutshintsha.

4. Ukunqunyanyiswa iintlawulo ngezizathu zobugcisa ezikumila okwethutyana. Umboleki kufuneka kungabikho mathandabuzo ukuba umboleki uya kungafezekiswa kweemfanelo zalo. Umlinganiselo wenzala kule meko iyafana.

izithintelo 5. Currency, xa ilizwe uswele imali yelinye ilizwe, abeke imilinganiselo kugqithiso kwemali phesheya. Kwinqanaba karhulumente lo, le ngozi uguqulwe ube semngciphekweni nokungaphumeleli kwezi kwenkonzo ityala.

nokuhlola

Country premium lomngcipheko kumiselwa isivuno kwiibhondi zikarhulumente enye ilizwe kunye namanye amatyala ukuya xesha lokuba semthethweni. Ke ukuba iRussia, i-ukuhla eyomeleleyo awayezibona 1998. Ke ingozi enkulu ngokukhawuleza ngaphezu ipremiyamu yona. Oko kukuthi, abatyali-zimali ziye nje akuswelanga ulwazi oluthembekileyo, kodwa marike swi nga amanqaku-arhente behlabathi, leyo Nomchane utshintsho iimeko zoqoqosho nezopolitiko. Le ntlekele yokuqala yenzekile phambi ukusilela ngo-1998, yaye ngoko nangoko emva kokuba kweentsuku ezimbalwa.

inqanaba lomngcipheko lizwe kuchaphazela ngamandla imizi egcina imali, ogama imisebenzi enxulumene ngqo uzilawula kwezoqoqosho. On usongo olunjalo abachatshazelwa izinto ezininzi. Bonke ke kufuneka zithathelwe ingqalelo xa kuhlalutywa imeko kummandla othile.

engozini lizwe Russian

Agency Moody kaThixo Investor Service bazifinyeza nokurhafiswa Russian Federation ukuya ngumyinge. Ukuba Standard & Poor kunye Fitch ukuvavanya ukulungela ukuba ahlawule amatyala, MIS iqwalasela hetiseka zentlawulo kuthe intengiso emiselweyo. Iingcali zikholelwa ukuba uvandlakanyo ezisentlabathini HIV ngenxa yezizathu zezopolitiko. Ngokutsho uqikelelo arhente, lo outflow of capital kulo nyaka kuya kufikelela kuma 272 ezigidi zeerandi, i-GDP iya kunyothulwa nge 8.5%, ngelixa kwamaxabiso okukhawulezayo kwi-15%. Kodwa Ministry Finance bathi Russian ngokukhuselekileyo zafumana yabanjwa esomeleleyo - ukuhla 50 ekhulwini kwamaxabiso e-oyile. Kwaye ngenxa yokuba arhente umngcipheko ilizwe zabaxwa kakhulu. Ebibekiwe reserves ngamazwe, leyo ngaphezu kwityala lemali lesizwe. Kwakhona kukho intshiyekela akhawunti yangoku. Ezi arhente benefits akazange acinge. Kodwa ke amanqaku zamiselwa isekelwe kwinto yokuba Russia Ungafumana izohlwayo ezintsha ngenxa kuphuhliso engalindelekanga kweziganeko Ukraine.

imiphumela

Uhlolo lomngcipheko lizwe, kwelinye icala, eyaneleyo. Iimarike zangaphandle capital iRashiya Kwandile ivaliwe. wehlise kuchaphazela iindleko zokuboleka lo lizwe. Kuyinto phantse elula. Kodwa iingcali sikhathazeke ukuba nkampani rating lwehlabathi baninyanzela imali ngokutsha utyalo-mali lwabo eRashiya. Yaye emva nokuzinziswa imeko akunakwenzeka ukuba ngokukhawuleza ukubuyela ikomkhulu kweli lizwe. Isisongelo yesibini kukuba nababolekisi liya kucela inkululo ekuqaleni Eurobonds. wehlise kwabalelwa ngokuba yi emarikeni ngohlobo yexesha elifutshane kunye jump ephantsi kwi dollar ukuya kuluphawu 64 engange.

Kwicandelo logcino nayo ubunzima

Le wehlise kwakhokelela ukonakala of eMoscow zotyalo nomtsalane of St. Petersburg kunye neziphaluka-13. Lo mlinganiselo geqe kwemali eyinkunzi kunye nommandla iLeningrad kwinqanaba le "Ba1". Oku ngaphezulu e Bashkortostan, Tatarstan, Samara, Nizhny Novgorod, Belgorod kunye nezinye iingingqi. Inkangeleko ihlala negative ukuba kule mimandla. Ukongeza, i-Russian ifuthe umngcipheko ilizwe amaziko ngetyala. Ukulinganiswa iidipozithi ixesha elide Sberbank kunye VTB e engange kuncitshiswa ukuba 'Baa3 "yaye" Ba1 ", yaye lwemali amazwe - to' Ba1 'yaye' Ba2" kunye yangaphambili iinguqu ezingentle. Le meko efanayo waphawula kwi "Alfa-Bank", "Gazprombank" yaye "Rosselkhozbank".

isiphelo

umngcipheko ilizwe kwakheka kwi isiseko inani elikhulu iimeko zangaphandle nezangaphakathi ezichaphazela urhulumente umtsalane kunye notyalo-mali. izisongelo ezinjalo nakuba kakhulu kwiingingqi apho kukho izithintelo lwemali convertibility. Kula mazwe kukho kusoloko kukho imali, kwaye idlulisele umngcipheko ukusilela ngokupheleleyo intlawulo yetyala. Ngoko ke, ngaphambi kokuba imali izibonelelo eziyimfuneko ukuze ziqhube uphando lokujongisisa ngokucokisekileyo izinto yangaphandle nangaphakathi. nemvume Global qho ngonyaka apapashe uvavanyo lwabo lotyalo nomtsalane lizwe.