Ammonium nitrogen emanzini kunye komhlaba

element Biogenic leyo libandakanyeka kakhulu kwiinkqubo biogidrotsenoza - ammonium nitrogen.

Imeko eziphilayo

Amadama uyakwazi ukubona utshintsho kokuqulathwe ingxenye: kuba ngaphantsi komnyaka, kodwa ehlotyeni, ngenxa yokuba iimeko zivuma ubushushu, eyavela uyandiswa kakhulu kuba kakhulu cazulula izinto eziphilayo.

Kwaye kakhulu kuchaphazela imeko yococeko kwemizimba amanzi, nto leyo enyanzelisa ukuba kuphuculwe ulawulo phezu ekwenzekeni nasekuphumeleleni kweli eziphilayo. Ubuninzi xi ngokuvunywe amanzi apho intlanzi igqalwa apho nitrogen Ammonium yi milligrams ngaphantsi kwe 0,39 ilitha nganye.

Emanzini

protein Cluster nitrogen ammonification zakohlwaywa, yaye le nkqubo abole kwiiproteni ammonia karhulumente. amanzi inkunkuma into ihlanjululwa ngokusebenzisa kumthombo nitrogen, ukuba ube ngumthombo ngesondlo carbon ukuba iiseli. sebenzisa ngokunzulu kwenzeka ngexesha lesigaba kwabo ukukhula, kwaye xa igcwala iqala, ammonia nitrogen wakhululwa ngokohlobo ammonia. Ngaphezu koko, oko oxidized ukuba nitrites uze nitrate karhulumente okanye ungenile inxaxheba ehlaziya entsha.

Ukuze ususe ammonium nitrogen ukusuka dama, kusetyenziswa clinoptilolite, ngoko ke amanzi Uyawubuyisa ubulunga bayo. Beka yinqaba ngexesha efudumeleyo, yaye ebusika ukuba indawo nesityalo Exchange ion, apho izinto eziyingozi iyasuswa amdaka. zePCR rhoqo kubanjwa, neesampuli bathathwa ammonia nitrogen emanzini, nto leyo Yek ukusuka isampuli ethatyathiweyo, kwaye ke distillate endibufumeneyo ugqibe inani layo.

Indlela ehlambulukileyo echibini

Kukho yobume umbandela ion kwemali, nto leyo kuthiwa clinoptilolite (udidi zeolite). Ngoncedo lwakhe, uyacebiswa ukuba ukubuyisela ukusulungeka kwamanzi. Ammonia nitrogen emanzini ayichithwanga ngokupheleleyo, ngoko kuqala kufuneka ukumkhulula kuyo zonke eziqinileyo emsebenzini uze yokumpompa amanzi aye klinoptilolitovye izihluzi. Le unyango noko imali eninzi, kodwa eyona olusebenzayo - up to alithoba anesixhenxe ekhulwini.

Okutsha, zifuna ukuthatyathwa sodium chloride - emihlanu okanye elishumi ekhulwini. Layisha ngoko ke kufuneka ahlambe ngamanzi. Kuya kuma ngaphandle ammonia isisombululo, nto leyo ukufunxa sulphuric acid ukuze zenze ammonium sulphate, elungileyo kakhulu nje isichumiso. Ammonium nitrogen nasemanzini inkunkuma, ne-nitrogen-equlathe khompawundi organic iyasuswa ziintlobo ezahlukeneyo neyanamhlanje, utsalo, adsorption.

Zokufuya ukuvelisa izichumisi

Le ndlela kulungile ukuba ufuna ukuchaza ammonium nitrogen. Ezinye iintlobo ezo zifumaneka nezichumiso efanayo, - amide, nitrate - ukuba le ndlela ngeke sizimisele. Okokuqala kuyimfuneko ukususa ammonium nitrogen amanzi amdaka, umz, kuphuphume. Le ndlela ichazwe ngasentla. Okulandelayo, isampuli isichumiso elizayo kufuneka abekwe igutyana uze uphalaze zehydrochloric acid (xi izinyo kufuneka - 0.05 Mol, DM ^3). Iselwa, yazanyazanyiswa izixhobo ezikhethekileyo kuyimfuneko ukuba ubuncinane isiqingatha seyure, ngoko kusenokwenzeka ukuba amsunduze kwiiyure ezilishumi elinesihlanu.

Ewiliko koko kwakhona kugungqiswa kuhluzeka elomileyo lokucoca iintsika. Kuqhubeka njengoko imixholo acid wokuhlamba lokucoca zehydrochloric ubuncinane izihlandlo ezithathu, ngoko umthamo filtrate kufuneka kuziwe nesisombululo lokuqala acid kwakhona. Ngoko ke, okokuqala, ukumiselwa abanjwe ammonia nitrogen emanzini, yaye okwesibini - kujongwa umthamo oko kwesichumiso ngenxa. Zibe yokugqibela ukususela amane ukuya ezilikhulu elinamashumi amahlanu ngokweemiligremu ilitha nganye, kwaye caprolactam kwi isisombululo enye iqulathe ukusuka milligrams ezisibhozo asibhozo ilitha nganye. Ukuba umxholo ammonia nitrogen - ngaphantsi kwamashumi amabini milligrams, amava aya kuba akwenzeki, kwaye le ndlela iyasebenza na.

imithombo yongcoliseko

Uninzi iimpawu uphawu amanzi zoshishino inkunkuma - iyahlozinga yamachiza ukubunjwa, ixesha ezinqwenelekayo lohlengahlengiso kuphuhliso microflora, iikhompawundi kwemfuneko kweziphilayo nitrogen kunye kwezimbiwa imvelaphi. Phambi kokwenza zokuhlanjululwa zeekhemikhali ezinobungozi ilindle izityalo unyango amanzi ixubene kunye nendlu ngaloo avareji. Ammonia nitrogen (ifomula H. ₄₊₎ licandelo efunekayo amdaka.

imithombo yongcoliseko isenokuba amanzi amdaka iintlobo ngeentlobo mveliso - ekutyeni kunye nempilo ukuya ngentsimbi, coke-lwekhemikhali, ekuzakuqalwa, iikhemikhali kunye petrochemical. Kwakhona kungabandakanya yonke inkunkuma yasekhaya, umgquba, zezolimo - evela emasimini. Ngenxa yoko kwezinto yathotywa protein urea, nitrate nitrites kunye anaerobically kwakhona.

Effects on emzimbeni

Xa umzimba womntu ezi zihlanganisi esilimaza kakhulu. Ammonia denatures iiproteni abangena nabo basabela. Ngoko ke iiseli kwaye, ngenxa yoko, le ukuphefumla ephilayo izihlunu stop, kukho sisilonda esidumbileyoesingaphakathi kwenkqubo luvo, isibindi, ezokuphefumla, neempahla baphazamise. Ukuba usebenzisa amanzi rhoqo ezinomthamo eliphezulu Ammonium ubunzima eseleyo esiti-obrak, asidi iqala.

Ngoko ke asikwazi uvumele ukusetyenziswa ngaphezulu kwe izichumiso eqhelekileyo eziphilayo ukusetyenziswa komhlaba, kufuneka rhoqo silwe isiqulatho ngokugqithiseleyo izinto ezinobungozi, umz, ammonium nitrogen emhlabeni has a ukunyibilika ephakamileyo, yaye ngenxa yoko ke ukutya kunye namanzi ngokoqobo anetyhefu kubo, eyavela ngokufuthi ukufikelela enetyhefu. Ingakumbi azichaphazeleki koku abantwana. Ukuphuhlisa methemoglobinemia, ioksijini ulawulo emzimbeni uyazifohloza uhle kamsinya, owokuqala uqala ukubandezeleka iphecana zesisu.

Limits umthamo

isifo methaemoglobinaemia manqapha iqala sele kwi ezinomthamo nitrate emanzini mahlanu milligrams ilitha nganye, kwaye xa xi ifikelela alithoba anesihlanu ngokweemiligremu ilitha nganye, esi sifo kuthatha omkhulu. EUnited States, France, eNetherlands, iJamani kwenziwe uphando olunzulu, nto leyo ebonisa ukuba ngaphezu kwe amahlanu neemiligram nitrate ilitha nganye ifumaneka amahlanu ekhulwini amatyala. Amanzi aphantsi komhlaba kunye namanzi kakuhle amaninzi amaxesha ngaphezulu kwe isiphelo xi nitrate - up to elinesihlanu lamakhulu milligrams ilitha nganye, lo gama i-World Health Organization iye umise umda milligrams amane anesihlanu. Kwaye lo manzi abantu basele!

Amdaka iphathwa ngeendlela ezininzi ezahlukeneyo - kunye nama eziphilayo, kwaye igcwala ne-ozone, kwaye hypochlorites neemethali zomhlaba, kunye nomoya, kunye sorption, esebenzisa zeolites, ifomu sodium, kunye nentlaka ion exchange, babaphatha elinamandla kwealkali, kwaye ayinto, nokuncipha ammonium metal magnesium, kunye nesisombululo trisodium phosphate wemagniziyam chloride. Nangona kunjalo, ubugcisa ngokuhlanjululwa uhlala kude emva kubuchwepheshe ungcoliseko.

izakhi

Emanzini yendalo igesi enyibilikayo (H. ₃₎ ammonia, xa kukho yokubola zengqo- of iikhompawundi organic, kuquka ammonia ne-nitrogen. Ngoko ke endiyibumbileyo, emfono kusitsha - ion ze-ammonia nitrogen. ammonia ichithwe engena amadama kunye kwamanzi phantsi komhlaba okanye umgangatho, kunye amdaka kwezulu. Ukuba uyazikhomba Ammonium ion (H. ₄₊₎ kune ixabiso imvelaphi, oko kuthetha ukuvela umthombo entsha wongcoliseko zivaleke. Kunokuba kuba kwiifama zemfuyo okanye ezisebenzisanayo umgquba nitrogen nezichumiso ungajongwangwa ishiywe neshishini abafuduki amdaka eziluncedo.

A compound-nitrogen, carbon, phosphorus equlethwe amdaka nghena amachibi, zibangela umonakalo ebalulekileyo yokusingqongileyo phantse yonke imimandla yaseRashiya. imini unyango Amanzi amdaka emini liya lisiba sesona echaphazelekayo, ukususela lwee- ukungcola, kuquka initrogen, ngokufuthi iyaqengqeleka nje phezu. Oku kuchaphazela kuphela amanzi okusela. Ngokukhawuleza angemi nitrate phantse zonke iziqhamo kunye nemifuno, ukuba ikwesi ingca ingqolowa, leyo zidliwa imfuyo.

Content wamanzi NH3 and NH4

Amadama njalo iifom ezingaphezu inguqu ziqulathe nitrogen: neetyuwa ze-ammonia, nitrogen albuminoid (organic), nayitrayithi (oxide ityuwa acid) kunye nitrate (nitric ityuwa acid). Konke oku abunjwe kunye ne-nitrogen inkqubo ehlukene, kodwa anikwe ngokugqithisileyo ngazo amanzi. Ngoku ke kufuneka ukuba ukucoca amachibi. Initrogen beze kumaziko onyango ngohlobo nitrogen Nitrate, nitrogen nayitrayithi, ammonia nitrogen ezinxulumene-nitrogen organic. isicwangciso indlu Amanzi amdaka kufuneka enamandla aphantsi izinto ezinjalo, uninzi amadama ithumela shishino.

Ngexesha zokuhlanjululwa umlinganiselo ubunzima zoqhaphelo zonke iintlobo initrogen esoloko itshintsha. Ukwakhiwa amdaka uba omnye sele ngexesha izithuthi kuba urea eziqulathwe emanzini kamasipala kunye inkunkuma yasekhaya, Ngokusebenza kunye iintsholongwane, ukwahlulwa kwazo kwaye yenza ammonium ion. Ubude ayinathungelwano lwesuweji, kokukhona inkqubo iza kuhamba. Ngamanye amaxesha umxholo ion Ammonium isango ukucoca mahlanu milligrams nganye decimeter cc, nto leyo kakhulu kunene.

nitrogen organic

Ingaba initrogen, elakhiwe ngekhaya kwezinto eziphilayo - iiprothini kunye proteids, polipepsidov (iikhompawundi macromolecular), ii-asidi acid, ureas (iikhompawundi emolekyuli ephantsi), amine, amides. Yonke imveliso zomgquba, kwakunye ne-nitrogen, engena emanzini amdaka, emva koko initrogen benithobele ammoniation. nitrogen komgquba amdaka zininzi, maxa wambi kube kamashumi asixhenxe ekhulwini zonke initrogen. Kodwa ammoniation ngenxa kwi indlela eya kwindawo yokucocwa kwesuweji kuza akukho ngaphezulu kwe pesenti ezilishumi elinesihlanu initrojeni organic.

Ngaphezu koko sele kukho kukho unyango ezenziwe eziphilayo. Isigaba sokuqala - nitrification, ngamanye tshintsho initrogen ngenxa iintlobo ezithile ezincinane apho nitrogen Ammonium leyo oxidized ibe nitrate ion kunye ion nayitrayithi. Intsholongwane Nitrifying ayikwazi ukoyika - kangakanani iimeko zangaphandle ziyivela kakhulu kwaye lula bedinga. Kodwa nitrate ukuba ukuwa kweli dama, nisingise ekufeni kwakhe, ngenxa yokuba izizathu yokuza- elisemagqabini ezahlukeneyo microflora. Kungenxa yoko le nto ecosystem nitrate kuyimfuneko ukurhoxisa.

Nitrites kunye nitrate

Ukuba amanzi amdaka ukuze angene phakathi emhlabeni, i-nitrogen Ammonium phantsi kweempembelelo iintsholongwane ezithile kuqala atshintshelwe nayitrayithi uze emva koko nitrate. Ukuxhaphaka kunye nesiqulatho ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo kuxhomekeke kwiimeko apho ezidityaniswe ngexesha kokufumana nitrogen ekhoyo emhlabeni, uze umzimba ngamanzi.

Ngexesha yezikhukula lwee- iintlobo kweziphilayo yayo kakhulu linyuke kuba iintsalela organic Sendizihlambile kude ukusuka kumphezulu womhlaba, kwaye ehlotyeni zanciphisa kakhulu, ngenxa yokuba kukho "ukutya" kwiintlobo ngeentlobo eziphilayo zasemanzini. Nitrites - ifomu Intermediate ze ammonium igcwala, sizama ukuba nitrate. Emanzini zendalo, nitrate ngokuqhelekileyo ayikho kakhulu, ukuba akuyi kwenzeka ukuthoba izichumisi evela emasimini.