Indlela yentsimbi US: imbali kunye nenkcazo

zikaloliwe US zinembali etyebileyo kwaye wadlala indima ebaluleke kakhulu kuphuhliso karhulumente. Okwangoku kweli lizwe kule ngezothutho enjalo ithandwa enkulu njengoko moya kunye motor Iintlobo. oololiwe ezininzi nemiboniso ngaphezulu. Ukuba bahambe ngaphandle kokuba romance kunye nabantu oyikayo luyatshwebeleza moya. Yaye ixabiso itikiti i kuvamise kakhulu ezahlukene ukusuka iindleko-moya.

uthelekiso emfutshane kunye noololiwe Russian

отличается. Zikaloliwe Russia kunye United States yahlukile. Ukuba ubude lilonke koohola yesizwe 87 ophosa, amaMelika, babengama-220 amawaka eekhilomitha. ububanzi Track e Russia - 1.520 mm, ngoxa kwi US - 1435 mm, kwakunye eYurophu. Kweli lizwe kwezigidi 1.2 abasebenzi, lo gama emendweni American ikhonza ezingama-180 lamawaka. Abantu abaqeshwe kolu shishino. Malunga lowo iqhezu kuphela bokufakelwa ushishino, nto leyo kuwo omabini la mazwe yi-40%.

esizukulwaneni

началась в 1815 году. Imbali zikaloliwe US yaqala ngo-1815. uphuhliso lwabo wakhangela ethembisa kakhulu ngenxa yokuba ngelo xesha ilizwe akazange liphuhlise izithuthi ilizwe cheap and fast. Ke Railway Company of New Jersey yasekwa Colonel John Stevens. Ekuqaleni amasebe zoshishino ziye zasekwa ukuthutha iimpahla phezu imigama emifutshane, umzekelo, ukuze kususwe kwezimbiwa ukusuka emigodini. Pennsylvania Railroad, eyaqala ukusebenza ngo-1846, yaba inkampani yokuqala kwishishini. kweminyaka esibhozo kamva, oko kwabalelwa ngokusemthethweni ukusebenza indlela yayo yokuqala, edityaniswe ePhiladelphia kunye Harrisburg.

I zikaloliwe yokuqala

, стало обеспечение тяги. Ukuba nokwakhiwa canvases amakhulu kubekho ingxaki, ingxaki engundoqo elijongene nayo United States indlela yokuqala intsimbi ibikukubonelela zokutsalwa kwimithwalo. Ngowe-1826, Dzhon Stivenson i ngasentla ezenziweyo wakha eyakhe kaloliwe yakhe umphunga. Ukuvavanya abantwana yenjineli yabo awayakhayo New Jersey wezinga setyhula. oomatshini Luyaqhubeka iyaphumelela. Kwiminyaka emithathu kamva, Allen Gortari, njengoko injineli oyintloko inkampani yokuthumela enkulu, ephakamisa ukusetyenziswa mmandla kaloliwe IsiNgesi. Emva kokuba uvavanyo ngempumelelo, waqalisa ukusetyenziswa kwisebe phakathi Karbonveyl kunye Honesdeyl e Pennsylvania. Ngowe-1830, i-kaloliwe yokuqala ilungiselelwe yezithuthi zikawonkewonke kwayilwa American Peter Cooper e-New York. Ekuhambeni kwexesha, uye wazibonakalisa imoto okubambekayo kakhulu.

okunika umdla

Xa amahlanu zenkulungwane yeshumi elinesithoba, imisebenzi yayo ngokusesikweni ekuthiwa-njalo komhlaba okanye komhlaba. так себя называли представители одного тайного общества. Kwi-US, i njalo-bazibize abameli yombutho ofihlakeleyo. Oku inxaxheba ekukhuthazeni lamakhoboka aqhweshileyo abamvelaphi yabo iseAfrika ukusuka States ukuya emntla. Kulo msebenzi lo mbutho kwafuneka akunanto yakwenza zothutho kunye nezithuthi. Amalungu mbutho nje sebenzisa isigama umzila kaloliwe, eyaba ubhedu kuluntu yaseMelika.

Ukuqala ekhawulezayo yobhekiso

Emva kokuba zikaloliwe lokuqala baqalisa ukuphuhlisa ngokubonakalayo bakwaloliwe eUnited States. новый вид транспорта уже составлял серьезную конкуренцию судоходным компаниям. Ngenkulungwane ye-19 entsha uhlobo lwezithuthi iye ukhuphiswano sele ezinzima kwiinkampani zeenqanawa. umfutho Special kuphuhliso lwayo wamnika imifuniselo eziliqela nto leyo eyayibonisa ukuba injini uyakwazi umgama izihlandlo ezintathu ukuya kwezine ngokukhawuleza ngaphezu emkhombeni.

Ngo-1830 kwakukho isiganeko ebalulekileyo bakwaloliwe yaseMelika. Emva koko, phakathi imizi Ohio Baltimore e Maryland kuyo laphehlelelwa kwaye baqalisa ukubaleka rhoqo lo loliwe umkhweli yokuqala. Ekuqaleni, uluntu isimo esibi kakhulu injini, bezibiza ngokuba oomatshini ezimbi, kodwa ekuhambeni kwexesha uninzi abahlali baba ngakumbi kwaye kwacaca ngakumbi ukuba lo yothutho eyiyeyona elizayo.

составляла 2755 миль, то двадцать лет спустя этот показатель перешагнул через отметку в 30 тысяч миль. Ukuba njengokuba ka-1840 US ukwandiswa iziporo weekhilomitha 2755, kwiminyaka engamashumi amabini kamva, eli nani bawelela uphawu-30 amawaka eekhilomitha. Ukwakhiwa kweendlela ezintsha lula kakhulu kuphuhliso kwezolimo. Ekubeni abalimi abasebenza emarikeni, kwakufuneka ezothutho, ekwaziyo ngokukhawuleza bakhuphe isityalo imithamo emikhulu.

Ulwakhiwo kaloliwe transcontinental

Ngowe-1861, imfazwe yamakhaya imfazwe phakathi North kunye neSouth. . Ngaphandle koku, kukho unyaka emva kokuba uqale, uMongameli Abraham Lincoln wenza isigqibo, njengako leyo ukwakhiwa zikaloliwe transcontinental USA. Bekucingelwa ukuba ubude kumgca iya kuba phantse amawaka amathathu km. Iikontraki ndimfuduka mbini: Central Pacific (ilaphu eligangathiweyo ukusuka entshona ukuya empuma) kunye Union Pacific Railroad (wakhokela ulwakhiwo empuma-ntshona). Kunye indlela Centre kucingelwa ekuthiwa-point intlanganiso. Ngalinye iinkampani bafuna ukuba ukugqiba kuqala site yakho uze uphumelele olu hlobo umdlalo, ngoko ke umsebenzi lowo akusoloko kuqhutywa ngokwesicwangciso. Amagosa amaninzi ezabelweyo nemali eyabelwe ukwakha. Ukuba umendo kaloliwe kwakukho zokuhlala kunye nabemi bawo wanikela izibalo kuphela kulo ilizwe. Ngaphezu koko, kutshintshiselwano izinyobo ezivela oosodolophu ezinye izixeko (kubo ubukho inzuzo mgwaqo), inkampani iindlela yaguquka ngokuphindaphindiweyo.

Kuba ukwakhiwa zaziswa malunga 10 namawaka abasebenzi China kunye nenye 4000 ukusuka Ireland. Oku kwenziwa ukunciphisa iindleko emsebenzini, kuba baseMerika ngaba akuvumi ukuba asebenzele mali ecetywayo (kwi ezininzi $ 1.5 ngosuku). Ngenxa iimeko zokusebenza nzima zabakhi abaninzi bafa.

Ngenxa yoko, le nkampani Union Pacific Railroad ikwazile ukwakha 1749 leekhilomitha belaphu, lo gama iqela zabo - 1,100 km. It kamva waba nempembelelo entle uphuhliso olunokubakho "abaphumeleleyo", apho namhlanje iye yaba ngomnye enamandla kakhulu nezithembiso lizwe kaloliwe. Xa 1869, wadibana abasebenzi bakhi ezimbini, uyibophelele isikhonkwane ingumkhando igolide, engumqondiso uqhagamshelwano phakathi iilwandlekazi ezimbini.

Ifuthe ukwakhiwa zikaloliwe transcontinental

тогда стала бесполезной и бессмысленной затеей президента. abagxeki abaninzi bathi US zikaloliwe transcontinental koko waba asinto zanto mongameli kwenziwe. Emva koko, ke, ukuba idlale indima ebalulekileyo kakhulu ukuba urhulumente, ngokudala revolution kwezoqoqosho kunye yokufuduka abemi balo. Xa span elifutshane emasimini kwintshona echumayo yaba ngaphezu inani elikhulu baseMelika abafuna ukuphuhlisa ezolimo.

Ekupheleni kwenkulungwane yeshumi elinesithoba kwakukho elidityaniswe ngqo elwandle ezimbini amasebe ezimbalwa kakhulu. Baye babecinga bhetele, yaye ukwakhiwa ukuba inani elincinci zokuphula. , проложенная от востока до запада страны, считается тёмным пятном американской истории. Lo kaloliwe yokuqala eUnited States, wakha ukusuka empuma kuye entshona kweli lizwe, uthathwa ukuba indawo emnyama kwimbali yaseMelika. Akumangalisi oku, ekubeni feat le nkampani zimbini ayikwazi eclipse inani labasebenzi kwabafileyo waza washiywa ngaphandle uphahla phezu kweentloko iintsapho zabo.

Uphuhliso bakwaloliwe emva kweMfazwe Civil

Le mfazwe yamakhaya abonise indlela kaloliwe ezibalulekileyo ngempumelelo zothutho kwi ukuthutha abantu, ukutya kunye nezixhobo. стало приоритетным. Ayimangalisi into yokuba kwixesha elizayo eUnited States uphuhliso iziporo uye waba iphambili. Yokuyisebenzisa kwiinkampani kwicandelo phambi kokuqalisa umsebenzi wokwakha mali enikiweyo. Ngokukodwa, urhulumente yabelwe-16 ukuya kuma-48 amawaka eerandi kugqatso ngalinye web. Ukongeza, ummandla oziikhilomitha ezili-10 kwicala ngalinye inguqu kobumnini iinkampani. Efundileyo ingabizwa ukuba, ukususela ngo-1870, iminyaka eli-10, iinkampani ziye zasasazwa 242.000 khilomitha square komhlaba.

производилось в грандиозных масштабах. Kweli thuba ukususela 1865 ukuya 1916 ulwakhiwo zikaloliwe US olwenziwe ngomlinganiselo omkhulu. Ubude lilonke lengoma kwelo xesha liye landa ukusuka weekhilomitha 35 ukuya 254 lamawaka. Ngaphezu koko, ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yamashumi amabini, zombini umkhweli nabemithwalo zothutho kweli lizwe olwenziwe phantse ngokupheleleyo ngololiwe.

Ukunciphisa indima bakwaloliwe

Ngethuba leMfazwe yokuQala yeHlabathi, icandelo kaloliwe yaba phantsi kolawulo lukarhulumente US. Ukususela ngelo xesha, ushishino ngokuthe ngcembe waqala ukuphelelwa indawo yayo phambili. Ngowe-1920, zikaloliwe zabuyiselwa kwi nobunini babucala. Nangona kunjalo, ngeli xesha, imeko yabo iye zimbi kakhulu. Kunye kuphuhliso inkqubela zobugcisa kunye nezinye iindlela yothutho eyiyeyona elikhokelayo ekuqaleni ukuya unciphiso chu indima kushishino kuqoqosho lwesizwe.

Kodwa kwakhona wolinciphisa ixabiso ukuba ishishini uye wayidlala, akukho mfuneko. Okokuqala, oko yasekwa inothungelwano lwezothutho, edibanisa zonke imarike lwangaphakathi likarhulumente iyunithi enye. Okwesibini, ulwakhiwo kwilaphu inkxaso ukwanda ngamandla kumacandelo afana nobunjineli zothutho kunye yokunyibilikisa isinyithi, ngenxa imfuno ephakamileyo yimiqolo, iinqwelo zikaloliwe. Enoba yayiyintoni na, ukuba phambi 1920 uphuhliso bakwaloliwe ngokuba "era yegolide", singatsho kakuhle ukuba ukususela ngoko iye ubuncinane yaphela.

Isimo yangoku

Okwangoku, bambalwa kakhulu abantu eUnited States ihamba ngololiwe. Oku kubangelwa ikakhulu kuphuhliso ezilungileyo yonxibelelwano jukwini. Kwaye ke iindleko amatikiti kuloliwe kunye moya rhoqo malunga efanayo. Kule nkalo, akumangalisi ukuba isabelo esikhulu bengeniso zoshishino ezinxulumene kwempahla zokuhamba. имеет протяжённость, составляющую более 220 тысяч километров. Network US zikaloliwe linobude mkhulu kwe-220 ophosa. Bathi ukulungiselela onke amacandelo ezoqoqosho. Isabelo-akhawunti zothutho ngololiwe kuba malunga nama-40% ye-ingeniso yesizwe.

inkampani

zonke iinkampani zoololiwe American ephethwe ngasese. Bebonke malunga 600 Ngelo xesha linye isabelo-7 ezinkulu kubo akhawunti ukuba ngaphezu kwesiqingatha umthamo ingeniso kweli shishini. Iinkampani State uqinisekise ilungelo ezimeleyo kwezigqibo malunga lweerhafu kwezothutho. Ngelo xesha, le nkqubo ilawulwa yi ngumzimba federal ekuthiwa Council for Transport Land. Privatisation zomzila American semxholweni. Iinkampani ezinomdla ekusebenzeni ngempumelelo kunye nokulungelelaniswa ngokupheleleyo zonke iinkqubo. Oku kungenxa abiza kakhulu kunye yezothutho ezindleleni. izigqibo eyinqobo malunga nomsebenzi kweenkampani kaloliwe athathe zabelo zabo. Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, ingeniso iyonke zezi nkampani yi-avareji malunga ne-54 ezigidi zeerandi ngonyaka.

izithuthi ezithutha impahla

могут похвастаться довольно развитой и эффективной системой грузовых перевозок. iindlela Iron US ndiqhayise inkqubo kwaye eyiyo kwempahla kwezithuthi. Iingcali zikholelwa ukuba ukhuseleko impumelelo yayo kubangelwa ikakhulu inkululeko yabo xa kuthelekiswa ukusuka kumgaqo kurhulumente.

Njengoko sele kutshiwo ngentla apha, malunga-40% of ethutha kwezithuthi kweli lizwe zinika zikaloliwe. Eli xabiso kwandisa kwiminyaka elishumi elinesihlanu edlulileyo. уступают своему главному конкуренту – автомобильному транспорту. Noko ke, le isalathisi US Railways enasilela ezingundoqo okhuphisana - yezothutho ezindleleni. Kumzabalazo inkampani lomxhasi agxininisa ngamandla abathengi elinokubakho iinzuzo zabo ezoqoqosho nezendalo. Ngokutsho iinkokeli zabo kwixa elizayo lo mmandla uya kuphucula ukusebenza yangoku.

Ukwahlukanisa iinkampani zezomoya

, согласно действующей в стране системе классификации, делятся на следующие классы: компании первого класса, региональные компании, линейные локальные операторы и S&T перевозчики. Abathwali akhonza iindlela intsimbi US, ngokutsho inkqubo yokuhlela ngoku kweli lizwe, yahlulwe ngokwezi ndidi zilandelayo: Iinkampani yokuqala iklasi, iinkampani zengingqi, abaqhubi yomgama zasekuhlaleni kunye S & T abathwali.

Ziinkampani kaloliwe kwiklasi yokuqala libhekisa abasebenzisi ezisixhenxe kuphela. Bona akhawunti malunga 67% ingeniso, ngoxa ingeniso avareji yonyaka ngamnye kune uphawu million 350 zeerandi. Ukuhanjiswa ngokuqhelekileyo luqhutywa imigama emide. Iinkcukacha-manani zibonisa ukuba 9 kwali-10 US umsebenzi kaloliwe kwezi mveliso.

Iinkampani Regional ingeniso avareji yonyaka ubuncinane $ 40 million. Zidla zenziwa kwi umgama zothutho iikhilomitha 350 ukuya 650 (phakathi kwamazwe amaninzi). Ngokutsho idatha yakutshanje, eli lizwe 33 ezinjalo amashishini, kwaye inani labasebenzi nganye kuzo kuyahlukana kuluhlu abasebenzi 500.

abaqhubi Local esenza othutho imigama ukuya neekhilomitha 350 ngonyaka ngamnye kwaye zihlawulwa ukuya kwizigidi ezingama-40 zeerandi. Xa urhulumente kukho 323 iifem kule klasi, ezivame uthuthwa impahla kwi kummandla karhulumente omnye.

E S & T ongasithwaliyo kuphela imithwalo, njengoko benza impahla nokulungisa. Ngaphezu koko, ukugxininisa kunikezelo ngaphakathi kwindawo ethile phezu komyalelo komdlali ophethe ethile. Ngokutsho idatha yakutshanje, eli lizwe 196 iinkampani ezifana imali kunyaka ngamnye kuchithwa izigidi ngezigidi zeerandi.

umkhweli zokuhamba

Rail ukuthutha abantu eUnited States ongakuthandiyo ithandwa enkulu. Inyaniso ukuba imigama phakathi imizi zikholisa ukuba zinkulu kakhulu, kwaye wonke umntu uyakwazi ukuhlala kangangeeyure esitulweni, nangona nentuthuzelo. Kuyinto ngokukhawuleza kakhulu ukuhamba-moya, ixabiso itikiti engeyiyo kangako ngaphezulu kwe kwiindleko uhambo ngololiwe.

US ihlaba iintlobo ezimbini oololiwe abasetyenziswa luluntu: umgama omde elifutshane imigama (ebusuku). Eyokuqala kwezi zimoto ezisetyenziswayo amavila uhlobo. Bathi fanayo kuphela emini. Xa Uhlobo kwesibini bobabini zokulala kunye ehleli iimoto kabini-ubuthwele. Kulo mzekelo abakhweli akhiwe kwi kwenqanaba eliphezulu kwaye kujongwe uphantsi yokuhamba yemithwalo. oololiwe Night bakhonza ikakhulu kwicala eliseNtshona eli lizwe.

Ukongeza, ngenxa yenkonzo umkhweli zikwabonelelwa abazeleyo zokuhamba. Oololiwe ezibonelela kubo bangamalungu abasebenzisi zasekuhlaleni, ngazo ngokuzimeleyo inkqubo woluhlu lweerhafu.

ukugqitywa

в своё время сыграли революционную роль в экономике страны. iindlela Iron US ngaxa lithile wadlala indima sokulwela inguqu kuqoqosho. imbonakalo yabo ifake igalelo inani le nguqu zintle, kwakunye nokuphuhlisa amashishini kunye nezolimo. The Evolution of yothutho kaloliwe American phambi kokuqala leMfazwe yokuQala yeHlabathi wada yaziwa ngokuba "Golden Age" of noololiwe. Enoba lwalunjani, uphuhliso inkqubela zobugcisa ezidityanisiweyo kunye ngokufumaneka kweendlela ezizezinye zothutho kuye kwabangela ukwehla yokupasa indima kushishino.