Imigaqo-jikelele yokusetyenziswa kwendlela yangaphantsi

Indawo yokuzalwa yendlela entsha yokuthutha yayiyiLondon. Yilo mzi oye wazisa imithetho eyisiseko yokusetyenziswa. I-metropolitan, esiyibona namhlanje, yaqala imbali yayo kwi-1850 ekude.

Ukususela kwingxaki ukuya kwingcamango

Phakathi kwekhulu le-XIX kwikomkhulu laseBrithani enkulu yabonakala ingxaki yokuhamba kwabagibeli. Ngaloo xesha, inani labahlali lifikelele kwizigidi ezimbini kwaye kwakukho imeko ebaluleke kakhulu yokuhamba. Kwakudingeka ukuba kufinyeleleke ngokukhawuleza nomsebenzi walabo bantu ababehlala ngaphandle kwesixeko nakwiindawo ezikude.

Ngelo xesha, izitimela zaphuhliswa ngokukodwa ngempumelelo. Ekulahlweni kweLondon kwakukho izitishi ezintandathu, ezazisemaphandleni. Kwakukho isikhululo esinye kwindawo. Kodwa le mali ayinelanga ngokwenza ukuhamba kakuhle. Izitimela ezininzi ezitratweni zentlanzi zinqatshelwe ukwakha. Oku kunokuphazamisa ukwakhiwa okubalulekileyo kwimbali kunye nesibheno se-esthétique. Oku kwakhokelela ekubeni umgca ongapheliyo wabaqeqeshi kunye namagagagagubha wenza ukuba iindawo zithandwa kakhulu kwiindawo zithandwa kakhulu.

Cwangcisa u kwenene

Ingxaki yaxazululwa ngo-1863. Kwakuloo ndlela kweso sithuthi savela. NgoJanuwari 10, yaqalisa umgca wokuqala. Ubude balo buyiikhilomitha ezili-6. Kwakuyimpumelelo kwinkalo yokuthutha - ihlabathi elitsha apho kwakukho imithetho yokusetyenziswa. Ngokukhawuleza i-Metropolis yayidume kakhulu.

Injiniya esuka eFransi, uMarko Brunel, ngowe-1818, waqulunqa ityhuse. Ngokunceda bakhela i-tunnel phantsi koMlambo iThames. Ingcamango yalolu qulunqo yenze ukuthutha ngaphantsi komhlaba.

Kwangexesha elide ukwakhiwa kwahlelwa. Ngexesha lokwakha imigca, izindlu ezininzi zachithwa. Isitrato sagcinwa ezitalatweni apho umsebenzi wenziwa khona.

Le projekthi yayithunywe nguMetropolitan Railways, ogama lakhe liguqulela ngokuthi "i-Metropolitan Railways". Leli gama lisetyenzisiweyo namhlanje kumazwe amaninzi ehlabathini ukukhetha olu hlobo lothutho. Okuthakazelisayo kukuba, iBritani ngokwayo yabiza i-metro igama "ngaphantsi komhlaba". Ngentetho yokuhlangana, igama elithi "tjub", oko kukuthi, "ipayipi" isetyenziswa rhoqo.

I-metro yaseLondon yaqala ukusuka kwizikhululo ezisixhenxe. Izitimela ziqhutywe yintambo yokuhamba. Ukuphuphuma umoya kwakungalunganga ngoko. Ngoko ke, umsi uhleli kwiimoto, i-soot yazalisa imigudu. I-Chadi ibumnyama ukukhanya kwebala. Kodwa oku akuzange kuvimbe iqela lokusebenza ukuba lingayi kwi-metro.

Ukusabalalisa emhlabeni jikelele

Nangona kunjalo, icebo lichanekile. Ezi zothutho zihamba ngokukhawuleza kuneenqwelo zeenqwelo kwaye zingenazo iimoto. Ngomnyaka wokuqala, isitimela sabathwala abantu abayizigidi ezili-9,5. Ngaphezulu, eli nani landa. Emva koko, indlela yokusebenza, ixabiso leetitikiti kunye nemithetho ejwayelekile yokusebenzisa isitimela sashintsha.

Iingcamango zaseLondon zamkelwa ngamanye amaninzi. Ngowe-1868, isitratato savuleka eNew York. Emva koko i-initiative yathathwa yiChicago. IYurophu ayizange igule emva kwayo. Emva kwe-capital yaseBrithani, indlela yeso sitima yenziwe eBudapest, eParis naseBerlin.

Ukuthutha okulula nokukhawulezayo kubonakala kwintsimi ye-USSR ngo-1935. Hlonipha ukuvula i-metro yokuqala eya eMoscow. Eminye imigwaqo engaphantsi komhlaba yafakwa eLeningrad, eKiev kunye nezixeko ezilishumi ezikhulu. Amagunya aseSoviet anike imvume yokwakha kuphela kwezo ndawo apho kwakhiwa khona ukwakhiwa koqoqosho. Ngokuqhelekileyo ezi zizixeko ezinabantu abangaphezu kwezigidi ezi-1.

Igama elithi "ngaphantsi komgwaqo" lafakwa ngokusasazwa ngumlobi uMaxim Gorky. Leli gama lalibonakala ngezihlandlo eziliqela kwenye yemisebenzi yakhe. Ukuqokwa okulula nokulula kwe-metro yathandana nabemi base-USSR. Se benzisa kunye nabahlali.

Inkcazo yekota

Ngokuqhelekileyo, eli thutho linemithetho efanayo yokusetyenziswa. Umzila ongaphantsi kwesidla ngokuqhelekileyo ungumlambo ongaphantsi komhlaba. Iiparitha kunye nobukhulu buhluka ukusuka kwilizwe elizweni. Izinto eziphambili zeenkqubo zilandelayo: ukusetyenziswa kwe-electrical traction, ishedyuli esigxina, isantya sokunyakaza kunye nenani elikhulu labagibeli. Ubude belayini buyahluka. Ngokomzekelo, e-Israel indlela ibelwe i-2 km, kanti e-New York i-mileage i-1300.

Nangona i-metro ibonakala ifana nesitimela, luhlobo oluthe ngqo lwezothutho apho imithetho yalo isebenza khona. Abaninzi babo banengqiqo enengqiqo kunye nebali elibalulekileyo. Uninzi lweemfuno zaqulunqwa zaza zaphunyezwa kwilizwe lakwa-tunnels - eLondon.

Imithetho ebalulekileyo

Kukho imithetho efanelekileyo yokusetyenziswa. I-metropolitan ingaba yingozi kubagibeli xa kwenzeka ukungathobeli. Akunqunyelwe ukuhamba emva komgca ophuzi. Kungokungagcinwa kwalo mgaqo ukuba izingozi ezininzi zixhunyiwe. Ngokuqhelekileyo, oku kuphulwa kwenzeka ngokuzithandela, ngenjongo yokuzibulala. Umgca wecala, ujikelezwe ngopende oluphuzi, unokuwela emva kokuba isitimela siphelile ngokupheleleyo.

Xa iingcango zivulekile, kufanelekile ukuvumela abagibeli abafikile bafike baze bafake imoto. Kwizothutho akuvunyelwe ukukhwela ukuya ekuphumeni. Kufuneka uhambe emnyango ukuze ungaphazamisi abanye abantu. Ukuze ukhuseleko lwakho, kufuneka ubambelele kwizandla.

Ukumisa kwakho, kufuneka ulungiselele kwangaphambili, kungekhona emva kwesaziso. Kungcono ukuqokelela izinto kwaye uhambele kwiziko ngokukhawuleza, kunokuba kuphazamisekile.

Ukuziphatha ngokubanzi

Imithetho yokusebenzisa i- metro eMoscow, iSt. Petersburg okanye esinye isixeko isoloko ifana. Umgibeli kufuneka aziphathe ngokuzimeleyo aze aziphathe kakuhle. Indawo yayo kukunika abantu abadala, abantu abangenabungozi, oomama nabasetyhini abanezingane ezizayo. Nakuphi na ukuphazamiseka okanye imeko ezingaqhelekanga ezinokulimaza ubomi beebhegi kufuneka zixelelwe kumqhubi.

Musa ukudala iimeko ezinokuthintela abanye abagibeli ukuba bahambe ngokukhululeka. Enye into evimbela ukungabi nasibopho kwisikhululo.

Kwimoto kuyimfuneko ukugcina umyalelo nokuziphatha ngokuzimeleyo nangokufanelekileyo. Kuzo zonke, kukho imithetho efanayo yokusebenzisa umzila ongaphantsi: iMinsk, eMoscow okanye eKiev, akunandaba. Abagibeli abavumelekile ukuba babonakale kwindawo yokusela utywala okanye utywala. Awukwazi ukusela utywala ngaphantsi komgwaqo.

Kubalulekile ukulandela nokubonakala kwazo. Kwiingubo kunye nemithwalo, ekwazi ukuphazamisa abantu endaweni kunye nakwindawo, awukwazi ukungena.

Kukho ukuvinjelwa kakhulu ukutshaya kwizithuthi zikawonkewonke. Ngoko omnye u-cigarette butt ngoNovemba ka-1987 wabangela umlilo omkhulu kwisikhululo sezakhiwo zaseLondon. Wabulala abantu abangama-31.

Izinto zobuqu

Ukuthuthuzelwa kwabasebenzisi, kukho imingcele ethile kwimilinganiselo yomthwalo. Iingxowa ezinkulu aziyikuphazamisa kuphela abanye abagibeli, kodwa kuya kuba yingxaki kuwe. Nangona kunjalo, ulawulo luyakuvumela ukuthutha iibhayisikili ezifakwe. Namahhala ungangena kunye nomqhubi wesana kunye nesihlalo sabakhubazekile.

Imithetho yokusetyenziswa kwendlela yokuhamba ngomgwaqo eSt. Petersburg, eMoscow, eSamara nakwezinye iidolophu zivumela ukuthuthwa kwezilwanyana zezilwanyana ukuba zikwimeko ekhethiweyo okanye iibhegi. Amalungelo afumana iinja ezikhokelayo ukuba zinegundane, i-leash kunye nomqondiso okhethekileyo.

Ngendlela ehamba ngomgwaqo, unokuthutha izixhobo zomculo, izikhwama, izilwanyana, abahambahambayo, izixhobo zasegadi, izixhobo zokuloba xa kwenzeka ukuba ubungakanani babo abugqithise imimiselo esekelwe kuloliwe. Apha, abathengi bakhumbule ukuba imithwalo enjalo ingabangela ukuzakala kwabo kunye nabamelwane.

Isiseko sokuthuthuzeleka

Ukhuseleko lokuhamba luxhomeke kakhulu kubagibeli ngokwabo. Imilinganiselo yehlabathi iyahluka kancinci ukusuka kwabasekhaya. Kukho imithetho ekhethekileyo yokusetyenziswa kweMetro Metro (kunye ne-metro yezinye iidolophu). Akuvumelekile ukuba uphume endleleni. Awukwazi ukubeka okanye ukuphosa kwimizila yezinto. Bangabangela umonakalo kwimoto.

Musa ukuphazamisa ukuvula nokuvala iingcango. Ukuba umgibeli uye waphawula oku kunye nezinye izenzo ezingekho mthethweni, unyanzelekile ukuba abike ukuphulwa kolawulo. Ngaphandle kwesidingo sokungaphazamisi inkokheli.

Awukwazi ukuthumela intengiso kwiindonga zemoto. Ukurhweba kunye neminye imisebenzi yokurhweba kwimimandla yemimandla inqatshelwe ngaphandle kwamaphepha afanayo.

Ungakhathaleli nje ngeentuthuzelo zakho, kodwa nangakumbi uxolo lwabanye abantu. Musa ukuphulaphula umculo ngaphandle kweefowuni. Ukuba unemithwalo, yifake ukuze iphazamise ukuhamba kwabanye abagibeli. Musa ukubeka isikhwama endaweni yakho kunye nalapho umntu onokuhlala khona.

Phantsi kolawulo

Ukwephulwa komgibeli kwemithetho yokusebenzisa umzila ongasemva komgwaqo uhlawuliswa ngokusemthethweni. Ngamanye amanyathelo aqalisiweyo ahloselwe ukuqinisekisa ukhuseleko lwabemi ngokwabo.

Abathengi abavunyelwe ukungena kwizakhiwo ngokwabo, ezijoliswe kuphela ngabasebenzi. Kwakhona, kwezinye izitishi okanye kwi-metro, ividiyo kunye nokuthunjwa kwezithombe kunqatshelwe ngokupheleleyo. Abantu bafanele bakhumbule ukuba kubo ephantsi komhlaba ukwenzela ukukhusela, ukuhlolwa kungenziwa rhoqo ngekhefu kunye neekhamera ezifihliweyo nezivulekileyo.

Kwakhona, akukho zikhumba zerhasi kwizikhululo ngamnye. Lo msebenzi wenyathelo okhusela izenzo zongxowa-mthetho. Ukuba ubona isikhwama okanye ibhokisi emotweni okanye kumgangatho wesitishi, kwaye umnini akakho, ukuthotyelwa komthetho kufuneka kwaziswe malunga nalokhu.

Imodi yokusebenza

Ngokuqhelekileyo ukuthutha okunjalo kusebenza ukusasa kusasa kuze kuhlwe. Okwangoku, imigaqo esemqoka yokusetyenziswa. I-Petersburg Metro ingasetyenziselwa ukusuka kwi-5.45 ukuya kwi-0.10, kwi-capital, itshintshe abagibeli ukusuka ngo-6 ukuya ku-1 ekuseni. E-Samara ivala iyure ngaphambili. Ngexesha leeholide, imodi yokusebenza ingatshintshwa. Abasebenzi besakhiwo baziswa malunga noku kwangaphambili.

Umrhumo ngowamaziko ahlawulwayo. Ngaphandle kwabo bantu banenzuzo ethile. Iingxowa ezinkulu kunye nempahla yempahla kufuneka uhlawule ngakumbi, njengendawo eyahlukileyo. Omnye umgibeli uyavunyelwa ukuthatha isihlalo esinye esongezelelweyo. Ikhadi kunye netikiti azivumeli ukuthwala izinto zehhala. Abantwana abangaphantsi kweminyaka engama-7 bangahamba ngaphandle kwetikiti.

Ukuze kube lula ukuhamba kwabagibeli namhlanje - ukuyeka imoto. Imigaqo yokusebenzisa ukupaka indawo yokupaka kufuphi nesitishi se-metro kufuneka yaziwe ngabaqhubi.

MiGangatho yokuPhatha

Kukho iimeko ezithile zokusetyenziswa kwamagqabi. Yima kwinqanawa ngobuso kwinqanaba le-tape. Xa uhambisa, kufuneka ubambelele kumzila womzila. Xa umzila uphelile, kufuneka uhambe ngokukhawuleza kwiplatifomu, ukuze ungaphazamisi abantu abasemva kwakho.

Xa ukuhamba kwamakhasimende kunkulu, uba kwi-escalator kunye nolawulo oluchanekileyo lweqela. Ingqalelo ekhethekileyo iyadingeka ngabantwana abancinci. Ngexesha lokuthutha isandla sabo akufanele sikhululwe. Kungcono ukubamba umntwana ezandleni zakhe.

Umthwalo okhwela eceleni kwakho akufanele ushiywe ungalindelanga. Ingxowa akufanele ikhutshwe. Kufuneka uyiphakamise emva kokuphela komzila.

Awukwazi ukushiya izinto zakho zingacatshangwanga. Kuba ukhuseleko lwabo aluhlangabezane noMoscow, okanye iSt. Petersburg, okanye iMetrola Metro. Imithetho yokusetyenziswa ibonisa ukuba kufuneka ulandele izinto ezibalulekileyo ozihambisayo.

Kwimihlaba enobungozi

Ngokuqhelekileyo kwiindawo ezinjalo, amasela asebenza. Basebenzisa ukungathobeli kwabantu kwaye beba imali kunye neefowuni kwiifokethi zabo. Ngokuqhelekileyo ugqithiso luya kuthatha iselula ngokukhawuleza emva kokushiya esitratweni. Kukho lula ukubenza kubo, kuba akukho nethiwekhi kwinqanawa, kwaye abagibeli bacela umnxeba ngokukhawuleza xa beza phezulu. Ngoko babonisa apho ifowuni yafihla khona.

Imoto emininzi ayinakuxhotyiswa ngumoya womoya, ngoko ihlobo lehlobo lishisa apho. Ukuze kulungele ukufudumala ngokutsha, ulawulo lucebisa ukuthabatha amanzi amanzi kunye nabo.

Ekubeni kungekho zibanki kummandla we-metro, kuyafaneleka ukugcina ucoceko kwaye ungalahli udoti phantsi kweenyawo zakho.

Imithetho yokusetyenziswa kwe-metro yaseSt. Petersburg, i-metro metro kunye nokuthuthwa koluntu ngaphantsi kweendawo zihlala zifana kwaye zihluke kuphela kwiinkcukacha. Nangona kunjalo, ngaphambi kokuba ungene emgwaqweni, kuyafaneleka kwakhona ukuba ufunde ngokucophelela imigaqo esemqoka yokuziphatha kule ndawo.