Imbali nokufota eRashiya. iifoto Okokuqala neekhamera

Umnqweno ukufaka amaxesha ebomini, zisenzeka nomntu okanye ihlabathi ngeenxa zonke kuye, wayesoloko ekho. Oku kwakhona le mifanekiso iliwa, kwaye arts. Kule mizobo lamagcisa ngokukodwa wakwazisa nocoselelo iinkcukacha, ukukwazi ukuba zifake into ngokwembono entle, ukukhanya, lihlaleni umbala palette, amathunzi. Ngokuba imisebenzi enjalo aphela rhoqo wathabatha iinyanga zomsebenzi. Yiyo le umnqweno, kwaye umnqweno ukunciphisa ixesha yaye yaba negalelo indalo le fomu art, ngathi ifoto.

Kokufika ukufota

Kwinkulungwane IV BC uAristotle, umphengululi odumileyo of Greece yamandulo, waphawula into ukwazi ukuba ukukhanya ukuba kuhluzeka umngxuma omncinane shutter ye window, uphindaphinde amathunzi phezu kodonga ungabona guyz mhlaba ngaphandle window.

Ngaphezu koko, xa azibhala izazinzulu abavela kumazwe Arab iqalisa ukuba uthunyelwe ibinzana camera obscura, ngokoqobo elithetha "igumbi emnyama." Oku kwaba isixhobo ngohlobo ibhokisi kunye umngxuma ngaphambili, esebenzisa apho oko kunokwenzeka ukwenza uhlikihlo kusekho lifes kunye nenkangeleko. Kamva ngcono bhokisi, ngokubonelela iihafu uhambisa kunye ilens, eyenza kube lula fokusatsiyu umfanekiso.

Ngenxa iimpawu ezintsha, umfanekiso Yaya icaca kakhulu, kwaye isixhobo ubizwa ngokuba "igumbi ukukhanya", oko kukuthi, ikhamera lucina. ubuchwepheshe elula eye wavumela ukuba bafunde ukukhangela indlela Arkhangelsk phakathi lwekhulu XVII. Ngoncedo lwabo, ithuba lomzi sele ukhutshiwe, isoloko ichanile.

Amanqanaba ekukhuleni ukufota

Kwinkulungwane XIX nguJoseph Niepce yaqanjwa ngendlela ukufota, koko wathi photogravure. Ukuthatha le ndlela senzeka kwelanga eliqaqambileyo yaye baqhubeka de iiyure ezisi-8. umongo wayo ngolu hlobo lulandelayo:

• wathabatha ipleyiti yesinyithi oko isale lacquer bituminous.

• I-plate phantsi sesichengeni ngqo ukukhanya okuqaqambileyo, ngenxa apho ivanishi ayichithwanga. Kodwa le nqubo iye akulingani kwakuxhomekeke amandla yokukhanya kuyo nganye kwezi sayithi.

• Ngoko ke pleyiti ziphathwe sijike.

• Emva Acid azilibale.

Ngenxa yoko, zonke zazo kwenzeka uncedo, ipateni wakrola nomqathane. Inqanaba elilandelayo ebalulekileyo kuphuhliso ukufota eli daguerreotype. Igama indlela yakhe ukufumana igama umsunguli layo Louis Jacques mande Daguerre, owaba nako ukufumana umfanekiso epleyitini yesilivere, aphathwe kunye nomphunga iodine.

Le ndlela ilandelayo calotypy kusungulwe Genri Talbotom. Okuhle kule ndlela uyakwazi ukwenza iikopi zale mfanekiso mnye, mvisiswano leyo, kwelinye icala, ivezwa kwiphepha buzane netyuwa yesilivere.

I omaziyo lokuqala kunye ubugcisa yemifanekiso Russia

Imbali nokufota Russian sele usenza ngaphezu kweminyaka engamashumi amahlanu. Kwaye eli bali izele iziganeko ezahlukeneyo kunye namanqaku anika umdla. Ngenxa abantu belizwe lethu ivuleleke ubugcisa ukufota, sinako ukubona Russia ngokusebenzisa bemilo ixesha, ezifana njengoko kwakunjalo kwiminyaka emininzi eyadlulayo.

Imbali yemifanekiso Russia iqala 1839. Kwaba lelo xesha ke ilungu le-Russian Academy of Sciences J. Hamel waya eBritani, apho badibana calotypy indlela, uyifundisise ngokweenkcukacha. Emva koko wathumela inkcazelo eneenkcukacha. Kwaye ke Iifoto yokuqala esithathwe calotypy indlela zifunyenwe, ezo nangoku zigcinwe Academy of Sciences isixa lamaqhosha 12. Xa imifanekiso kukho isiginitsha Umsunguli indlela, Talbot.

Emva koko, e-France Hamel uqhelene Daguerre, oze wazimela phantsi kwesikhokelo yena wenza ezinye ipali. Academy of Sciences, ngoSeptemba 1841, kuye kwafunyanwa ileta evela Hamel, apho, ngokutsho kwakhe, lwaba lolokuqala, kunye Photo indalo. Made in Paris kwi ifoto - ngokomzekeliso ababhinqileyo.

Emva koko, ubugcisa ukufota eRashiya ekuqaleni ukuze kuzuze amandla iyakhula ngokukhawuleza. Kwi-XIX kunye XX iinkulungwane abafoti of Russia waqalisa ilungelo jikelele ukuba athathe inxaxheba kwimiboniso photo kunye ezithengiswa yiklasi ngamazwe, ezafumana amabhaso zindala kunye amabhaso, kuba ubulungu kwi noluntu.

indlela Talbot

Imbali yemifanekiso eRashiya yaphuhliswa umbulelo kubantu sinomdla ngendlela entsha zobugcisa. Ngoko Yuliy Fedorovich Fritsshe, lo yingcaphephe ngezityalo odumileyo Russian yemichiza. It balufunda Talbot indlela lokuqala kukufumana engalunganga iphepha photosensitive kwalandelwa ukuyiprinta kuxwebhu iphathwa kunye neetyuwa zesilivere wabonakalaliswa kwelanga.

Fritzsche wathabatha iifoto yokuqala calotypy-yezityalo amagqabi, waza ke waya akadama of Sciences eSt Petersburg ngoMeyi 1839, kunye nengxelo. Kuyo wathi ukuba ndlela calotypy afanelekileyo imprinting izinto Planar. Umzekelo, indlela ilungiselelwe ngokufanelekileyo ukuthatha imifanekiso zesityalo yoqobo nge ngendlela eziyimfuneko ukuze Botany.

Igalelo J. Fritzsche

Ngenxa Fritzsche imbali yemifanekiso eRashiya wathabatha inyathelo umganyana; yena wangxamela ukuba endaweni sodium giposulfat, eyasetyenziswa ukuphuhlisa Talbot umfanekiso, kuba ammonia ngaphezu calotypy zaphuculwa kakhulu, ukuphucula umgangatho umfanekiso. Kwakhona uJulius Fedorovich waba ngowokuqala kweli lizwe kunye enye yokuqala ehlabathini, owenza uphando nokufota nobugcisa lokushicilela.

Alexey Grekov and "cabin ubugcisa"

Imbali ukufota eRashiya waqhubeka, kwaye oku kulandelayo igalelo kuphuhliso yayo yenziwa yi Alexey Grekov. EMoscow Umsunguli kunye wokukrola, waba iinkosi yokuqala Russian of nokufota kakuhle calotypy kunye daguerreotypes. Kwaye ukuba ubuza umbuzo wokuba yintoni iikhamera yokuqala eRashiya, kuba kukuyilwa Grekov, "igumbi ubugcisa", abaya kuthathelwa ingqalelo ngolo hlobo.

Ikhamera yokuqala, wadala ngowe-1840, likuvumela ukuba wenze ezikumgangatho ophezulu, kunye nemifanekiso ngobude ndikho ezihle akunguye abaninzi ukuzama ukufezekisa ngenxa abafoti. AmaGrike basungula isitulo kunye mfuma ezikhethekileyo inkxaso intloko izithombe, evumela ukuba ningadinwa ngexesha kokuhlala ixesha elide, nokugcina indawo esisigxina. Kwaye kubakho umntu esitulweni saba ixesha elide: 23 imizuzu elangeni eqaqambileyo kwaye ngomhla lisibekele - wonke 45.

Grekov inkosi ukufota kuthathwa ukuba eRashiya lokuqala zobugcisa umfoti-portraitist. Azuze imifanekiso ngobude entle wamnceda waza wasungula kubo fotoustroystvo kuqulethe egumbini yamaplanga, apho kungekho kukhanya. Kodwa le bhokisi ukuba kutyunjwe enye kwenye zize zibuyele ndawo. Ibhokisi zangaphezulu inxalenye phambi lens ngayo encamatheleyo, yinto into. Kwi-ngaphakathi ibhokisi plate wayekhawuleza ekukhanyeni. Iphumelele umgama phakathi iibhokisi, oko kukuthi, uzi omnye komnye, okanye ngolunye uhlobo, kwaba lula ukuphumeza umfanekiso sharpness oyifunayo.

Sergeya Levitskogo igalelo

Umntu olandelayo ngalo imbali yemifanekiso eRashiya waqhubeka ukuphuhlisa ngokukhawuleza, waba Sergei Levitsky. Xa kwimbali nokufota Russian baba dagerroptipy Pyatigorsk kunye Kislovodsk, wenza eCaucasus. Njengoko ngokunjalo imbasa yegolide i lomboniso zobugcisa eParis, apho wathumela imifanekiso nomlo.

Sergey Levitsky uye phambili kule abafoti, Ingakwabo baqhutywa ukutshintsha zimo zokuhombisa zokufota. Kwakhona isigqibo ukuphumeza ngobude retouching kunye negatives ukuze unciphise okanye ngokupheleleyo ukususa iziphako zobugcisa, ukuba zikhona.

Levitsky wemka eItali ngo-1845, isigqibo kuphakanyiswe izinga lolwazi nezakhono ebaleni daguerreotype. Wenza imifanekiso baseRoma, kuquka iifoto elichaza amagcisa Russian ababehlala apho. Kwaye ngo-1847, iza kunye ikhamera kunye uboya yokusonga, isicelo kule uboya evela ikhodiyani. Innovation ukuba ikhamera ukuba mobile ngakumbi, nto leyo bachaphazeleka kakhulu ukwanda kwamathuba nokufotwa.

Wabuyela eRashiya Sergey Levitsky sele umfoti yobungcali, wavula eSt Petersburg daguerreotype eyakho workshop "ukupeyinta Ukukhanya". Xa Kwakhona ivula evenkileni eneencwadi owayesisityebi eni abaculi Russian, ababhali kunye namanani oluntu. Ufundo ubuchule ukufota, yena angazishiyi, nokuqhubeka ukufunda empirically ukusetyenziswa isibane sombane kuhlanganiswa kunye ilanga kunye nempembelelo yayo imifanekiso.

trace Russian kufota

Yobugcisa, mongameli ukufota, abayili kunye izazinzulu ukusuka eRashiya baye benza igalelo elikhulu kwimbali nokufota kunye nophuhliso. Ngokomzekelo, phakathi wabaseki iindidi ezintsha ze khamera eyaziwa iifani Russian ngokuba Sreznevsky, Ezuchevsky, Karpov, Kurdyumov.

Nkqu Dmitri Ivanovich Mendeleev ithabathe inxaxheba, benza iingxaki ithiyori kwaye bobuqili photos mveliso. Kwaye kunye Sreznevsky bema imvelaphi zesebe lokufota kwi-Russian Technical Society.

Eyaziwa impumelelo iinkosi eliqaqambileyo nokufota Russian, nabanako ngebande elinye kunye Levitsky, Andreya Denera. Nguye uMdali yelicwecwe yokuqala kunye eni abadumile izazinzulu, oogqirha, abahambi, ababhali kunye namagcisa. A photographer Alexander Karelin kwazeka lonke elaseYurophu, waya imbali ukufota njenge umseki yesaveyi kwabendlu uhlobo.

Uphuhliso yemifanekiso Russia

Inzala kufota ekupheleni kwenkulungwane XIX liye landa kungekuphela phakathi iingcali kodwa phakathi kwabantu abaqhelekileyo. Kwaye kwiminyaka 1887, wakhululwa "Bulletin zokufota" iphephancwadi, apho ulwazi lwaqokelelwa ngokumiselwa, ezaqanjwa imichiza, iindlela iifoto processing, iinkcukacha theoretical component.

Kodwa phambi kokuba revolution eRashiya ukuzibandakanya kufota yokuluka iye zifumaneka kuphela inani elincinane labantu, ngenxa yokuba phantse namnye nabasunguli ikhamera akuzange kwenzeke ukuba bazivelise okanye bazenze ngendlela engazange mveliso.

Ngowe-1919, V. I. Lenin wakhupha umthetho ukususa ishishini lokufota phantsi kolawulo Abantu Commissariat, yaye ngowe-1929 baqalisa ukwenza izinto ukukhanya-ethe negative, koko babe ifumaneke kubo bonke. Kwaye ke ikhamera zazingenela "Photocor" ivela ngo-1931.

Indima iinkosi Russian, emihle, nabasunguli kuphuhliso nokufota enkulu kwaye ithatha indawo ofaneleyo kwimbali ehlabathini kufota.