Esidi - yintoni na le nto? Iintlobo sokuhambisa. Esidi ukuba intyatyambo

Esidi udla ngokubizwa ngokuba nokususwa kwamanzi avela kumphezulu womhlaba okanye kwimithombo komhlaba. Kunokuba ibe zombini yendalo neyenziweyo. Esidi - a semibhobho esiphango okanye komhlaba, kwenziwe ukuze kuphuculwe iindlela zokulima, ukudala iimeko kangangoko ukuba izakhiwo kunye nezakhiwo. Kukho iindlela ezininzi ezinjengezo. eyona elementi sabo yamanzi amdaka - vodoottok komhlaba ukuqokelela buyisela amanzi.

Ukubaluleka sokuhambisa

Kwinkqubo yokukhupha amanzi kule ndawo ayikho kuphela ukhuseleko yesakhiwo, kodwa impilo zonke izityalo. Kubalulekile ke ngoko ukuba bayile kakuhle oko ngokusekelwe izibalo echanekileyo. Ngaphezu koko, ubukhulu kummandla mhlaba, i ngcono inkqubo yemibhobho ehambisa kufuneka, kuba kungenjalo awuyi kuphela akayi ukunika iziphumo ezilindelekileyo, kodwa uphazamise ngokupheleleyo imo isabelo zolwelo. Wayengomnye wabanini iimpazamo ezininzi eziqhelekileyo nemizi kunye nempahla yayincinane ngokubekwa imisele, nisingise ekufeni ngenxa yokoma ngokungalinganiyo lomhlaba kwemithi namatyholo.

iintlobo imisele

Kukho izinto ezininzi elithi "yamanzi". Kuleli gama lisetyenziswa kuphela kwezolimo, ukulima kunye nolwakhiwo, kodwa amayeza kunye mboni. iingqiqo yokukhupha amanzi jikelele kumacandelo ahlukeneyo obenziwa ngabantu;

• Kwimveliso yezityalo, oko kuyinto material akubonakali wayo ngokukhawuleza ukusebenzisa ukufuma ngokugqithiseleyo emhlabeni emva ukunkcenkceshela imvula. Lusetyenziswa ukulinywa kwezityalo ezahlukeneyo endle iphinde ivalwe.
• Xa kwakhiwa amanzi - indlela (technology) ukuqokelelwa kunye nokulahlwa bamanzi aphantsi komhlaba okanye isakhiwo. Ukusebenzisa inkqubo yakhe yonke, eliquka amaqula kunye nemibhobho yamanzi, imijelo, kunye nezinye izixhobo. Bayakwazi bazidalele kwabo, kodwa kungcono ukushiyela umsebenzi ebalulekileyo art. Esidi, ixabiso elandelwayo exhomekeke iindleko zezixhobo zokwakha kunye nobukhulu wesakhiwo kwaye ngamanye amaxesha ifikelela 7-10 amawaka engange imitha nganye, sisiseko yobomi yayo inkonzo ende.
• Xa amayeza, semibhobho - indlela yokudala kuphuma lomgadi imixholo ngokwamalungu ezibuhlazarha okanye ukwenzakala eyayichasene ngobungxamo zayo zendalo ngenxa yokulimala okanye isigulo. Ukuze wenze oku, sebenzisa iinkqubo ezahlukeneyo.
• In ukundiza sokuhambisa - lo myalezo ivalwe amatanki kunye emoyeni. Kuyimfuneko ukuthintela deformation labo phantsi kwempembelelo xi kumgangatho amafutha okunzulu esesibhakabhakeni.

Ekubeni kutsalwe izinto zonyango kunye ngenqwelomoya kuphela isangqa emxinwa eengcali, eli nqaku liza kuxubusha ngakumbi kuphela ukuba libhekisela imveliso yokwakha yezityalo.

izakhiwo Ukuvikela ngamanzi

Water yokukhupha amanzi zokwakha kuthetha ukukhusela izakhiwo ukufuma ngaphakathi. Kwakhona oku kwenzelwa ukubonisa ukuba nokomeleza isiseko izakhiwo kunye nezakhiwo kunye nokunciphisa uxinzelelo ukuhluza kwi yabo. Esidi kuyimfuneko ukukhusela isiseko kunye nokuthintela nokungena kwamanzi angaphantsi. Xa Ukwakhiwa kwendlela isetyenziselwa ukugcinwa kweendlela kunye nezikwere sikarhulumente owomileyo.

Ukudala inkqubo yokukhupha amanzi kufuneka aphuhlise iprojekthi leyo kufuneka luthathele ingqalelo izinto kuphela kunye namasebe, kodwa iimpawu kwisiza ngasinye ethile kunye nesakhiwo. Kuxhomekeka kwinqanaba omhlaba yahlulwe ubuso bawo kunye nobunzulu.

Iintlobo drainages kulwakhiwo

Kukho iintlobo ezininzi yamanzi, asetyenziswa wokwakha. Ezi ziquka:

• Pristennaja equka kwemibhobho kunye dusting lokucoca ulwelo. Yena wayibeka phezu komhlaba ngaphandle kwesakhiwo manzi.
• Dama, nto leyo imi emazantsi isakhiwo nakhelwe ngqo phezu komhlaba ngamanzi-langa. Le nkqubo hydraulically ohambelana nale yamanzi amdaka tubular ibekwe ngaphandle isiseko kumgama ongekho ngaphantsi kwe-0.7 m ukusuka eludongeni. Ikhusela isakhiwo kwizandyondyo kunye namanzi komhlaba ukusuka ilele fuma capillary. inkqubo lokulawula amanzi Reservoir isoloko isetyenziswa ekwakhiweni kwenkqubo zokufudumeza le libalekela kulo nezakhiwo komhlaba. It wadalwa kuphela kwinkqubo yokwakha.
• Lo msesane, nto leyo ibekwe ecaleni aya wesakhiwo okanye umhlaba. isenzo ayo asekelwe ukuthoba izinga komhlaba. Ekubeni kwenzeka ezikwisekethe, ngoko umsele inikeze ukhuseleko obalaseleyo nxamnye lwezikhukula amalungu angaphantsi komhlaba weso sakhiwo. Ubunzulu komhlaba yandisa ixhomekeke ilungiselelo kwemibhobho neegalari, kwakunye imilinganiselo yale nkqubo. imisele Ring zibekwe ukuqhela ukusuka kwisakhiwo, ngoko le nkqubo anokwenziwa emva ekwakhiweni kwayo.
• Oxwesileyo emele uqhagamshelwano gallery tubular kunye imisele, imikhombe, kunye imingxuma. Inika yemingxuma.
• inkqubo lokulawula amanzi nkqo iquka amaqula amaninzi, ezo kuhlanganiswa umqokeleli. Amanzi Impontshelwa ngokusebenzisa impompo.
• inkqubo Ludityanisiwe luquka umngxuma nakumsele Self-priming. Oku kusetyenziswa xa ifowuni kwi zobunjineli kuyiqonda yamanzi ezintsonkothileyo.

Kutsalwe ezweni

Ehambisa amanzi okanye ebaleni ipoma ngumlinganiselo ngenkani, kuyimfuneko ukwenzela ukunciphisa izinga komhlaba. Kwakhona kusetyenziswa yome umhlaba omanzi yi ukuphanjukiswa amanzi ngaphandle iziza. amanyathelo ayimfuneko ngenxa yobuninzi ukufuma kuchaphazela kuphela iziseko kunye angaphantsi lwezakhiwo, kodwa imithi kwakhona ukutyalwa kunye amatyholo. Esidi iyafuneka xa kunokwenzeka ukuba indawo inqanaba komhlaba imalunga enye yemitha. Ngexesha baphele ikhephu okanye iimvula ezinkulu, uya kukhawuleza uwutshise ilizwe.

Esidi nayo inegalelo emhlabeni kubunzulu ukuxovwa nokunciphisa sisongo sayo. Artificial nokufunxwa kwamanzi lula nomoya umhlaba kanye saturation yayo oksijini. Nge kwamanzi kuvela ukhula ingca, ezifana njengogcadalala nangwevu, uze emva koko benxila iindawo kungachetywa ntloko yengca.

isicwangciso senkqubo

Ngaphambi kokuba kwakhiwe inkqubo yokukhupha amanzi kule ndawo kuyimfuneko ukuba ukuqondisa gasket yayo. Kuyo, idatha kufuneka zicaciswe:

• beka sump;
• phawula ukuphakama (ubunzulu trenching kunye ithambeka ezinqwenelekayo);
• indawo idreyini.

Xa ekunikeni ukucacisa inani elifunekayo iityhubhu, enemikhono, iiplagi, Tees, igrabile nesanti. Xa ngokudala inkqubo yemibhobho ehambisa namhlanje basoloko geotextiles kunye nemibhobho yamanzi zeplastiki yenyuka. Kuba ekufunxeni suburban indawo ogrunjiweyo umsele ububanzi elincinane cm 30-80 kuphela. Le ubungakanani umiselwa ubunzulu kunye namandla kweendonga zayo. Xa engekho ngemibhobho ezizodwa usebenzisa iimveliso asbestos, ogama ubukhulu ngu 100-150 mm. Kwisiqingatha eliphezulu ngokumba imingxuma zabo-10 mm. imibhobho ehambisa amanzi zibekwe phantsi ucalucalulo ka-2-3%.

Iingcali kunye eli cebo yamanzi zisetyenziswa njengesixhobo geodesic - ukulinganisa. Xa ukungabikho kwalo, badla ngokusebenzisa ngemibhobho emibini iglasi iqhagamshele ngerabha. Ziyahlutha ngamanzi, yaye emva koko urhulumente ulwelo Iyigqiba inqanaba kolundi. Unakho ukusebenzisa kwinqanaba yokwakha.

Izixhobo yamanzi umsele

Esidi isityalo kudlala indima ebalulekileyo, ngoko kutsalwe ngasemijelweni isixhobo kufuneka silumke kakhulu. Emva ukubala lwenxalenye yesekethe inkqubo yemibhobho embe umsele walijikeleza kwimilinganiselo ezinqwenelekayo. Phansi kwayo wawagalela udongwe Ndayishwabanisa nokubunjwa zibe itreyi. Ngaphezu kwentlabathi obegalelwe, yaye eli nalibekelwayo umbhobho. Bawaphakela inkunkuma enkulu. umaleko wayo kufuneka-20-30 cm. Ekhathazekile zomhlaba wamgalela ogrunjiweyo ukusuka esemseleni wawakhotha. Ngokusebenzisa geotextiles ukuba zimiliselwe iindonga emhadini, yaye emva koko nakhandiweyo backfilling ilitye izinto izibuko zidlulela. Ke wawagalela phezu komhlaba.

Yonke imibhobho yamanzi kufuneka kudityaniswa zibe zininzi enye ngokusebenzisa yemiqadi yokuhlanganisa. Sisebenza ngendlela amanzi ukuya emdaka elikufutshane okanye emhadini. Kwi inkqubo bend ezindaweni kumbhobho wokudibanisa Kucetyiswa ukuba ufake imithombo yamanzi, ukuvumela ukuba iliso kwinkqubo imo.

umsele

Kukho kukade icangcisiwe ngendlela ethembekileyo nefikelelekayo phantse yonke indawo yamanzi. Nge izisele wemba singathatha idreyini amanzi agqithisileyo kakuhle, umlambo okanye echibini. Amaninzi, izisele yamanzi asetyenziswa kumhlaba ephantsi flat. Ngelo xesha linye, babutha amanzi angena sump, okanye nje ngumphunga. Ukuba usizo tyaba, wemba umsele phezu nangaphesheya ithambeka. Ukuqokelela achontsizayo amanzi kuwo, kwi noseko lwalo ukwenza omnye emhadini ngaxeshanye ukuya kowokuqala. Baye bobabini izakubanodibaniso umsele ngakumbi. Ubunzulu yazo kufuneka ibe ngu-1 m. iindonga amandla ijelo luthi lwabo Ukuchetywa kwi 20-30 °. Kwimihlaba zodongwe, ukuze babe engumnqantsa ngakumbi. Le nkqubo lokulawula amanzi ifuna ukucocwa yonyaka ukhula kunye nobutyobo, kucothe ukuhamba kwamanzi. Kuba ukhuseleko lwabantu kunye nezilwanyana ukukhusela ngcono kubo.

Esidi le horticulture ngenayo

Xa ngokulima izityalo ngaphakathi semibhobho kukho unxibelelwano. Ngayo, amanzi ngokugqithiseleyo uya kulophisela ukusuka iimbiza neenkonkxa. Esidi kuba intyantyambo - phantse indlela kuphela ukugcina iingcambu esempilweni. Baya ukuphefumla nokuchuma. ke kufuneka ngakumbi ukuba indlu uvakalelo nomngundo nabanothando neentyatyambo yamanzi amaninzi. Esidi kuba ngabo kuphela indlela yokuziphilisa. Ezinye izityalo kufuneka ukufakelwa rhoqo. Kule semibhobho endala potted kungcono ukuthatha indawo okanye ubuncinane ndahlamba iintsholongwane nesisombululo potassium permanganate (potassium permanganate).

Iintlobo amanzi kule horticulture ngenayo

Kukho izinto ezininzi ezisetyenziswayo ukwenza yokukhupha amanzi ngenxa intyatyambo. Ezi ziquka:

• ngodongwe eyandisiweyo, leyo zingathengwa kuyo nayiphi na ivenkile ezikhethekileyo okanye zekhompyutha. Kuyinto izinto isakhiwo esisetyenziselwa soundproofing kunye usambathisa. ngodongwe eYandisiweyo - izinto ezenziwe ngodongwe. Lubonakala yi hygroscopicity yayo. On sale uyakwazi ukufumana iintlobo amaqhezu ngodongwe eyandisiweyo: ocoliweyo, medium, ezinkulu. Kubhaliwe ukhethe kuxhomekeke kubukhulu embizeni, nasezimfanteni ngayo kunye nezityalo. ngodongwe eliphakathi eyandisiweyo (10-20 mm) Amaxesha amaninzi kusetyenziswa. umthamo wayo kwisingxobo ngaphandle imingxuma kufuneka ibe 1/4 okanye 1/5 ukuphakama embizeni. Ngeembiza eqhelekileyo maleko ngokwaneleyo 1-2 cm. Keramzit wagalela umaleko wesanti erhabaxa, uze emhlabeni.
• amagophe yodongwe, apho umaleko yi 1.5-2 cm. ubungakanani yabo kufuneka ibe nkulu kakhulu. Yohambo ukusasaza khaxa icala up. Xa umaleko yodongwe zentlabathi igalelwe 1-5 cm, uze emva koko wongezelela primer.
• Le amagwebu, engaquki kubiza lutho. Ekubeni le nto ayithethi ukufunxa amanzi, oko kudla Kongezelelwa hydrogel. Amagwebu umaleko ngamaqhekeza amancinci ezifakwe apha emazantsi, Bathiwe wambu isanti kunye nomhlaba.