American player chess uBobby Fischer engobomi, olunomdla, iifoto

Phakathi abadlali abaziwayo, yaziwa kulo lonke ihlabathi wechess, abantu nje abambalwa ungahlula ukuba krelekrele wakhe ongaqhelekileyo itsale ingqalelo. misebenzi labo ehlabathini kwezemidlalo ezininzi ezintsha kunye namaqela ezizodwa. Enye ixakayo ngu bby Fischer, umdlali kakhulu chess lonke ixesha. Inqanaba IQ yakhe wayelingana 186, yenye iireyithi iphezulu ehlabathini.

kwiminyaka yokuqala

Bobby Fischer wazalwa ngomhla a Matshi ngosuku oluhle kwintsapho ngamazwe. Ngowe-1933, unina indoda efuna undikho elizayo, Regina Wender, yabaleka Germany eSoviet Union, xa kwilizwe lakhe amaNazi weza ngamandla. Ngokuba ixesha elithile wayehlala kummandla kwilizwe lobuhlobo, apho wadibana nendoda yakhe elizayo, Gerhard Fischer. Ngowe-1938, esi sibini wakhupha umtshato ngokusesikweni, yaye emva kwexesha elithile waya US.

Xa lithi, kunye bby Fischer wazalwa ngoMatshi 9, 1943. Emva kweminyaka 2, uyise washiya usapho xa wabuyela eJamani. Umama boy self-ofundileyo kunye nodade wabo omdala, uJoan. Leyo ntombazane uHanani umzalwana wayo chess kuqala, kwandula ke ihlabathi liphela sitshintshile kuye. UJoan Robert (bby Fischer) waqalisa ukufunda imigaqo badlale kunye. Ekuhambeni kwexesha, lo mfana waba ngakumbi nangakumbi sokuvalwa ehlabathini wechess.

Ngelo xesha, intsapho babehlala eBrooklyn. Yonke imihla, bby lenkomo, libe iiyure ezimbalwa wachitha wedwa, udlala naye eluthandweni emdlalweni. Oku kuye kwabangela inkxalabo kunina, waza wagqiba ekubeni ukufumana iqabane Ukubanga unyana wakhe. Engazi ukuba bajike, wagqiba ekubeni abeke intengiso kwiphephandaba. Abasebenzi "Brooklyn Eagle", hayi uqinisekile ukuba icandelo ukubeka itekisi efana, wagqiba ekubeni iyithumele kumntu kwabayilwileyo wechess lobuntatheli. Kwacaca ukuba kaHermann Helms, ngubani wasabela ad ngokubhala malunga unina bby Brooklyn chess club.

Kwiklabhu ichess yokuqala kunye nomqeqeshi

Ukufeza iiyure ezininzi wedwa, umdlali abasebatsha bafunde bonke amaqhinga yomdlalo. Brooklyn club uvule amathuba amatsha kuye. Bobby Fischer, ogama engobomi uya kwaziwa kungekudala bonke, eqalisa ukuqeqesha kunye Carmine Nigro. Lo mntu ngelo xesha umongameli eklabhu. Bobby Young echithwayo kule ndawo phantse lonke ixesha lakhe nanceba.

Xa ivaliwe club, umdlali wechess oselula wambongoza unina ukuba naye epakini, "Washington Square." Ngelo xesha kwakukho khona bonke abalandeli lo mdlalo - ukususela kwabancinane emikhulu evela iyaxela ezahlukeneyo kwezentlalo. Bobby Fischer wazalwa ukudlala itshesi, kwaba sele kubonakala ngaloo minyaka. Emva konyaka waba ukwenza Hortonskom club, ngokunjalo izihlandlo eziliqela ngenyanga abaqeqeshiweyo izakhono kunye abaqeqeshiweyo ukutyelela Dzhona Kollinza. Ngelo xesha ke watyelelwa ezininzi abadlali kunye GMs. Kwaba kwikhaya umqeqeshi enokuthenjwa Fisher waqalisa ukufunda iincwadi ekhethekileyo enxulumene umdlalo.

kokuqala

Befunda kwiiklabhu ezahlukeneyo, uRobert inxaxheba onke amakhuphiswano, ezazibizwa apho. uloyiso lwakhe lokuqala kungathathwa ukuphumelela umdlalo ukhuphiswano zasekuhlaleni kweminyaka eli-10. Oku eninzi wema phakathi oontanga bakhe nje kuphela indlela komdlalo, kodwa umnqweno ukugqwesa.

Iindaba umdlali qwa baqalisa diverge ukusuka kwindawo chess encinane of America. Bobby waqalisa ukutsala ingqalelo, kwaye kwiminyaka 13 imenyiwe ukuba lemidlalo abaninzi. Amaxesha amaninzi, yena inxaxheba kumdlalo ngaxeshanye apho abachasi bakhe baba ezinye nxaxheba kakhulu kwangoko. Omnye isiganeko esenzeka eCuba, apho Ewatyhutyhile kunye Regina Wender, unina wakhe. grandmasters Famous wamema le mihla ulutsha ukudlala umdlalo, yintoni uRobert njalo, ukuba bafumane ithuba lokufunda izinto ezintsha ukuqonda ubulumko iinkosi.

Kwiminyaka eli-16, Fischer wagqiba kwelokuba ashiye iziko lemfundo, ukuze azinikele ngokupheleleyo ukufunda kunye nokudlala itshesi. Yena ngokuzimeleyo ekhaya ezicwangciswe imidlalo parallel eziliqela kunye naye. Gcobisa ngokusebenzisa amagumbi ebhodi, yena khosi sidlulile ukusuka komnye ukuya komnye, yokuvavanya ukucinga oshukunyiswa macala omabini.

lemidlalo

Ngehlobo lowe-1956 yaba US tumente junior apho oselula Bobby Fischer efika ubuntshatsheli bakhe kuqala, waza waba uphumeleleyo cinci khuphiswano. Emva koko kwaqala uthotho lemidlalo ukuba kumphilisa, ndimalathise, isithsaba chess, apho umntu waphupha ukususela ebuntwaneni.

Ngowe-1958 waba nenxaxheba eYugoslavia imidlalo lommandla. Apho wadibana ne grandmasters ezininzi eziphambili. Lonke ixesha lakhe spare Fischer wachitha ekuphuhliseni izicwangciso-qhinga ezintsha ngenkankulu uphuma egumbini lakhe. Abathathi-nxaxheba bathi ukujonga mfo kubonakala simpleton, kodwa xa kuziwa itafile, umdlalo yonke oko ikutshoyo.

Yaba uloyiso baseYugoslavia bazisa uRobert ithuba ukukhuphisana kumanqanaba aphezulu. Ngowe-1959 wathabatha Abaviwa Tournament, apho prodigy oselula waqubisana abadlali kakhulu chess yehlabathi. Ukuba kuphela kwilizwe langaphandle, akazange abe umncedisi, owesibini okanye kwelinye icala. Zonke izigqibo kunye nezenzo ayewenza ngokuzimeleyo. abangenzi nto ixesha Daily Bobby wayehleli yakhe chess kwigumbi lokudlala, ngoxa abachasi bakhe baba imo echanekileyo, olukhulu ukubethwa ngumoya kolwandle. Fisher wenza ezininzi iimpazamo, kodwa wathatha indawo 5, nto leyo eye yomeleza ngakumbi igama layo kwaye uvule amathuba abanzi.

Ngowe-1961, le tumente elilandelayo ithatha indawo kwidolophu Bled. Khula-up yaye kakuhle player chess American Bobby Fischer ogqiba phantse zonke Party kunye iingongoma kwindawo yesibini. Indawo efanayo yalahleka kancinane ukuya Spassky, loo mihla mncinane ngo-1966 ukuya Piatigorsky Cup, esenzeka e Santa Monica.

lemidlalo elandelayo bazisa Robert, kuthandwa kakhulu ehlabathini we wechess. Waphumelela kakhulu kwimidlalo benza endaweni 1 okanye 2. Indlela yakhe umdlalo uba bazithembe kwaye womelele ngakumbi. Ekubeni uqeqesho iguquguquka sele lusekiwe, ngobundlobongela nobubi obukhulu yeza kukhuphiswano iphambili ebomini bakhe. Eneminyaka eyi-29 ubudala kwafuneka ukuba aye kulwa nguGrandmaster yomeleleyo USSR.

Umdlalo ne Borisom Spasskim

Ngowe-1972, uBobby Fischer, umdlali US inamandla kwafuneka ukuba aphumelele edabini isihloko ehlabathini. esitheni yakhe Boris Spassky. Lo mdlalo kucingelwa ukuba le tumente kwenkulungwane, kuye eninzi uvakalelo, hayi kuphela abadlali lizwe, kodwa ihlabathi liphela, wayegcine umlo. Kwaba ngexesha IMfazwe, yaye abaninzi iqela edityaniswe Spassky kunye Fischer ukruthakruthwano phakathi amagunya emibini emikhulu.

Umdlalo kwenzeka Reykjavik. Sele imizuzu yokuqala mdlalo wabonisa ukuba sikwazi ukulindela ukuba zonke umdlali American. Oku kwaqala kwaba-5 emva kwemini, Spassky wayekulungele yaye wahlala elindele ekuqaleni. Umdlalo, yaqala nguGrandmaster eSoviet yenza inyathelo lokuqala, kwaye nqakraza kwi wotshi chess. Bonke akhangele phambili kuyo yevoti yesibini.

Kwadlula imizuzu, kunye ubby Fischer, intshatsheli US, akazange abonakale. Spassky eze kugweba, ngokucacileyo, ukuba abonisane kwindlela phambili, yaye ke uza kungena egumbini, uRobert. Le meko ayikho ngeveki enye uya kuxoxa onke amaphephandaba ehlabathini. Kakade ngelo xesha nguGrandmaster American watsalela ingqalelo ngokwakhe nokudlala lwazo yokuziphatha lukhuni kwaye iyingozi. Ngoko ke, lo mdlalo ilandelwe lonke ihlabathi, ngaphandle kokuyaphula iya ngaphaya umdlalo njengesiqhelo.

Fisher wahamba umdlalo ngokusebenzisa uthotho loyiso. Iminyaka emininzi ukuba ulungiselela le tumente, ukulahlekelwa Spassky kukhuphiswano esemncinane. nguGrandmaster eSoviet, phezu koko, emva kokufumana isihloko indoda efuna undikho baba ingqalelo ngaphantsi kuhlawulwa uqeqesho kunye nokudlala. Emva koko, lo nefuthe kwiziphumo.

Ngelo xesha, nebhetshi yokuqala yaqala. Bobby Fischer, ukukhula kwawo malunga 185 cm ngaphezu itafile, ihleli esitulweni yakhe, nto leyo nayo ngokukodwa kule tumente. Yena wazenzakalisa bonke; iibhalbhu ukukhanya, kunye nesandi yekhamera, kwaye phambi kwabantu, nokuba ukweliphi inqanaba labo kunye nomsebenzi.

Ngaphandle koku, iqela wahamba kakuhle, kodwa ngaxa lithile Fischer yenza impazamo, ungenza kuphela labaqalayo, yaye ulahlekelwa. Oku kwakhokelela naye waba nomsindo, waza wababuza evela kubaququzeleli yonke Paparazzi kunye nezixhobo zabo kumkiwe nabo kule ndawo. Ukuba saliwe, waseMelika nguGrandmaster isusiwe, ukuyeka ukuqhubeka ukulwa. Umdlalo kujike kungaphazamiseka, kwaye uloyiso umdlalo yesibini ngokuzenzekelayo yanikezelwa Spassky.

Emva kweenyanga 1.5 ka bby Fischer kunjalo wavuma ukuba agqibe umdlalo, kodwa wacenga abaququzeleli ukususa umdlalo kwindawo efanelekileyo. Kwabonakala ukuba igumbi encinane umdlalo itafile intenetya. Party Third nabo bonke ezilandelayo sele ihambile meko eyahlukileyo. Ke kaloku, ekupheleni umnqobi kwakuba American. Bobby Fischer, indoda efuna undikho ihlabathi elinanye, ukuba isihloko elinde iminyaka eli-15 ubude ukususela uloyiso phezu kwabo bonke abadlali US.

Ehlabathini komdlalo ngoko nangoko wenyuka hype. abameli Soviet Chess Association ifuna ukukhangela emoyeni, ukukhanyisa kunye kwisitulo, apho waba uMsindisi, becaphula isibakala sokuba lo mdlali wavelisa impembelelo iikhemikhali okanye amaza erediyo. Emva Ukuhlolisisa umbutho wamazwe ngamazwe yonke imiba ubungqina le thiyori abuyi kufunyanwa.

Le mpi yokugcina

Emva kokufumana kwisihloko ntshatsheli uBobby Fischer, owaba nomdla ngobomi kwabadlali abo basandula kuqalisa kunye neengcali, lushiya ikhusi ekho okwethutyana. Ngowe-1975, yena bekumele ukuba abonakale umdlalo kunye Anatoliem Karpovym, ukuqinisekisa kwisihloko sakhe. Kodwa GM kunye ngoyaba isiganeko.

akukho lwazi malunga ixesha elide abadlali ezinkulu chess Kuye kwabikwa. Ibonisa indlela umntu nemfihlo yaba Bobby Fischer. zokuphila kwakhe nayo alaziwa ukuba lithetha ukuthini. ukuba ngamanye amaxesha uye uve ukuba wabonwa kwindawo ezahlukeneyo zehlabathi.

Ngowe-1992, umbutho ehlabathini lonke rematch phakathi Spassky kunye Fischer walungiswa. Bayilwele baba imali ezinkulu, imali phezu US $ 3 million. Lo mdlalo lixesha kwi engama-20 lomdlalo Spassky - Fischer, ngubani wehla kwimbali ye wechess yehlabathi.

Le rematch kwagqitywa ukuphumeza eYugoslavia. Kodwa IMelika kunye elo lizwe ngelo xesha zenziwa nzima ubudlelwane ezopolitiko, kunye Ministry of Finance Fischer ezisengozini ukwayo. Kodwa akayekanga GM, kwaye vice versa, nokuba nesibindi. Emva umhlala-phantsi kwakhe chess ngo-1975, yena usoloko wagxeka nkqubo Washington kunye bonke urhulumente US.

Umdlalo okulungileyo, abachasi kubanjwe imidlalo 30, yaye lowo uphumeleleyo bby Fischer waphuma kwakhona. Ngaphandle koku, zonke iingcali ngelizwi owandixelelayo ukuba umgangatho zombini abadlali akufani. Kodwa ke ukuba yiGrandmaster wacinga umdlalo kunye ubuntshatsheli ibisoloko wathi akazange aphulukane uphumeleleyo isithsaba sakhe, njengoko utshaba bomelele kunaye, akazange ahlangabezane.

impilo Personal

Bobby Fischer, ubomi lakhe siqu ligutyungelwe imfihlakalo, lonke ixesha lo mdlalo eyahlulelwe. Kunye amantombazana ngayo phantse engazange ibonwe. Kudliwano-ndlebe ngexesha kwiMidlalo yeOlimpiki ngowe-1962, yena nabalandeli iintatheli ezithile bokuqonda. Kumba abafazi, wathi ufuna iqela endilisekileyo. Kodwa kunokuba andizukuba AmaMelika, ngenxa yokuba, ngokwembono yakhe, ukuba elizimeleyo kakhulu kwaye ngabom. amehlo akhe yayijoliswe amantombazana aseMpuma.

Ngenye imini, xa Fisher oneminyaka eli-17 ubudala inxaxheba kule tumente, le okhuphisana bathumela kuye umfazi wayekwazi captivate a mihla umntwana. Lonke ixesha yolu khuphiswano, wayedlala embi, ekubeni lonke ixesha free esichithwe kothandiweyo entsha. Umphumo waba kukuba umdlali okuqaqambileyo yaba phezu ubume obuphantsi kwitheyibhile league. Kwaba isifundo omhle uRobert oselula, yaye ukususela ngoko uthando kuphela yakhe umdlalo wechess.

Bobby Fischer: Interesting Facts

Ngexesha lakhe, umdlali wechess odumileyo nako ukuma nje kuphela umdlalo wayo ezikrelekrele. Emva koko wafumana isihloko, iimfuno zakhe sivumelane lakhula kakhulu. Umzekelo, ukudlala ukuba zange uqale phambi-4 emva kwemini, kuba wayekuthanda ukulala. Phambi kwetumente leyo ukuze uqiniseke ukuba ukubhukuda echibini okanye badlala intenetya kwi enkundleni.

American player chess Bobby Fischer uthathwa umdlali okuqaqambileyo nje kuphela, kodwa ke eyona nto idume paranoid elo xesha. Emva kokufumana tayitile iqala ukuba babandakanyeke iyelenqe ehlabathini uze ufunde ngalo iincwadi ezininzi kunye namanqaku. Emva kwexesha elithile kupapashwa kumaphepha-ndaba amazwi akhe aqatha amaYuda, Amerika kunye Afrika.

Emva kokoyisa Borisom Spasskim ngo-1972 bby Fischer waba iqhawe lesizwe. Nayo iza kuqukunjelwe imvumelwano iinkampani ezininzi odumileyo, ezo phantse ngokukhawuleza yaba phantsi. Celebrities bazama ukuba awele ukuba amaqela kunye nemibhiyozo. Uninzi bonke emgceni ukuba bafunde kuyo umdlalo. Kodwa emva kwethutyana indoda efuna undikho odumileyo Bobby Fischer, imizila ifoto zonke iintlelo uya kubizwa ngokuba imbuka deserter.

Robert onekhwele lo mdlalo, kwaye bakholwa ukuba chess imidlalo unikele ingqalelo encinane. Ngoko ke, wafuna ukuba nenxaxheba iifizi tumente olunyuswe, becaphula ukuba abadlali abayifumani manqindi ezincinane nezinye iimbaleki sezifundo zithandwa ngakumbi. Le umdlali abemi sengqondo azale iziphumo kunye lobuntshatsheli baqalisa umdla kubabukeli ngakumbi izikrini kunye nabalandeli.

Enye kubabhekisi phambili be theory ichess kunye nombhali amanqaku emininzi lo mdlalo bby Fischer, ifoto apho zifumaneka kwiimpapasho lo mxholo. Wafunda inyanda kwiitumente yindoda nebhinqa waza ingqalelo kubo engile ezahlukeneyo, ebonisa iikhrayitheriya ezifunekayo kunye amanyathelo nangoloyiso elizayo.

Omnye iimpawu GM eli kukungabikho nemvo uburharha, nto leyo eyabangela ukuba kuthenga 157 iisuti. Isizathu soku kukuba kwenye imidlalo welinye icala Bobby Fischer wabuza ngenkangeleko yakhe entle kwaye ezintle, uze ucacise indlela evumelana. Waphendula wathi iziqwenga 150, kodwa ukuba yintlekisa, ukuba uRobert akazange aqonde. Kodwa iqhawe wayefanele ukuba ibe ophumeleleyo yonke, yaye wongezelela wathi bakhe nesinxibo ngubo 157.

Fisher wema misebenzi yakhe kuphela umdlalo wechess. Yena waba yeelwimi, esazi ukuba ukuthetha iilwimi-5. Ebekuthanda iincwadi kwaye usoloko ukufunda iincwadi yokuqala. Ngokomgaqo-mali, ukuba wayesoloko ezolile. Sinokuthi, akazange abazifunayo Fisher, asikuko ungumqokeleli izinto zobugcisa okanye izinto zexabiso, akazinanze thandwayo eliphezulu kwaye wawananza bonke abantu abazizityebi. Kodwa ke, nangona oku, waba ixabiso eyodwa kuluntu, abalandeli kunye neentatheli.

Nokufika ubuchwepheshe be-computer kunye Internet yonke loo ndawo, ukuba ngabafundisi abaninzi wechess aqala lemidlalo kwisithuba elektroniki. Ngoko ke ingafumana umdlali ofanelekileyo, kunye nokuphuhlisa izicwangciso ezintsha ukunika abaqalayo ithuba lokuba bafunde iingcali. Enye IsiNgesi umdlali kwiklasi ophezulu Naydzhel Mfutshane wathi udlala intanethi ne Fischer. Kakade ke, inkosi enkulu ezukileyo ayizange asayine igama lakhe, kodwa indlela yokudlala kwabonakala ukuba lo nto.

emibonweni

Bobby Fischer, umhla wokuzalwa kwakhe kungqamane ixesha Second World War, umfana waqala abandakanyeke yemibono iyelenqe kunye noncwadi kwezopolitiko. emveni kokufumana isihloko ihlabathi uthethe nxamnye norhulumente US. Kodwa ubutshaba kumaYuda, amaKomanisi, yaye amaqela ngokwesondo ndandiqalisa umva kwi 60s. Ngelo xesha, umama wakhe waye eSoviet Union kwintlanganiso kunye Ninoy Hruschevoy kwaye kwenziwa rhoqo kwi kunomathotholo. Oku kwakhokelela Fisher ukuba sinomgada, yaye ngakumbi kunokutshiseka intiyo yakhe.

Wayekholelwa ukuba run yehlabathi lonke amaYuda, ukuba zonke izigqibo izikhundla kunye yonke imibutho. Wayekholelwa ukuba ngokungxamisekileyo kufuneka ukususa kwaye ucoce Melika kubantu ezingafunekiyo. Kwaye oku nangona ukuba ayajika igazi labo! Ezweni lawo, yena ingqalelo ungumngcatshi, a deserter. I zingxola ingqalelo yakhe ezivunyiweyo izenzo abanqolobi nxamnye eUnited States September 11, 2001. Wathi ukuba lixesha lokuba ukukhaba eMelika, kwaye ufuna ukuba abe lingqina ngayo eli lizwe izakulahleka ukusuka ebusweni bomhlaba.

kwiminyaka yakutshanje

Emva kokuba umdlalo kunye Borisom Spasskim Fischer kwafuneka kuzimela, zingafiki ematyaleni. Isizathu soku ukuvalwa urhulumente US malunga inxaxheba umdlali enkulu chess kule tumente kweli lizwe. Ngelo xesha, izohlwayo nxamnye eYugoslavia ngenxa yemfazwe kwiiBalkans ziye zaziswa. Kodwa Fischer akazange akukhathalele ngayo, kodwa akaba nako ukubuyela ekhaya, njengoko elinde inkundla kunye neminyaka-10 entolongweni.

Emana enkqonkqoza apho isikhumbuzo, wathabatha imali yakhe, wenyuka waya eSwitzerland. Emva kokuhlala kweli lizwe wafudukela Hungary. I-US Federal Bureau yakhupha isigunyaziso ukubanjwa nguGrandmaster. Oku kwakhokelela ukuba Fischer ndizimele, okokuqala kwiiPhilippines, ngoko e-Japan kunye rhoqo bafudukela ukusuka kwindawo ngeendawo.

Ekubeni Melika nguGrandmaster ubengenakuya umva, wagqiba ekubeni afune yokusabela kwikhaya ngabazali bakhe. Bobby Fischer, umdlali chess, ifoto apho wafaka iimpapasho idumileyo ehlabathini, ngoku ekufuneka ikhaya elitsha. Yena ifake isicelo sobumi eJamani, kodwa wala. Phakathi kwehlobo ka-2004 wabanjwa ngendlela moya Japanese xa ezama ukuphuma lizwe. US abekwa Treaty ifuna ukunika Fischer.

Ngelo xesha, amagqwetha ze indoda efuna undikho owayesakuba Kucetyiswa ukuba enze isicelo sobumi e Iceland, apho wenza tumente yakhe ekhumbulekayo owoyisileyo. Entwasahlobo 2005, kwenziwa isigqibo. Robert Fischer ngokusemthethweni waba ngummi weli lizwe, ukufumana ipasipoti yokuhamba ukusuka eJapan kwikhaya elitsha.

Reykjavik kwaye idlula kwiminyaka yokugqibela eli nguGrandmaster enkulu. Ngo-2007, Fisher ungeniswe esibhedlele unesifo "ukusilela kwesibindi". Unyango akazange ukunceda, yaye ngoJanuwari 2008, akazange abe ngumdlali enkulu akhethekileyo lonke ixesha. Wenza umdlalo inani elikhulu ezintsha waza kwinqanaba elitsha.

Iminyaka emininzi phambi kokufa Bobbi Fisher wahlala yedwa yaye neemali ngenxa iincwadi zakhe, apho wachaza imidlalo bakhe waza wafundisa nobugcisa nokudlala itshesi. A abahlobo abambalwa bamtyelela ngamathuba athile kwaye igcinwe.