Glass Uranium. Iimveliso ezenziwe iglasi uranium (ifoto)

iglasi uranium iflawa, yayingcongolo - amagama iimveliso kongezwe a idayi ye oxides uranium. imveliso Radioactive? Njani na ukuba iimveliso ubomi kuye kwenziwe ngokusetyenziswa 92-th element (itheyibhile periodic D. I. Mendeleeva), ngokufanayo ezabo atomic? Kubonakala ukuba iglasi kuyingozi kakhulu? Okanye akunjalo?

Yintoni Uranium kunye oxides zayo?

Le usomachiza German Martin Heinrich Klaproth ngo ka1789 bamkela "metal omtsha" ezimbiwa abamnyama geni kwimigodi Ioahimshtal eBohemia (namhlanje Czech Republic), besithi uranium. Yena ngokunyanisekileyo Ndandisithi elo metal enyulu - ukujonga oku vekeleke ngokubhekiselele wanamhla, akazange. Kutheni "uranium"?

Kwiminyaka nje esibhozo ngaphambili, ngowe-1871, uFrederick Uilyam Gershel (ngeenkwenkwezi German owayesebenza eNgilani) zafumana iplanethi entsha Solar System - owesixhenxe. Yena izihlandlo ezilishumi elinesihlanu mkhulu ubunzima Yomhlaba. IHerschel igama Uranus emva Greek iqabane wentsomi usomandla Gala (Umhlaba).

kweminyaka engamashumi amahlanu kuphela kamva, ngowe-1841, isazi semichiza French Ezhen Peligo wabonisa ukuba "entsha, elinesibhozo kuyo insimbi umqolo" kuphumele Klaproth, le oxide (kwi ekwakhiweni - oksijini). Peligot wafumana metal ecocekileyo, kodwa ibali ngexesha lokufunyanwa uranium ayikho wangena, kunye Klaproth.

Kodwa phantse isiqingatha senkulungwane de 1896 uranium eyayingabangangwa kolu shishino, yaye kuphela emva kokuba ukufunyanwa lweepropati radioactivity loo element kuyo kwakukho umdla izazinzulu. Kodwa kude 1939, xa ekupapashweni kweziphumo zabakubonileyo kwi ngokucandeka enyukliya, nsimbi uranium misela ukuba kuphela Radium eqhumayo.

iinkcukacha zembali

Ukusebenzisa uranium oxide yendalo eYurophu lelakhe i-BC kwinkulungwane yokuqala: yohambo izinto zodongwe alekwe njengeceba etyheli, wafumana ngexesha bemba ePompeii.

Ngexesha imisebenzi zakudala Italy eCape Posilippo (Bay Naples) amaqhosha mosaic etyheli kwafunyanwa 1912. iiglasi nebala kubume eziqulathwe elinye ekhulwini oxide uranium. Le lokufumanisa lisukela emva kunyaka AD 79

Kuba imveliso lwawo kunye negilasi kaMoses xesha eYurophu ngaphandle isuka Afrika.

Ngokutsho imithombo ebhaliweyo esekhona ukusuka China glassmakers inkosi basekuhlaleni baye kwiinkulungwane 16-17 kongezwe ores uranium ukunika abangasekhoyo iglasi umbala. Iimveliso ezenziwe iglasi uranium eli thuba imbi.

oxides metal Natural, adla sikhatshwe nezokukhupha ore zesilivere eYurophu, injalo glassblowers - iinzame ukutshintsha umbala kwiglasi nabahlala ixesha elide eyadlulayo.

iglasi uranium: ekuqaleni umngcelele omangalisayo mazwe

imigodi zesilivere Habsburg, ibekwe eBohemia, kwaphuphumela ores uranium yendalo _­ - pitchblende (uraninite). Kakade ke, inkosi glaziers bebesoloko wayefuna ukusebenzisa idayi zendalo ukufumana umbala kwimveliso. Isizukulwana yesithathu indlu adumileyo amagcisa iRiedel, Franz Xaver Anton, ngenkulungwane yokuqala yeshumi elinesithoba, babezam ngokuzalisa umbala iimveliso zeglasi. Ngempumelelo yaba ukongeza ibhetshi oxides uranium wafumana nombala ukusuka mthubi noluhlaza nzulu, kunye negilasi uranium phantsi imisebe ndivuka kwelanga kukhanya ezibuhlazarha, nto leyo wamnika uhlobo imfihlelo zobugqi.

Ukususela ngo 1830, i-ezihlangwini dynastic Yozef Ridel (umtshana Franz kaThixo, lowo wathatha intombi yakhe), emva kokufunda data-in-mthetho yokulinga, livelise imveliso eliphezulu-teknoloji esimthubi (imibala eyahlukileyo), eluhlaza (ukuba mnyama) noRuby iglasi uranium. De 1848 (unyaka ukufa Yozefa Ridelya) imveliso - zitsha, iiglasi, iikomityi, puzyrechki, pugovok, amaso - banda kuphela.

Kwangaxeshanye, iinkosi yaseBritani thaca njengesipho wakhe ukumkanikazi Victoria isiphatho ezimbini umbala kwiglasi uranium ezichaza ngesicwangciso soshishisno podttverzhdeno. Oku kunika isizathu sokukholelwa ukuba kuphela Czech Republic, kodwa eNgilani, benza master iresiphi iimveliso ezintsha iglasi ibala.

Iinjongo zeglasi uranium: Imveliso mass

Ukwanda imithamo yemveliso kulo lonke elaseYurophu (France, Netherlands, Belgium, eNgilani) wenza iglasi ezithandwayo kunye nendlela. Lo kuphela kwizityalo Czech Republic Ioahimshtal eBohemia de 1898 wavelisa ngaphezu kweetoni 1600 iimveliso ezahlukeneyo ngeglasi uranium.

Ukususela ngo1830, Spirit sisityalo eRashiya baqalisa ukuvelisa iimveliso efanayo.

Yellow and green iglasi uranium ayibizi kakhulu. Isetyenziselwe ukukhululwa barium kunye calcium umxube kongezwe potassium kunye boron, nto leyo kokunikeza ukhanyiso kakhulu ngakumbi.

De-1896 (Ukufunyanwa radioactivity AA Becquerel) le nezokukhupha kunye nokusetyenziswa uranium esikrwada Akukho mida, kwakukho kuphela amandla angamvaleli Radium kubo.

iimpawu

iglasi weYureniyam e kukufakwa UV ukhutshelo kwemitha amandla kummandla eyahlukileyo spectrum kwemitha - oluhlaza. Ngaphezu koko, le radiation secondary saa, akayi kuphinda umqadi isehlo. Lo mhlaba ubizwa ngokuba fluorescence. Olu phawu akanawo zonke iimveliso mthubi noluhlaza ipeyintwe, kodwa kuphela iglasi uranium. izifundo Photo phantsi UV radiation kwaye engqina ukuchana izinto ixabiso yokuqokelela.

Isolomzi eyingozi?

iglasi uranium abanesidanga eliphezulu fluorescence kufuneka luqulathe ukusuka 0.3 ukuya kwisi-6% uranium oxide. Ukwandisa xi yokunciphisa chweba kwakunye umxholo kwelothe isigxina, kodwa yandisa yemisebe (radiation).

glassmakers Mfundisi, njengaye wonke umntu de 1939, wayengazi malunga ubuthi uranium kunye ingozi yayo radiation. Ngqo uthinte ores elide ahlale nabo ezisondeleleneyo eziyingozi kwakhokelela izifo ezingaziwayo rhoqo, kuvame ukuphela kokufa inkosi.

Kodwa iimveliso zeglasi uranium kuhanjiswa kulo lonke ihlabathi, yaye akukho namnye waba ukuqaleka okanye egula, ukuba ecaleni kwabo. Kutheni?

Inqanaba radiation lamanqaku ezenziwe iglasi uranium iphantsi - 20 ukuya 1500 MR / hr, lo mda avumelekile ngasemva - 30 MR / hr. Oku kuthetha ukuba, ukuba inani lemiba zeglasi uranium, kufuneka eme ecaleni kwabo rhoqo iminyaka engaphezu kweshumi ukufumana isifo radiation.

Ukumisa glass uranium lokuvelisa

Phambi Second World War, uranium ayikho zesayensi abanomdla. Kuphela ngo-1939, xa imodeli yaqulunqwa chain reaction, ukukhupha imali enkulu yamandla, ngokusekelwe uranium waqalisa ukuba umfuziselo ukuqhushumba yenyukliya. Kwaye kwangoko kufuneka siphuhlise iidipozithi of uranium ekrwada.

imveliso iglasi uranium zange bayeka phantse iminyaka engama-50 zenkulungwane yamashumi amabini.

Zonke iidipozithi uranium lonke abhaliswa, kwaye eNgilani kwi iglasi vaseline abenzi ' "babebanjwe nje izinto ekrwada kodwa iimveliso nazo ugqibile.

Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, iglasi uranium evela ngemithamo kancinci eUnited States eCzech Republic. Njengoko iidayi kusetyenziswa uranium osemanzini, nto leyo nokwandiswa uranium ukuba amafutha enyukliya. Izinto ezenziwe iglasi uranium, kwakunye nezinye iimveliso, ngalo ndlela ke kubiza kakhulu, lo gama lona luhlala ezithandwa kakhulu.

Indlela ukufumanisa iglasi uranium?

Ukuba hlolisisa ngezikhuni omdala (amaxesha yiSoviet) izitya e sideboards ngumakhulu wam, kweli lizwe, kwi eliphezulu, ungafumana isitya ethyeli okanye eluhlaza selubala, nto leyo mhlawumbi kukhanya kwelanga ekuqaleni. Izinto zakudala babe zenzeke mthubi okanye oluhlaza ityuwa, kunuka, zitsha, iiglasi, amaqhosha, amaso, nokuba ucango eelenye endala (window) nomqheba.

Xa intakumba Iimarike kufuneka zonke ezi zinto zingasentla. Yinto esisibambiso, ungaba umnini rarities emnandi.

Qinisekisa ukuba izinto zeglasi uranium, oko kusweleka isibane UV yaye sibali Geiger. Nje ukuze benze abaqokeleli ngokwenene.

kwakudala uranium

Ngenxa yokuba ukuba iglasi uranium zaveliswa kukuninzi, abemi wahlala inani elikhulu amaqhosha mthubi noluhlaza. Kwezinye iimeko ke umdla yezembali, ngamanye amaxesha - Antique, collectible.

Zitsha ezenziwe iglasi uranium ngeenjiko ikhathalogu kumazwe amaninzi, kwenziwe izimbo ezahlukeneyo, ukususela Biedermeier (kwinkulungwane yeshumi elinesithoba) ukuya Art Deco (amabini).

Kuba abaqokeleli umdla kwakhona imifanekiso izilwanyana neentaka iglasi uranium, iibhotile kunye neendebe, tableware - iipleyiti, iisosi, iisosi, iikomityi, awumiselayo iwayini.

iimveliso uranium kwi US

Kumazwe IsiNgesi abathetha, iglasi uranium kwinkulungwane yamashumi amabini wabizwa ngokuba "iparafini ulwelo 'ngenxa umbala lifane ngamafutha eponymous eqhelekileyo. Glass, ngaphandle ecacileyo, mthubi noluhlaza, a ohlobo - zomkhosi (kunye ezifakelwa umbala), iglasi Depression (zonke iimveliso, kungakhathaliseki ukuba isimbo, ziphume ngomnyaka US ngexesha Great Depression), utsha (ngaphaya baluthuthu etyheli), jade (baluthuthu opaque eluhlaza), amaBurma (ngaphaya nemibala sakuba ube tyheli).

Apho enye kusetyenziswa amachiza ukusuka uranium ekrwada?

Na ₂ U ₂ O ₇ - sodium uranate - ngabapeyinti esetyenziswa ngombala otyheli. Ngenxa yokudweba imveliso yephondo kunye neseramikhi (enamels njengeceba) e imibala emnyama, emdaka, eluhlaza natyheli kwasetyenziswa oxides uranium of ezahlukeneyo igcwala. Uranyl nayitreyithi yasetyenziswa ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yamashumi amabini abakuyo - ukuphucula negatives kunye izikhanyisi, positives bokudaya emdaka.