Concept, iintlobo kunye nentsingiselo: ityala

Yintoni lulwaphulo nokubunjwa kwayo? Iimpawu luluvo kunye nenjongo kunye indibanisela yazo, eyasekwa yi ngumthetho-mthetho, nto leyo isenza ayingozi eluntwini loMthetho ulwaphulo-mthetho, ukukhangela intsingiselo esisiseko. Swonghasi sisiseko kokuzifaka nobutyala. Criminal umthetho Russian akuthethi kukuxelela ingqiqo ngokwayo, Noko ke, kucingelwa isetyenziswa ngendlela bokuphanda kunye nezigwebo, Theory of Law, i-Criminal Procedure Code kunye Code Criminal.

Elements kunye nentsingiselo yazo

Actus reus inezigaba ezine kuphela:

a) lo yenjongosenzi ulwaphulo-mthetho, nto leyo ngqo ukubetha (okulungileyo, imilinganiselo, nobudlelwane kwezentlalo, nto leyo kufuneka akhuselwe ngumthetho-mthetho);

b) kwicala injongo (oko kukuthi, isenzo esiyingozi kakhulu, kwicala sayo, imiphumo eyingozi kuluntu, kunye unxulumano olucacileyo phakathi ulwaphulo-mthetho kunye neziphumo, imipu, ifashoni, imali, ixesha, indawo, indawo apho ityala alenzileyo);

c) le umba ayinyani (oko kukuthi, yintoni ngaphakathi ulwaphulo: ukuba isimo sengqondo, umenzi wobubi ukuba ulwaphulo-mthetho kunye neziphumo zayo; ngenjongo okanye ukungakhathali, injongo kunye isizathu, chaza ngokweemvakalelo ngexesha ekwenzeni isenzo);

g) Umtyholwa (umntu onoxanduva kwi ubudala uxanduva mthetho).

Ukuze aqhube naluphi na uhlobo lomsebenzi ngokusemthethweni, nganye yezi zinto kubalulekile.

Eyenza ulwaphulo-mthetho kwaye iimpawu abonakalise ezi zinto, nobona amaqela ezine:

a) ezo mpawu okuluphawu into ethe ngqo, isifundo se-mthetho kunye nexhoba;

b) inkcazo kwicala injongo (isenzo kunye neziphumo ze-mthetho, unxibelelwano imbangela phakathi kwabo bobabini, ixesha, indawo, iindlela, iindlela, izixhobo kunye nendawo);

c) i inkalo luluvo, kakhulu, uneempawu zawo: iwayini, isizathu, imvakalelo, injongo;

d) iimpawu zezifundo (uxanduva komntu ngamnye, phambi yobudala apho uxanduva mthetho).

Iimpawu nganye iinkalo ezine, kakhulu, ukuba zibaluleke kakhulu. Le umthetho izinto ezifunekayo kunye yokuzikhethela.

Ayisosinyanzelo kwaye ozikhethela

izinto olugunyazisiweyo kufuneka abe khona, kunye nokungabikho noba namnye kubo ukunqongophala epheleleyo yesakhiwo. Ixabiso iimpawu efunekayo mthetho, kubandakanywa icala zabo njongo, kufuneka wakhiwe:

• Injongo ye-mthetho.
• Ukungasebenzi okanye ngesenzo, iziphumo eziyingozi ezinxulumene ngqo kwi inyathelo okanye ukungenzi, malunga kufuneka kobude.
• Gqitha izinto zezifundo imiqondiso abantu emzimbeni sinengqondo ephilileyo kunye kwiminyaka ethile.
• Yecala ngenjongo okanye ukungakhathali.

Ixabiso iimpawu ulwaphulo-mthetho kakhulu, kodwa ke ukufumanisa malunga nokuvumeleka ngokusemthethweni tshutshisa.

izinto ozikhethelayo kwakufuneka ukwakha iziqalelo ze ulwaphulo-mthetho njengoko ezongezelelweyo main ube inyanzelekile phantsi kophando ukuba ngoobani kunye ozikhethelayo abanye. Umzekelo:

a) xa kuthelekiswa into: nexhoba kunye nezifundo;

b) ne kwicala injongo - le ndawo, emoyeni, ixesha, indlela, tools;

c) malunga kumxholo - isifundo ezizodwa;

g) subjectively - karhulumente ngokweemvakalelo, kwaye ngumba ekujoliswe kulo.

Ixabiso ubungqina bokuba kukho ulwaphulo-mthetho ngokwenene isakhiwo esikhulu, kuba ubukho babo ziya kuba yingxoxo kuphela ityala lolwaphulo-mthetho.

Classification: iqondo koluntu kunye nengozi kawonke

Amaphutha kakhulu ezahlukeneyo enye kwenye, ukuba kwimihlaba efanayo, nathi, lungohlulwa lube ziinxalenye ezine. Ivela ngaphakathi iinkcazelo esusa ixabiso ulwaphulo-mthetho. Fomu kubo.

1. Ubungakanani commonality kule namatyala uphawu nkqubo: eqhelekileyo, generic, kunye nemixube ezithile-ntlobo.

• Eyokuqala ibandakanya indibanisela kwiimpawu neziqalelo anokufumaneka kuzo zonke imixube, ukuba luphawulwa izenzo zolwaphulo-mthetho.
• Okwesibini - iimpawu ngokubanzi amatyala afanayo leyo ebonisa iimpawu iqela semvelo ihlasela icandelo CC efanayo.
• Isahlulo sesithathu - luphawu osemthethweni-mthetho zamaqela athile.
• Okwesine - isambuku-mthetho nomthetho ethile yolwaphulo-mthetho.

2. Ubungakanani ingozi zoluntu mthetho phantsi amanqaku uphando ukuya imixube lokuqala, esibalaseleyo abafanelekayo.

• Lokuqala - basic - iqulethe iseti epheleleyo ezingundoqo (ngokunyanzelekileyo) ubungqina ayinyani yaye injongo ekwakhiweni, apho ulwaphulo-mthetho kubonakala ngokucacileyo kwaye ziqulathe naziphi na iimeko mandundu okanye ukunciphisa.
• Isigaba sesibini - nelungelo, iimpawu oko kukuthi, equlethe yokunciphisa loo lubonisa ubungozi baloo society senzo kwaye akhonze njengesiseko ukunciphisa ubungakanani isohlwayo kuthelekiswa kunye nezohlwayo zolwaphulo ngesakhiwo esisiseko.
• abasebenzi abaneziqinisekiso - isenzo kunye neemeko mandundu, zincediswa yi iimpawu ezithile zolwaphulo-mthetho, nto leyo ebonisa ingozi enkulu kwibutho loMthetho, kwaye ke ngoko kungadala isohlwayo esiqatha ngakumbi xa kuthelekiswa isohlwayo isakhiwo esisiseko.

Iimpawu yeentlobo ezimbini zokuqala zibonisa kubaluleke kangakanani iziqalelo ze ulwaphulo-mthetho. Iintlobo ngokuchanileyo kwahlula ubungakanani isohlwayo perstupleniya azenzileyo.

Classification: indlela wokuchaza ngesakhiwo neempawu ze

Iindlela echaza imithetho amatyala phawu kuba kweentlobo ezintathu: ilula, inzima kunye nezinye. Inxalenye yokuqala inika kanye zonke iimpawu luluvo kwaye injongo kwi sakhiwo iqulethe iimpawu ezongezelelweyo okanye izinto ngokomthetho ubuninzi, enye isakhiwo - uhlobo yodederhu, kodwa uphawu yeyokuba kukho ebonisa iinketho ukuba isenzo solwaphulo okanye indlela yokusebenza, apho zonke ngexesha elifanayo okanye ngasinye ngokwahlukeneyo ukuchaza ityala. Ngaloo ndlela kuboniswa okanye intsingiselo eyahlukileyo ibubungqina injongo yaloo mthetho.

iimpawu ze bento kunye ecaleni layo injongo - ngalo mzuzu imixube kuvalwa inokuba izinto, thumbanails okanye esesikweni. Kwinxalenye yokuqala uphawu kunye isenzo solwaphulo yimiphumo ukuba nakanjani, kwaye ulwaphulo-mthetho ngokwalo kube nokuqwalaselwa wagqiba kamsinya nje kuza nemiphumo eyingozi eluntwini, ezimiselwe ngokomthetho. Isakhiwo ngokusesikweni kubonisa kuphela ingozi ukuba isenzo okanye ukungenzi isishiya ubutyala, kwaye akuxhomekekanga zokuqhambuka iziphumo senzo. Thumbanails ityala (ingqiqo, iimpawu intsingiselo) has isakhiwo apho ityala sele thathwa njengagqityiweyo kwibakala lakwangoko - ukususela kwixesha lokwenza eso senzo, okanye ukuzama ukupheka ukuya sesenzo, kwaye kuxhomekeke ukugqitywa kwesicwangciso.

ukuchaza

Udidi lwe-mthetho kunye ixesha elide kakhulu isetyenziswe ngokubanzi kuphela practice, kodwa umthetho mthetho kude kube ngoku, le nkcazo lisusiwe. RF Criminal Code yafumana ekugqibeleni indima isigqibo lwezakhono, nangona definition ngqo akazange anikezele. Kodwa umsantsa sagcwaliswa kwithiyori lomthetho.

Ngoko ke ityala - inikwe kule yeengcinga kunye notyekelo imithetho yolwaphulo-mthetho kwaye enika neempawu nengozi zentlalo isenzo solwaphulo-mthetho, izinto luluvo kunye nenjongo (iimpawu), ukwenza kwisistim. Yiloo nkcazelo eziphambili: inkqubo apho izinto (tags) - ixabiso kobungqina. Oku sele kuchaziwe ukuba iziqalelo ulwaphulo-mthetho ezisezantsi ezine: injongosenzi kunye icala njongo, intloko icala ezikhathazayo. Ixabiso iziqalelo ityala ukuba isiseko kokuzifaka nobutyala. Ukuba elinye element ilahlekile, loo nobutyala kungalindelekanga. Umzekelo, ukuba ulwaphulo-mthetho senziwa ngumntu ngamageza - na ukungabikho ngumdlwenguli.

Ingcamango komthetho

Uwiso-mthetho ebekwe amatyala Code Criminal asekelwe kuphononongo imeko ekhoyo owayeze izenzo ezithile zabantu zibonisa ukuba imeko ukufukuka, oko ayinqweneleki kwaye kuyingozi ukusuka kwindawo imbono yoluntu. ukubaluleka Criminal osemthethweni ulwaphulo - ikhowudi ukuba yakhiwe ngokufanelekileyo kwaye ngokuthembeka ibonakalisa inkqubo ubudlelwane ezikhoyo eluntwini, ingakumbi ingozi ukufiphala zabo, kuba uthintela izinto eziluncedo ekuhlaleni phantsi ubulungisa.

Lo mthetho ifana semvelo, ongavelisi imithetho yaye akazange ceba, kodwa aliqulunqileyo nje, nto leyo uzama ukuveza ukuba imithetho abazi angaphakathi imithetho ephathelele kubudlelwane zokomoya. Yaye ixabiso nolwaphulo-mthetho umthetho lolwaphulo va kwi Code Criminal (inxalenye ezizodwa), apho omnye ulwaphulo-mthetho zingahlukaniswa komnye. Umzekelo, ubusela ngokucudisa, ukuphanga uyangcungcuthekiswa kwahluka izinto ezahlukeneyo kuphela abakhoyo bezi zenzo.

in Russia

Okokuqala, kukho kancinci malunga yamaRoma kunye IsiNgesi nomthetho. ERoma yamandulo, sokubiwa waqonda copyright, kuquka ityala ezingahlawulwanga. Umthetho mthetho IsiNgesi iqwalasela iindlela ezahlukeneyo ngokweba Ukuhlaselwa impahla zabanye abantu, kwanokuba umntu sele eyabelwe into yafunyanwa okanye umqhathile ngombane. Umthetho mthetho ingena amatyala ezithile, apho uluhlu alupheli eRashiya.

Kwaye oku kuthetha ukuba lo mthetho kunye nolwaphulo lingaqonda kuphela yokuziphatha ngexesha elinye kunye iimpawu sisincoko ethile. Amaxabiso Legal bolwaphulo iKhowudi Criminal zibonakaliswa imiqondiso eyona zonke emgceni, kodwa ibaluleke kakhulu kwaye ngokuqhelekileyo luluvo kunye nenjongo, kunye eziphawula isenzo esiyingozi ekuhlaleni.

Amatyala phahla, wayigqiba

Kwezinye izihloko (Special Inxalenye CC) echazwe nje iimpawu ezigqityiweyo amacala beqonga leyo kunye ne co-ababhali nokuba wedwa. Kunjalo, inxalenye jikelele ye-Code Criminal iqulethe amalungiselelo ulwaphulo uncompleted, nto leyo ubunjwe amalungiselelo okanye ukuzama ulwaphulo-mthetho.

Ixabiso zolwaphulo icala ayinyani obuchazwa iimpawu inxalenye Jikelele zombini ngamnye yaye ukho kuzo zonke izono. Xa umntu ukuba enze, umzekelo, iimpawu umphambanisi, umququzeleli okanye ibulala kwaye hayi buqu enze isenzo solwaphulo-mthetho, ukuba ulwaphulo-mthetho kucingwa yinxalenye yentlangano, ukufwaya okanye nokuhambisana. Kwinyathelo ngalinye mthetho uye mpawu esihambelanayo.

Naluphi na ulwaphulo-wabonakalisa ezahlukeneyo iimpawu luluvo kunye nenjongo, iimpawu khethekileyo neempawu zakhe. Amanqaku i-Criminal Code (inxalenye ezizodwa) kubonisa kuphela iimpawu iyizinzise isakhiwo neempawu zazo abasemthethweni: into kwicala lwe isenzo yolwaphulo - zombini luluvo kunye nenjongo, yaye emva koko wenze le nkqubo lichazwa okanye hayi kuchazwa nje ulwaphulo-mthetho. Ixabiso icala Injongo yesi sicwangciso-mthetho kubaluleke kanye kuba kucingwa iimposiso okanye enza eyingozi eluntwini ngenxa yoko, iimeko ixesha nendawo, kobude, iimeko, iindlela kunye neendlela, lemipu ikhomishini ityala - oko kukuthi, nokumisela nokwakheka imiqondiso.

imodeli

Kuphela ukushwankathela uphawu ubume nganye iimpawu zolwaphulo-resistant, ungenza i uhlobo licandelo ukutsalwa zenzululwazi le mbono ngokubanzi, equka imisebenzi ngasentla, zonke emine kwiqela labo (wababiza yi ngamaqela okanye ukwakhiwa sezulu). Ukumnika iimpawu into, icala njongo, kwicala zesimo lwetyala kunye sifundo. Le model (ingqiqo) olusetyenziswa ezikolweni yaye ubaluleke kakhulu methodological. Ukusukela kwicala ngalinye ubugebengu iimpawu zayo ezithile, inxalenye nganye zayo ezithile kwaye ezizodwa.

Xa nokwakheka yonke ulwaphulo-mthetho ezifunekayo, oko inyanzelekile kubo bonke abasebenzi, ngemiqondiso, kwakunye nenani ngamnye, Nedlac, yokuzikhethela. Umzekelo, indawo, ixesha, imali, izixhobo, esebenzisa wenza ulwaphulo-mthetho, iziphumo zayo kwaye imeko apho bonke oku kuyenzeka, hayi lonke ixesha ziyabandakanywa ezithile ulwaphulo-mthetho, kodwa ukusonga kunye namanyathelo - Licala njongo, yaye ubandakanya ezifunekayo ekwakhiweni nganye. Noko ke, ulwaphulo-mthetho ungamiselwanga ngokungqalileyo okanye iimpawu ngokuzithandela ezifunekayo CC (Special Part). Iimpawu ze eso sicwangciso eziqikelelwa okanye ngokusesikweni kuchazwa, njengoko kuchaziwe esebenzisa ngamazwi - imiqathango ethile esemthethweni, ingqiqo, amagama aziwayo-kakuhle.

izibonelo

Kukho iindlela ezininzi ukuba ayincule amatyala apho zihlelwa kwi-Criminal Code (inxalenye ezizodwa). Isixa iimpawu ezibalulekileyo kwicala kwinjongo ulwaphulo-mthetho kunye indawo yoyilo kwi sub-candelo: impahla na ukwakheka, okanye thumbanails. Umzekelo sisincoko eziphathekayo: Ukungakhathali (Part 1 weSiqendu 293 lomGaqo Criminal), apho akukho iimeko inkunzi. Apha kuyimfuneko ukuseka njengesiphumo mthetho sabangela umonakalo ngomlinganiselo omkhulu, ukwaphulwa ebonakalayo amalungelo asemthethweni kunye neminqweno yabemi okanye imibutho okanye imidla oluntu kunye urhulumente olukhuselwe ngumthetho. Ukuba inkunzi abakhoyo (part 2 inqaku elifanayo), oku kuthetha ukusetyenziswa emzimbeni esibuhlungu okanye ukufa komntu yabangela ukuba ngokungenankathalo. Ukuba kukho iimeko ezizodwa mandundu (kumhlathi 3 inqaku efanayo) - ebangela ukufa kwabantu ababini okanye nangaphezulu ngokungenankathalo.

Umzekelo isakhiwo ngokusesikweni neziphumo ezithile musa ukubonisa kukho yokungenzi ngokwaneleyo okanye izenzo kubonelelwe kwiSiqendu kweKhowudi Criminal. Imiphumo idla ngaphandle yaloo mthetho, kwaye ukuba kusekho, ngoko kungathathelwa ingqalelo xa isigwebo. Umzekelo, ukwakhiwa ilungelo lonyulo isithintelo okanye uphazamiseko kunye nomsebenzi yeMisebenzi zonyulo. Ukuqamba thumbanails iintlobo esesikweni, nje ekupheleni intshukumo bafudukela ekuqaleni ibakala elo ulwaphulo-mthetho. Umzekelo, ukuphanga (kwiSiqendu 162) ukuba uqulunqe njenge uhlaselo utshontsha propati, apho ukusebenzisa ubundlobongela, yingozi ubomi kunye nempilo, okanye ugrogriso gonyamelo. Ukuphanga - wenza ityala ukususela ekudalweni wokuqala ukuhlasela. Imisa umthetho wakhe kudluliselwa ngexesha ukugwintwa, xa wabongamela yomnye ipropati de lo mcimbi.