Iimpawu ze absolutism. Iimpawu ze absolutism bakhanyiselwa. Formation of absolutism eRashiya

Kangangexesha elide kukho ingxoxo malunga iimeko kunye nexesha ukuvela kwi-West, i ukumkani ngokupheleleyo, ngokunxulumene yayo kwiiklasi zentlalo, ingakumbi oongxowankulu, phezu amanqanaba ahlukeneyo wophuhliso lwawo, iimfano neeyantlukwano phakathi lobuzwilakhe Russian kunye absolutism Western, ngokunjalo intsingiselo yayo zembali.

Absolutism (ukusuka kwigama lesiLatini "absolutus" - "unlimited", "elizimeleyo"), okanye ukumkani ngokupheleleyo - yokugqibela intsukaphi kwixesha ngokuvela capitalism kunye sokonakalisa ubudlelwane feudal zenza urhulumente feudal.

iimpawu Absolutism ezi zilandelayo. Intloko karhulumente kucingelwa ukuba owona mthombo uphambili amagunya okuwisa imithetho elilawulayo (le yokugqibela kuthwalelwa phandle iyunithi, ilawulwe). YoMlawuli ilawula kaNondyebo kaRhulumente, ubeka irhafu.

Ezinye iimpawu eziphambili zale nkqubo absolutism - inqanaba eliphezulu lonke likarhulumente phantsi feudalism liqulunqe izixhobo ngokwemimiselo (tax, umbango, njalo njalo). Le yokugqibela kuquka amapolisa kunye nomkhosi ngaphezulu. Eyona uphawu absolutism imi ngolu hlobo lulandelayo: imisebenzi ezingundoqo estate neNgonyama omele izidumbu eziyingqongileyo ilahlekelwa lixabiso layo kunye nezingxi.

neNgonyama Absolute ngokuchasene kubanini feudal njengoko inkxaso yayo ephambili ekuhlaleni yayigqalwa ekhonza yezikhulu. Nakuba kunjalo, ukwenzela ukuqinisekisa ukuzimela kwalo iklasi xa iyonke, abazange lokukhathalela inkxaso sibuye ngexesha bongxowankulu, ingeyiyo igunya, kodwa ngamandla kwezoqoqosho nako ukuchasa imfuno izinduna eyeyabo.

absolutism intsingiselo

Indima absolutism embalini kungabi lula ukuhlola. Kwinqanaba elithile, ookumkani balwa separatism yezikhulu feudal, bayonakalisa iintsalela awayesakuba kukuqhekeka kwezopolitiko, subordinated ibandla karhulumente, ikhuthaze uphuhliso ubudlelwane nkulu ubunye lizwe kwinkalo yezoqoqosho, inkqubo ukuyilwa ithi zesizwe kunye neentlanga. Ukusebenzisa umgaqo-nkqubo mercantilism, baba iimfazwe zorhwebo, exhaswa iklasi entsha - oongxowankulu.

Noko ke, ngokutsho kwezinye abaphandi, lo absolutism yokwenza ukuze kulungelwe bongxowankulu kuphela logama nje kwakunjalo iimfuno wabanumzana, ezafumana ukusuka kuphuhliso loqoqosho kwingeniso irhafu karhulumente (irenti feudal), yande kakhulu, kwakunye imvuselelo ubomi noqoqosho jikelele . Kodwa ukwanda kwezibonelelo kunye namathuba ezoqoqosho ikakhulu kusetyenziswa ukomeleza amandla omkhosi amazwe. Kwafuneka ukuba ukucinezela ezenziweyo ngelo xesha ngomlinganiselo omkhulu iintshukumo ezithandwayo, kwakunye ngolwasemzini ukwanda emkhosini.

Iimpawu absolutism e France

Ziqhelekilyo kwezininzi kumazwe aseYurophu (kunye iinguqulelo ezahlukeneyo) iimpawu absolutism ngoyena ngokucacileyo eziqulathwe eFransi. Apha ekupheleni XV - ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane XVI. baba izinto yokuqala yale fomu karhulumente. Ngemihla Richelieu (kwisithuba ukususela 1624 ukuya 1642 GG.), Owayesakuba umlungiseleli yokuqala uKumkani uLouis XIII, kwaye ingakumbi uLouis XIV (1643-1715 GG.), NeNgonyama Absolute ifikelele incopho yayo. Korol Lyudovik XIV wavakalisa undoqo le fomu urhulumente le nkcazelo elula ilandelayo: "Urhulumente - loo nto mna!".

Absolutism kwamanye amazwe

iimpawu ezithile absolutism eNgilani (ngexesha layo weklasiki, okt ebudeni bolawulo Elizabeth Tudor, 1558-1603 gg.) - Ukulondolozwa kwipalamente ngoku, ukungabikho umkhosi emi kwaye ubuthathaka kukhal entsimini.

ESpeyin, apho ngenkulungwane ye-16 asikwazanga kwenziwa izinto ubudlelane yamaphephandaba, iinkalo eziphambili kumgaqo-nkqubo absolutism bakhanyiselwa ngcembe yaba despotism.

E eJamani, apho ngelo xesha wahlulelana yedwa, ayikho kwisikali kurhulumente, yaye phakathi kwiindawo ezithile izilawuli ezahlukeneyo (njengenkosana absolutism).

Iimpawu eziphambili bakhanyiselwa absolutism uphawu kwamanye amazwe aseYurophu kwisiqingatha sesibini senkulungwane ye-18, kuxoxwa ngezantsi. Olu hlobo karhulumente xa iyonke alubanga efanayo. Iimpawu nemikhuba absolutism eYurophu zixhomekeke kakhulu kwi lulwahlulo imikhosi oohlohlesakhe kunye wabanumzana, izinga nempembelelo kwi-nkqubo we eziqalelo yoohlohlesakhe. Ngokomzekelo, eRashiya, ukumkani Austria, ukuma eziqalelo yoohlohlesakhe yaseJamani yaba eziphantsi kakhulu eFransi eNgilani.

Absolutism eRussia

Formation of absolutism eRashiya zenzeka umdla kakhulu. Abanye abaphengululi bakholelwa ukuba eyamkelweyo 1993 siseko wanika ngumongameli igunya, ezinokufaniswa ngamandla ngokupheleleyo kwesi uPhilip, kunye uhlobo yangoku karhulumente ekuthiwa idemokhrasi lobuzwilakhe. Ziziphi iimpawu eziphambili absolutism, yaye uya kubona ukuba ezi ngcinga azifanelekanga zingenasihlahla. Nangona mhlawumbi kukho abathile ubaxo.

absolutism Russian abazange beze qho kwezentlalo, njengoko eNtshona Yurophu. Ukususela ekujikeni iinkulungwane 17-18 (xa iimpawu ekugqibeleni kuqinisekiswa kobukhosi ingundoqo) kobudlelane yoohlohlesakhe Russian zange ziphuhliswe, kwakungekho ukulingana phakathi wabanumzana kunye noohlohlesakhe.

Formation of absolutism eRashiya waqala ke ibangwa ubukhulu becala iimeko zangaphandle kwezopolitiko, kwaye inkxaso ke ngoko baba ngabafo enye kuphela. Oku inkalo ebalulekileyo absolutism kwilizwe lethu. usongo lwangaphandle njalo sijinga phezu eRashiya, kufuneka urhulumente ngamandla embindini kunye nokwamkelwa ngokukhawuleza izigqibo ezibalulekileyo. Noko ke, ngelo xesha lwaza mkhuba engqongqo. Ngabafo (lawela begazi), ukuba ngamandla kwezoqoqosho, uye wafuna ukuba babe negunya nefuthe lazo ulwamkelo izigqibo ezithile nkqubo, kwakunye ithuba lokuthatha inxaxheba kule nkqubo.

Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ngenye inkalo absolutism eRashiya. Eli lizwe liye laqhubeka ukusebenza ziye izithethe weyisa Veche (okt idemokhrasi), neengcambu enokufumaneka nkqu ngexesha nobomi Novgorod Republic kunye nemeko Old Russian. Bamfumana ibinzana kwi umsebenzi Zemsky Sobor (ukusuka kwiminyaka 1549 ukuya 1653).

Ukususela Kwisiqingatha sesibini 16 kunye nesiqingatha lokuqala kwenkulungwane ye-17 yabalasela umzabalazo phakathi kwezi zimbini eyayikho ntsingiselo lizwe lethu. A ixesha elide, isiphumo kokuyaphula akucaci, ukususela ngoloyiso nokuxuba ogqiba kwelinye icala, ngoko ke omnye. Ebudeni bolawulo Ivan labangcangcazelisi, kwakunye nangexesha lokubhalwa bolawulo Boris Godunov, ibiya kubonakala, iMbasa utyekelo absolutist nalapho ezandleni kumkani ukunika amalungelo amandla eliphezulu. Kodwa ngemihla iiNkathazo nobukumkani uMikhail Romanov (1613-1645 gg.) Umkhuba Ingqongqo namandla, kwaqinisa impembelelo ye Zemsky Sobor kunye Boyar Duma, ngaphandle kabani inkxaso uMikhail Romanov akazange akhuphe umthetho owodwa.

Serfdom kunye absolutism

Ukusekwa serfdom, ukuze kugqityezelwe ngo-1649, yaba zaguquka, apho waphumelela utyekelo absolutist. Emva kokuba ekugqibeleni ndakutywina ngokusemthethweni, zithandwa wajika ixhomekeke ngokupheleleyo kurhulumente kazwelonke, bemelwe yi kumkani. Yena wayengomnye imikhosi ukuqinisekisa ukubusa buhlile abalimi, ukuba ekuthobeleni yokugqibela.

Kodwa imbuyekezo, zithandwa kwanyanzeleka ukuba balahle amabango inxaxheba yabucala kurhulumente kwaye iqondwe umkhonzi kumkani. Oku imali yenkonzo evela kurhulumente. Abakhulu ingeniso ngokusisigxina kunye namandla phezu abalimi kutshintshiselwano ngenxa elirhoxisa amabango kulawulo loluntu. Ayimangalisi into yokuba phantse ngoko nangoko emva kokuba semthethweni serfdom wayeka ziintlanganiso Zemsky Sobor. Xa amandla ngokupheleleyo owokugqibela yaqhutywa ngo 1653.

Ngoko ke, lo ukhetho elibe lenziwe, nangenxa ezoqoqosho aziingangamsha babingelela kwezopolitiko. Wayethandwa kuthambekela absolutist. Ukwenza serfdom kwakhokelela wemiphumela ebalulekileyo: ekubeni iimeko uphuhliso ndingekho (umzekelo, wanyamalala kwimarike yezemisebenzi free), ukuyilwa ubudlelwane yoohlohlesakhe bulula uyekile ukusebenza. Oohlohlesakhe kweli lizwe ixesha elide kangaka akazange libe udidi lwentlalo elahlukileyo, kwaye, ngenxa yoko, isiseko kwezentlalo absolutism ingaba nengqondo kuphela.

Isimo umthetho kunye nobulungisa eRashiya

Enye into etsala ingqondo ukumkani epheleleyo uMbuso enxulumene nemithetho kunye nemigaqo. Ukukhetha le umlinganiselo ngendlela engekho mthethweni kunye nesemthethweni kwacaca kwicala yangaphambili. nalwazelelelo lobuqu imonarch isangqa wangaphakathi yaba indlela engundoqo yolawulo. Lwaqala ukususela kwixesha wolawulo Ivan ngabangcangcazelisi ngenkulungwane ye-17, kwenzeka emva kokuba utshintsho lokugqibela neNgonyama ngokupheleleyo, encinane iye yatshintsha.

Ngokuqinisekileyo bathi ukuba kukho uludwe lwemithetho - ikhowudi Conciliar. Noko ke, xa kusenziwa, lo mlawuli (Peter I, Alexis kunye nabanye) kunye namagosa aphezulu eburhulumenteni sele kukhokelwa izenzo zabo iimfuno zomthetho, akazange acinge bona ebotshiwe ngabo.

Eyona indlela yokubusa lizwe - zomkhosi wamajoni kwaye akhethe. Omnye singenako ukuyiphika le yokuba ebudeni bolawulo uPetros I wenziwa oluninzi imithetho ephathelele phantse onke amacandelo olawulo (Uluhlu beziingcamba Product Military, imimiselo iibhodi, iMimiselo Jikelele). Kodwa ziye yenzelwe kuphela izifundo kunjalo, umlawuli ngokwakhe akazange acinge ngokwayo ubotshiwe loo mithetho. Enyanisweni, lo mkhuba isigqibo kule ukumkani kakhulu ezahlukene ukusuka ukuba ebudeni bolawulo Ivana Groznogo. Umthombo kuphela kwamandla nangoku ukuthanda kumkani.

Isimo umthetho kunye nobulungisa kwamanye amazwe

Asikwazi athi Russian kangaka ezahlukeneyo kakhulu ukusuka kumazwe Western (iimpawu call of absolutism, yaye uya kuzibonela ngokwakho). ULouis XIV waseFransi (kucingwa kwenkosi classic ingundoqo) Kwakhona isicelo ukuzikhethela kunye nalwazelelelo.

Kodwa zonke eziphikisanayo absolutism eNtshona Yurophu saphinda samlandela umendo ukubandakanyeka iindlela zomthetho ukulawulwa ezahlukeneyo nobudlelwane noluntu. Phakathi komthetho nalwazelelelo zobuqu ngcembe waqalisa ukushenxisa umlinganiselo bakhetha yangaphambili. Kwagqitywa ezikhuthazwa eziliqela, eyona ibaluleke ngakumbi kuzo yaba ukuqatshelwa ookumkani kulawula ilizwe kulula kakhulu xa imigaqo yomthetho kulawulwa kangangoko kwiindawo kunokwenzeka.

Ukongeza, isicelo kulawulo ukuzikhethela karhulumente kuthetha ubukho kumkani iimpawu zakho eziphakamileyo: kwinqanaba ingqondo, amandla, amandla, ukuzimisela. Noko ke, uninzi nobabaphathi ixesha ayikho elininzi kwiimpawu embhoxo Peter I, Frederick II kunye uLouis XIV. Oko kukuthi, ababanga nako ngempumelelo ukusebenzisa unya lobuqu kurhulumente.

Emva abadlula ngendlela isicelo olukhulayo ngumthetho isixhobo omkhulu karhulumente, absolutism eNtshona Yurophu liqalise nentlekele ixesha elide, kwaye emva koko bayeka ngokupheleleyo ukuba khona. Ngapha koko, eneneni, ecinga amandla mda ngokusemthethweni nokumkani, kunye nokusetyenziswa ulawulo esemthethweni kwakhokelela ingcamango (leyo yaqulunqa engumfuziselo yiEnlightenment), ulawulo lomthetho kunye nomthetho, kungekhona ukuthanda yokumkani.

absolutism bakhanyiselwa

Iimpawu absolutism enakhanyiselwa ngayo kweli lizwe lethu kuqulethwe kumgaqo-nkqubo uCatherine II. Kumazwe amaninzi aseYurophu kwisiqingatha sesibini kwinkulungwane ye-18 yaba ingcamango ethandwayo of "yeemanyano abathetheli kunye zobulumko", avakalisa yi French yiEnlightenment sobulumko. Ngeli xesha, iindidi abstract batshintshelwa ubungaka--nkqubo ethile. Bekufanele ukuba ukukhwela "esi silumko etroneni", esifika yohlanga, umxhasi ubugcisa. Xa indima yasebukhosini bakhanyiselwa ezenziwe yi-Prussia Korol Fridrih II kunye Gustav III Sweden, Austria uMlawuli Joseph II, kwakunye Russian uKumkanikazi uCatherine II.

Ezona mpawu ziphambili absolutism bakhanyiselwa

Iimpawu eziphambili absolutism bakhanyiselwa kwezopolitiko aba balawuli zazikho ukuphunyezwa kwe zokulungisa izinto umoya iimbono ezahlukeneyo yiEnlightenment. Intloko karhulumente, lo mlawuli kufuneka ikwazi, imigaqo emitsha kusengqiqweni ukuba okuguqula ukuphila koluntu lizwe.

Iimpawu eziphambili absolutism bakhanyiselwa kumazwe ahlukahlukeneyo yayixhaphakile. Ngelo xesha eziphathekayo ukwenza iinguqu apho zingakuchaphazeli iziseko inkqubo ekhoyo feudal-absolutist, yayilixesha xa urhulumente zobunene flirted kunye ababhali kunye zobulumko. I-revolution yamaphephandaba eFransi linxuwa lo fomu likarhulumente kunye iimpawu absolutism French, linyanzela isiphelo kuyo yonke eYurophu.

indlela ezingamaphepha kobukhosi ingundoqo

Ezahlukeneyo yaba bayahlelwa oonyana absolutism. Ekubeni njongo iphambili yale fomu likarhulumente - ukulondoloza iziseko ezikhoyo kwenkqubo feudal, yiyo ukulahlekelwa iimpawu zayo oluqhubela phambili absolutism yaye kusisithintelo kuphuhliso lobudlelwane nkulu.

Ngexesha ukuvukelwa yokuqala yamaphephandaba kweminyaka 17-18 wawexuleka kude yi ukumkani epheleleyo eFransi eNgilani. Kumazwe ezimalunga nophuhliso esisezantsi nkulu, inguqu feudal-absolutist kwi yoohlohlesakhe-wesakhiwo neNgonyama. ukusebenza Poluabsolyutistsky eJamani, umzekelo, eyaqhubeka de November ka yoohlohlesakhe-lwentando yesininzi revolution ka-1918 absolutism eRashiya aphelise le Februwari Revolution of 1917