Intetho loya. Intetho nokucinga ngayo umntwana. zhan Piazhe

Lo mkhuba yokuthetha loya komntwana ngocoselelo yaye ngokufuthi kuxoxwe ngazo bengqondo. Ukuba sithethe ngayo intetho nakanye, yabeka iinkalo zangaphandle, zangaphakathi kunye novakalelo lokuqonda koluntu. Ngoko ke, ukuze uqonde ukuba yintoni na umntwana ecinga, into ke ngaphakathi, kufuneka sinikele ingqalelo kwintetho yakhe.

Abanye abazali baqale nexhala xa kid yabo uthi akazalani phakathi intsingiselo yamagama, ngokungathi mindlessly ephindaphinda bonke ukuba umntu weva. Kunokuba ahlale ngokukhululeka xa uzama uku bana phandle ukuba utsho ngani okanye lizwi, yaye nje umntwana ukukuchaza. Okanye xa umntwana ethetha ukuba interlocutor, ngokungathi iludonga, ngamanye amazwi, phantse naphi na, yaye ngaphandle kokulinda ukuba nayiphi na impendulo, singasathethi ukuqonda. Abazali iingcinga malunga nophuhliso usana lwabo xa ukuphazamiseka kwengqondo kunye neengozi ukufihla phantsi kohlobo oluthile intetho.

Yintoni na le ntetho loya, ngokwenene? Kunye nokuba Ungakhathazeki xa uphawula iimpawu zayo umntwana wakho?

Yintoni intetho loya?

Omnye izazinzulu bokuqala wachitha ixesha elininzi ixesha lokwenza uphando intetho loya nabantwana babantwana, wavula le ngcamango, waba Zhan Piazhe - ngengqondo evela eSwitzerland. Waba inkolelo yakhe kule ndawo kwaye baqhuba uthotho experimenti ebandakanya abantwana abancinane.

Ngokutsho ngeziphumo zakhe, omnye wabonakala ezicacileyo lwangaphandle kwezithuba loya wawusengcingeni umntwana kanye le ntetho loya. Yobudala apho kakhulu ngokuqhelekileyo wazibona - ukususela kwiminyaka emithathu ukuya kwemihlanu. Kamva, ngokutsho Piaget, le meko liyalahleka phantse ngokupheleleyo.

Yintoni na eyahlukileyo ngale yokuziphatha evela intetho umntwana kwesiqhelo? intetho loya - ukuba uthetha bengqondo, ingabhekiswa ngokwakhe. Xa abantwana, oko kwenzeka ukuba xa kuthethwa ngokuvakalayo, ngaphandle kokubhenela nakubani na, zibuze lo mbuzo kwaye abazange Ungakhathazeki ngalo musa ukufumana impendulo kubo.

I kanye self-centeredness ichazwe bengqondo njengoko kugxininiswa neminqweno zobuqu, iinjongo, amava, ukungabikho zoqhelwaniso nekhosi kumava abanye abantu yaye zonke iimpembelelo zangaphandle. Noko ke, ukuba umntwana wakho bayiqaphela le meko, musani ukuphakuzela, akukho mfuneko. icaca kakhulu kwaye ngeke eyoyikekayo kwindawo ingqalelo inzulu yophando kwengqondo e kule ndawo.

Development kunye nokufunyenweyo Zhana Piazhe

Zhan Piazhe encwadini "Speech and yokucinga umntwana 'izama ukutyhila impendulo yombuzo oko kufuneka ukuzama ukuhlangabezana umntwana, ukuthetha kuye. Ngethuba lokwenza uphando, weza kwizigqibo eziliqela umdla, kodwa omnye iimpazamo zakhe Kuluvo ukuba ukuqondwa ngokupheleleyo uhlalutyo ezaneleyo umfanekiso iingcinga umntwana yedwa intetho yakhe amazwi abonisa ngqo isenzo. Kamva, ezinye iisayikholojisti ndikhanyele imfundiso eso, kwaye isenzeko kolwimi loya kunxibelelwano abantwana kwacaca nzulu.

Xa Piaget uphando lo mbandela, kuba wayesithi ukuba abantwana, njengoko, eneneni, yaye abadala, akukho nje ukunxibelelana izimvo, kodwa kumele neminye imisebenzi. Ekuhambeni uphando ukuhlola okwenziwa kwi "Indlu nabantwana," UJean-Jacques Rousseau ne Jean Piaget wakwazi ukumisela iindidi ezisebenzayo zentetho abantwana. Ngexesha nyanga, thina amanqaku olunzulu kunye eneenkcukacha oko athi umntwana ngamnye. Emva ukuphathwa kakuhle izinto eziqokelelweyo kwengqondo ziye zachongwa amaqela amabini eziphambili intetho abantwana: intetho loya kunye ayeba.

Yintoni onokumxelela le meko?

intetho loya esibonakaliswa into yokuba, esithi umntwana akanamdla ngubani uyamva kwaye umntu uyayiva kusini. ulwimi loya le fomu, kuqala kwiinto zonke, ngabantwana besithembiso kuphela ababalelwa ngokwam, xa umntwana ayiqalisi uzame ukuqonda kwinqanaba ngenxa interlocutors zabo. Yena kufuneka kuphela umdla kwacaca, nangona inkohliso of ziqondeke, weva, umntwana kusenokwenzeka ukuba babekho. Naye akalingi intetho yakhe ukuba nayiphi na impembelelo umthombo, incoko kuphela ngokwabo.

Iintlobo zentetho loya

Okubangel 'umdla kukuba kwakhona into yokuba, njengoko kuchaziwe yi Piaget, intetho loya ahlulwe ngokweendidi eziliqela, ngamnye ezineempawu ezahlukeneyo:

1. Uphindaphindo lwamagama.
2. Omnye.
3. "Le omnye yabantu ababini."

Ezi ntlobo zolwimi loya abantwana wasebenzisa abantwana phantsi kwimeko ethile kunye neemfuno zabo elifutshane.

Yintoni akaqali?

Ukuphindaphinda (echolalia) uquka uphindaphindo phantse bathi amagama okanye amagama. Usana Akwenzayo kuba kwakholeka evela intetho, akazange uzaziyo ngokupheleleyo ilizwi kwaye alisebenzi nabani na into ephathekayo. Le nto ke izidumbu Ukuphololoza kweentsana kunye awuqulathanga i orientation kancane zentlalo. Kwiminyaka embalwa yokuqala yobomi umntwana uyakuthanda ukuphinda amagama beva, sixelise izandi amalungu, ngokufuthi ngaphandle imali kulo akukho intsingiselo ekhethekileyo. Piaget ikholelwa ukuba olu hlobo yokuthetha ezifanayo ezithile kunye umdlalo, ngenxa yokuba lo mntwana uza kuphinda izandi okanye amagama ngenxa zokuzonwabisa.

Yintoni omnye?

Omnye njengoko intetho kubhidaniswe umntwana incoko kunye naye, njenge iingcinga elikhulu ngokuvakalayo. Olu hlobo intetho akuxhomekekanga mayibhekiswe interlocutor. Kule meko, igama umntwana enxulumene isenzo. Umbhali ichaza le ecacileyo zilandelayo kule, kubalulekile ukuqonda kakuhle monologues womntwana:

• nokwenza, umntwana (nokuba ndingonwabanga) ziye zokuthetha kuhamba umdlalo kunye iintshukumo ezahlukeneyo kunye namagama benamayeyeye;
• behamba amagama izenzo kid uyakwazi ukutshintsha isimo sengqondo kwi intshukumo okanye athethe into ngaphandle apho ayikwazanga yinyaniso.

Yintoni i "omnye kunye '?

"Omnye for Ababini", okwabizwa ngokuba omnye ezihlangeneyo, kananjalo kuchazwe kwezinye iinkcukacha ngemisebenzi Piaget. Umbhali ubhala ukuba igama ifomu uthatha intetho loya yabantwana kusenokubonakala ngandlel eziphikisanayo, kuba njengokuba omnye unako yenziwe kwiincoko mntu? Nangona kunjalo, le meko kaninzi kubonwa kwiincoko abantwana. Oko kubonakala kwinto yokuba ngexesha incoko wonke umntwana incamathela esinye isenzo okanye iingcinga, nto efuna ukuba ngenene, yakuqonda. Ngokutsho interlocutor ukuba umntwana awubi ingqalelo, kuba uhlobo leqela le arhente causative umntu omnye.

Piaget ubiza omnye adibeneyo uhlobo lwentlalo kwiintlobo intetho loya. Emva kokuba usebenzise olu hlobo ulwimi umntwana uthetha nje kuphela yena yedwa, kodwa abanye. Kodwa kwangaxeshanye, abantwana musani ukubaphulaphula kwezi monologues, kuba nazo, ekugqibeleni, ukuba wena - out kid elikhulu ecinga malunga ngezenzo zabo kwaye ijolise ukudlulisela nawuphi na ingcamango ukuya interlocutor.

yakuphikisana nezimvo kwengqondo

Ngokutsho Piaget, umntwana omncinci thina, ngokungafaniyo umntu omdala, ayikho kangako isixhobo konxibelelwano amanyathelo esecaleni imitative. Ukusuka umbono wakhe, umntwana kule minyaka yokuqala yobomi isicelo kwi indawo evaliweyo. Piaget, isekelwe kwinto yokuba intetho lo mntwana loya kuthatha indawo, kwakunye ii-experimenti ezininzi, kuza kwesi sigqibo: Sicinga usana loya, nto leyo ithetha ukuba ucinga kuphela yena, engafuni ukuqonda oko, yaye ningafuni ukuqonda indlela yokucinga interlocutor.

Uphando kunye nezigqibo Lva Vygotskogo

Kamva, eqhuba loo amalinge, abaphandi abaninzi baye wawancamisa ekuhleni nesiphelo uchazwe apha ngasentla Piaget. Umzekelo, Lev Vygotsky - Isazinzulu eSoviet kunye kwengqondo - wagxeka ngokokubona kungenangqiqo Swiss esebenzayo intetho loya komntwana. Iikhosi amalinge zakho, afana nalawo enziwa Zhan Piazhe, weza kwisigqibo ukusa kumkhamo othile ezichasene imvume yokuqala ngengqondo Swiss.

A look entsha kwi isenzeko yokuthetha loya

Phakathi umhlala Vygotsky iinyaniso malunga isenzeko of egocentrism yomntwana kunokwenzeka ukuba ithathele ingqalelo oku kulandelayo:

1. Izinto elibazisa imisebenzi ethile yomntwana (umzekelo, wathabatha ngexesha ngokuzoba iipensile ethile umbala), wamqumbisa intetho loya. umthamo yayo kwezi meko kwandisa phantse kabini.
2. Ukongeza ukwenza imisebenzi kuphela umsebenzi ekhululekile kunye nento yokuba intetho lo mntwana loya idla kunye umdlalo okanye ezinye iindidi zemisebenzi zabantwana, liphinde kungaba ukudlala indima eyahlukileyo. Olu hlobo yokuthetha iquka umsebenzi wemfundo yesicwangciso ukusombulula le ngxaki okanye umsebenzi, abe ngaloo ndlela ekhethekileyo yokucinga.
3. intetho loya sifana kakhulu itakane ngaphakathi le ntetho yengqondo abadala. Bona ukuba zininzi izinto esifana: ubuchule bokucinga, a asisifutshane ikhondo yokucinga, ukungakwazi ukuqonda interlocutor ngaphandle umongo olongezelelweyo. Ngenxa yoko, omnye mpawu ziphambili esi simo ukugqithiselwa yokuthetha inkqubo lokusekwa ukusuka ngaphakathi ngaphandle.
4. Kwiminyaka kamva, ngokungathi loo nto zinyamalale, kodwa uba ukucinga loya - intetho ngaphakathi.
5. umsebenzi Intellectual yale meko ngeke ingqalelo Njengesiphumo esithe ngqo egocentrism yokucinga zabantwana, kuba phakathi la magama, akukho ngokupheleleyo akukho xhulumaniso. Enyanisweni intetho loya ekuqaleni kwi lube uhlobo iindlela ngomlomo ubhaliso nengane yokucinga esengqiqweni.

Njani ukuze uphendule?

Ezi zinto zifunyanisiweyo zibonakala ukuba nengqondo kakhulu ngakumbi ukunceda ukuba ukhathazeke kakhulu ukuba umntwana wakho ubonisa iimpawu iintlobo loya zokunxibelelana. Ngapha koko, le ndlela yokucinga ukuba uthetha ingqalelo kuphela ngokwakho okanye maladjustment zentlalo, ngoko ke akusekho naliphi na ukuphazamiseka kwengqondo ezinkulu, ezifana elithile ngokuphosakeleyo siphambanise kunye wabonakala ngesifo sengqondo. intetho loya i yexeshana isigaba kuphuhliso yokucinga ubhalo komntwana, kwaye ekugqibeleni iba embindini. Ngoko ke, iisayikholojisti abaninzi namhlanje ukuba uhlobo loya intetho kufuneka sizame ukulungisa okanye ukunyanga - kuba ngokuphelele eqhelekileyo.