Chicxulub - ndawo kwi usingasiqithi Yucatán: ubungakanani, imvelaphi, imbali amazwe

Abaninzi kuthi baye weva Tunguska zimpahla. Kwangaxeshanye, bambalwa abantu bazi ngayo umzalwana wakhe, iwile eMisaveni kumaxesha amandulo. Chicxulub - Umgodi emva kokuwa a esibhakabhakeni yezigidi-65 eyadlulayo. imbonakalo yakhe ehlabathini kuye kwabangela ukuba nemiphumela emibi, leyo kakhulu ehlabathini lonke liphela.

Uphi na lo mngxuma Chicxulub?

Le ise emantla-ntshona indawo Yucatán Peninsula, kwakunye kwi emazantsi Gulf of Mexico. mngxuma Chicxulub 180 km ubukhulu ubanga ukuba zimpahla mngxuma inkulu on Earth. Inxalenye layo phezu komhlaba, yaye inxalenye yesibini phantsi kwamanzi Gulf.

History of izovela

Ukufunyanwa kuloo mngxuma waba ozenzekelayo. Kungenxa yokuba has a ubungakanani enkulu, ngoko ubukho wayo bacinge nokucinga. Oososayensi bafumene kuyo ingozi ngo-1978 ngexesha Gulf eziGeophysical Research. Uphando umkhankaso yayiququzelelwe inkampani "Pemex" (isihloko ngokupheleleyo "Mexican Petroleum"). Ngaphambi kokuba umsebenzi onzima - ukufumana bekelelo ioli phezu ezantsi bay. Geophysics Glen Penfield kunye Antonio Camargo kwizifundo kuqala wafumana arc ngokumangalisayo macala semidesyatikilometrovuyu phantsi kwamanzi. Ngenxa kwimaphu omxhuzulane, izazinzulu ziye zafumanisa ukuba uqhube arc kwi weYucatán (Mexico), kufutshane kwilali Chicxulub.

Igama elalini kuthetha ukusuka ulwimi yamaMaya njengoko "indimoni tick." Eli gama inxulunyaniswa ezinenani nanto izinambuzane kulo mmandla ixesha elide. Ukuba ukuqwalaselwa weYucatán kwimaphu (omxhuzulane) zivumelekile ukwenza uqikelelo ezininzi.

substantiation Scientific ye hypothesis

Ukuba iziphumo arc ivaliwe zenze isangqa ogama ububanzi yi-180 km. Enye abaphandi ogama Penfield wakha wacebisa ukuba yinto mngxuma impembelelo, owayebonakele ngenxa impembelelo esibhakabhakeni.

imfundiso yakhe echanekileyo, eyileyo kungqinwe izibakala ezithile. Ngaphakathi umngxuma kwafunyaniswa womxhuzulane anomaly. Ukongeza, iisampulu izazinzulu "shoka zwi" afunyanwa akuba ekrwitshiweyo kubume eziphilayo, kunye tektites yiglasi. izinto ezilolu hlobo abunjwe kuphela phantsi koxinzelelo olukhulu kunye neqondo lobushushu. Yintoni Chikskulub - mngxuma, ayinazo lingana ehlabathini, akukho uyathandabuza, kodwa kwakufuneka kubekho ubungqina obungenakuphikiswa ukuqinisekisa uqikelelo. Kwaye kwafumaniseka.

Lahamba ukuqinisekisa hypothesis laphumelela Unjingalwazi, iSebe i-University of Calgary Hildebrant ngo-1980 ngoncedo ekufundweni umchiza ukwakhiwa ngamatye ngengingqi satellite eneenkcukacha imifanekiso Peninsula.

Imiphumo zimpahla

Kukholelwa ukuba Chiksulub - Umgodi lamiswa xa zimpahla kabani ubukhulu ayikho kweekhilomitha ngaphantsi kwe ezilishumi. Ukubala izazinzulu zibonisa ukuba zimpahla eyayihamba kwi imo yekona kancinane ukusuka mpuma. isantya yakhe iikhilomitha ezingama-30 ngomzuzwana.

Fall umzimba enkulu yesiqalo Emhlabeni kwenzeka-65 yezigidi kwiminyaka eyadlulayo. Izazinzulu zibonisa ukuba esi siganeko kwenzeka nje paleogona size Cretaceous. Imiphumo yaba nefuthe ezibangele waba negalelo elikhulu kuphuhliso olungaphezulu eziphilayo emhlabeni. Ngenxa yokuba kwenzeke ingozi kwe zimpahla kunye kumphezulu womhlaba uMenzi umngxuma inkulu ehlabathini.

Ngokutsho izazinzulu, amandla impembelelo kunene eziliqela izihlandlo ezigidi amandla ezabo atom wawisa kwi eHiroshima. Ngenxa nefuthe wabumba umngxuma sikhulu ehlabathini, engqongwe Ridge, ukuphakama kwayo kwaba amawaka aliqela leemitha. Kodwa ke kummango kuwa ngenxa neenyikima kunye nezinye utshintshwano zejoloji nomsindo kuba negalelo esibhakabhakeni. Ngokutsho izazinzulu, i-tsunami liqalela nzima kakhulu. Kwakuyeyona ukuphakama kwamaza kweemitha 50-100. Amaza waya lizwekazi, batshabalalisa yonke into esendleleni yayo.

Ukupholisa Global le planethi

A okubulala wajikeleza amaxesha ambalwa ehlabathini lonke Earth. Ekwiqondo lobushushu eliphezulu, ibangela imililo yamadlelo kakhulu. Xa kwiingingqi ezahlukeneyo planethi okunamandla mlilo kunye nezinye iinkqubo ziitectonic plates. I-mlilo ezininzi kunye ukutshisa lwemimandla ihlathi elikhulu zikhokelele kwinto yokuba isixa esikhulu yeegesi ekhutshelwa kwi-atmosfera, uthuli, uthuthu kunye umlotha. Kunzima ukucinga oko, kodwa wavusa yamasuntswana ebizwa inkqubo mlilo zasebusika. Ihlala yokuba uninzi amandla elanga kuboniswe umoya, nto leyo lungapholi jikelele kwenzeka.

Kanye ukutshintsha kwemozulu, kunye neminye imiphumo ebuhlungu ugwayimbo waba negalelo elonakalisayo ihlabathi ehlabathini ophilileyo. Izityalo ukukhanya akwanelanga ukuba ifotosinthesisi, kukhokelela kukuba kubekho ukuncipha kwi umoya oksijini. Yokuduka inxalenye enkulu inshorensi komhlaba komhlaba iye yakhokelela ekufeni izilwanyana, nongakhange ukutya okwaneleyo. Kuyinto ezi ziganeko kwakhokelela ekutshabalaleni le Dinosaurs.

Ekutshabalaleni kwi kumda Cretaceous and Paleogene

Kokuwa ekuneni kwemvula ngoku ingqalelo isizathu esibaluleke nempukane bonke ubomi kwixesha Cretaceous-Paleogene. Version ukuphela yezinto eziphilayo kwenzeka kanye phambi Chicxulub (umngxuma) iye yavulwa. Kwaye izizathu ezibangele ukuba Ukupholisa yemozulu babenokuqikelela kuphela.

Izazinzulu ziye zafumanisa kumanqanaba aphezulu iridium (element ezinqabileyo kakhulu) e neetyuwa ogama ubudala-65 ezigidi zeminyaka. An into umdla kukuba zoqhaphelo eziphakamileyo element kuye kwafunyanwa nje kuphela Yucatán, kodwa nakwezinye iindawo ehlabathini. Ngoko ke, iingcali zithi, mhlawumbi, kwabakho imvula Meteor.

Ngomhla umda Paleogene kunye Cretaceous iidayinaso bafa ngaphandle, izirhubuluzi, izirhubuluzi aselwandle kudala waba kweli xesha luphaphazela. Ngokupheleleyo zonke eziphilayo zitshatyalalisiwe. Xa engekho amacilikishe amakhulu yanda ukudaleka iintaka kunye nezilwanyana ezanyisayo, iyantlukwano iintlobo elo ke linyuke kakhulu.

Ngokutsho izazinzulu, kunokwenzeka ukuba ukucinga ukuba ezinye ziphele nya mass ziye ukumqumbisa kukuwa awe esibhakabhakeni ezinkulu. Uqikelelo ezikhoyo zibonisa ukuba Earth imizimba enkulu yasezulwini kuwa kanye kwiminyaka kwizigidi ezilikhulu. Oku lungqamana phantse ixesha lekhefu phakathi ziphele nya ubunzima.

Kwenzeka ntoni emva kokuwa emkhathini?

Kwenzeka ntoni emhlabeni emva kokuwa emkhathini? Ngokutsho paleontologist Deniela Durda (Research Institute of Colorado), phakathi kwemizuzu neeyure aluhlaza kunye nehlabathi ikhula le umhlaba yaba lilizwe ibhuqiwe. Amawaka eekhilomitha ukusuka crash kwe zimpahla kuyo yatshatyalaliswa ngokupheleleyo. Ugwayimbo wathabatha ubomi ngaphezu eziinxalenye ezintathu zonke izidalwa eziphilayo nezityalo on Earth. Eyona nomonakalo yaba Dinosaurs, bonke bafa.

Kangangexesha elide abantu abazange bade bazazi ubukho kuloo mngxuma. Kodwa emva kokuba wafunyanwa, kwabakho imfuneko yophando kuba oososayensi wayiqokelela eninzi yeengcinga efuna ukuqinisekiswa imibuzo kunye nokucingela. Ukuba ukhangela Yucatán Peninsula kwimaphu, kunzima ukucinga ubungakanani ngqo umngxuma emhlabeni. North of ukuba kude nonxweme kwakunye 600 leemitha yolwandle ligutyungelwe yodaka.

Ngowe-2016, oososayensi baqalisa kugrunjwa kummandla inxalenye yaselwandle kuloo mngxuma, ukususa iisampulu zomphakathi. Uhlaziyo iisampula kufunxwa ziya kucacise iziganeko zenzeka kudala.

Iziganeko ezenzeka emva kwentlekele

Ibhanti ngumphunga inxalenye enkulu kolu qweqwe lomhlaba. Phezu kwendawo ukuwa zezulu kunyuke kungena kwitekisi, ihlabathi ndabanekelwa imililo mlilo. It umle nothuli wavala kwelanga sase umhlaba ube ixesha elide kakhulu ubumnyama ebusika.

Kwiinyanga ezilandelayo uthuli nezibi ewile kumphezulu womhlaba, umaleko yehlathi ukuyigubungela uthuli lomhlaba asteroid. Yiyo lo maleko kukuba palaeontologists sibone kwixesha elibaluleke kakhulu kwimbali Yomhlaba.

Kule ndawo nakuMntla Melika ukuya kumkhambo wokuba esibhakabhakeni kwatyatyamba amahlathi ashinyeneyo kunye undergrowth oxineneyo yefeni kunye neentyatyambo. Imozulu ngaloo mihla ayigodoli kakhulu ngoku. Xa izibonda, kwakungekho njengekhephu, iidayinaso zazizihambela nje kuphela Alaska, kodwa Seymurovyh Islands.

Imiphumo impembelelo a esibhakabhakeni emhlabeni, izazinzulu ziye wafunda, kuphononongwe Cretaceous-Paleogene umaleko, efumaneka kwiindawo ezingaphezu kwe-300 ehlabathini lonke. Oku wanika izizathu ukuba bathi ukuba abulale zonke abahlala kufutshane nombindi iziganeko. Inxalenye malunga zehlabathi abachatshazelwa inyikima, itsunami, ukungabikho yokukhanya kunye nezinye iziphumo yentlekele.

Abo izidalwa eziphilayo akazange afe ngoko nangoko, bafe ngenxa yokunqongophala ukutya kunye namanzi, kutshatyalaliswa imvula eneasidi. Ukufa kohlaza kwakhokelela ekubeni ukufa uhlaza, baza ukusuka ezidla ekhohlo ngaphandle ngamandla. Zonke amakhonkco kwikhonkco aye anyhashwa.

okucingelwayo ezintsha zesayensi

Ngokutsho izazinzulu abaye bafunda iifosili on Earth banokuphila kuphela kwezidalwa ezincinane (ezifana raccoons, umzekelo). Ukuba babe nethuba lokuba baphile kuloo meko. Ngenxa yokuba zidla ngaphantsi, ukudlala ngokukhawuleza, yaye kube lula ukuqhelana.

Iintsalela lubonisa ukuba eYurophu nakuMntla Melika Imeko kakuhle ngakumbi emva kwentlekele, ngaphezu kwezinye iindawo. zabadla Mass - le nkqubo ezimbini. Ukuba le into icala elinye ilahleke kwelinye icala kufuneka kwenzeka into. Ngoko ndithi izazinzulu.

Ukubuyisa Umhlaba wathabatha ixesha elide kakhulu. Andisekho amakhulu, okanye amawaka eminyaka ngaphambi kokuba eziphilayo buyisa. Wavele, iilwandlekazi wathabatha minyaka izizigidi ezintathu ukubuyisela ubomi obuqhelekileyo zezinto eziphilayo.

Emva kokuba yemililo emhlabeni ababehlala yefeni, ngokukhawuleza kwaziswa imimandla atshiswe. Abo eziphilayo usindileyo umlilo belimiwe yi ubulembu kwakunye nezityalo. Iindawo ubuncinane abachatshazelwa lo monakalo, abe ziindawo apho ukuze usinde, ezinye iintlobo eziphilayo. Kamva Azandlala kulo mhlaba. Umzekelo, kwi elwandle shaka wasinda, ezinye intlanzi, iingwenya.

Zalisa Ukunyamalala KweDangerous wavula yayigcinwa ezintsha eziphilayo, nto leyo ukuthatha ezinye izidalwa. Xa ukufuduka elizayo ezincancisayo ukwenza igumbi yabangela kwintabalala yabo ngoku kule planethi.

ulwazi olutsha malunga umhlaba elidluleyo

Ukubhola kuloo mngxuma sikhulu ehlabathini, ibekwe kummandla weYucatán, kunye nokuthatha iisampulu abaninzi kuya kuvumela izazinzulu ukufumana iinkcukacha ezingakumbi malunga yaqalwa njani umngxuma, kunye neziphumo ukuwa ukuyilwa kweemeko ezintsha zemozulu. Iisampuli asuka ngaphakathi kuloo mngxuma, kuya kuvumela iingcali ukuze baqonde oko kwenzeka kunye Earth emva nempembelelo enamandla nendlela ukuba abuyiselwe phambili ebomini. Izazinzulu abanomdla ekuqondeni oko ndlela ivuselelwa yokuqala owabuyela ngokukhawuleza wafika ukungafani yendaleko iifom.

Ngaphandle kokuba ngokubulala iintlobo ezithile kunye nezinto eziphilayo, nezinye iintlobo ubomi baqala ukwanda kabini. Ngokutsho izazinzulu, lo mfanekiso yintlekele uMhlaba akwazi liphindwe wonke amaxesha imbali amaninzi. Kwaye ixesha ngalinye batshabalala zonke izinto eziphilayo, yaye kwixesha elizayo kukho inkqubo yokubuyisela. Kusenokwenzeka ukuba indlela yembali kunye nophuhliso bekuya kuba ezahlukeneyo xa minyaka izizigidi 65 eyadlulayo, Ibhanti bekuya ziwe emhlabeni. Iingcali kwakhona musa ukuvala amathuba ukuba ubomi emhlabeni wazalwa ngenxa eli litye enkulu uwe.

endaweni yokuba UYobi

Ukuwa Ibhanti yabangela umsebenzi onamandla kolwandle Chicxulub mngxuma, nto leyo mhlawumbi lweminyaka 100,000. Yena kungenza ukuba gipermatofilam kunye thermophiles (oku exotic eziphilayo olunye-ezineseli) ukuze baphumelele kwiindawo ezishushu, ukulungisa ngaphakathi kuyo. Le hypothesis wenzululwazi, Kakade ke, kufuneka avavanywe. Loo ukubhola rock kunokunceda kucacise ukukhanya ngeziganeko ezininzi. Ngoko ke, izazinzulu nazo kusekho imibuzo emininzi ekufuneka iimpendulo, ukufunda Chicxulub (umngxuma).