Zinovev Grigoriy Evseevich: engobomi, iifoto kunye namanqaku anika umdla

-Waziwa kakuhle revolution Russian Zinovev UGrigory (wahlala 1883-1936) kananjalo laseburhulumenteni eSoviet kunye nani kwezopolitiko. Ngokutsho kweminye imithombo, igama lakhe ngempela Radomyslsky Ovsey bakaGershon (bakaGershon Yevsei) Aronovich; eminye imithombo efanayo, igama lakhe Hirsch (Gersh) Apfelbaum (unina). biography emfutshane Grigoriya Zinoveva waba umbandela ukubuyekeza yethu.

Childhood noSapho

Wazalwa Zinovev Grigoriy Evseevich (ngokufutshane malunga umntu uya kufunda kweli nqaku) ngo-1883, 11 (23) Septemba e Elisavetgrad (namhlanje Kropyvnytskyi) kwiphondo Kherson. Ukususela ngo-1924, kowabo elishumi ogama Zinoviev. Uyise Aaron Radomyslsky, owaba kwifama yobisi, wamnika imfundo esisiseko.

Kangangeminyaka eli-14, Zinoviev wanyanzeleka ukuba asebenze unobhala kunye nokunika izifundo, njengoko intsapho yakhe ezihlupheka.

Umfazi wokuqala Gregory yaba professional revolution Evseevich Ravich Sarra Naumovna, okwabizwa phantsi igama Olga. Yena waba yinxalenye RSDLP, endaweni okwethutyana uMkomishinala of Internal Affairs of the kwiNgingqi Northern, uye wabanjwa ngokuphindaphindiweyo.

umfazi elandelayo Lilina Zinoviev waba Zlata Ionovna, okwabizwa phantsi elabo Zina Levin. Kwakhona bathatha inxaxheba RSDLP wasebenza Petrograd yiSoviet, yena ubambisene iphephandaba "PRAVDA" yaye "Inkwenkwezi". Zinoviev wazala unyana - Radomyslskogo Stefana Grigorevicha. Xa ndandineminyaka eli-29, waye wabanjwa waza wagwetyelwa ukufa.

umfazi Third Radomyslsky waba evgeniya Yakovlevna Lasman. Uchithe elubhacweni kunye entolongweni phantse-20 iminyaka yobomi bakhe.

imisebenzi Pre-revolution

Kwiminyaka 18 (1901), Zinoviev waba lilungu RSDLP waza waqalisa ukuba bathathe inxaxheba kule mbuso. Ahlela ugwayimbo lwabasebenzi kwi New eRashiya, awusebenzeleyo watshutshiswa ngamapolisa. Ukuphepha intshutshiso ngo-1902 Radomyslsky waya eBerlin, uze phakathi kunyaka waya kuhlala eParis kunye Bern. Ngowe-1903, kulapho wayedibana Lenin, yaye kamva kakhulu ngakumbi kuye baza kumela kwi mibutho yali yaseYurophu.

Ngowe-1903, UGrigory Zinoviev, ifoto uyakwazi ukubona kweli nqaku, waba kwiBolsheviks kunye II Congress of the RSDLP inkxaso uLenin. Kulo nyaka, nakwivukela iye yabuyela Ukraine, apho ndiziphethe ubuxoki esebenzayo.

Emva konyaka, ngenxa yokuba nesifo sentliziyo Radomyslsky kwakhona eyemka ngayo kweli lizwe, zibuyela Berne. Apho waqalisa ukufunda, ngokubhalisa kwi-University i-Faculty of Chemistry, kodwa emva konyaka waphazanyiswa izifundo zakhe ukuba bathathe inxaxheba kule revolution (1905-1907). ERashiya, oko elinde ukuba lilungu eSt Petersburg gorkomitete RSDLP. kokuphelelwa entsha ukugula ngebhaxa Zinoviev kwakhona ukuya Bern, kodwa kufunda Faculty. Ngentwasahlobo yowama-1906 wabuyela eSt Petersburg, iwela CC (iivoti ngaphezulu bafumana uLenin kuphela) kwaye umhleli iqala umsebenzi kumaphephandaba "Phambili" yaye "Democrat" (upapasho komhlaba). Ngokuba imisebenzi yakhe awe phantsi ngo-1908, ngenxa yokugula xibilili waya Austria Compostela kunye nguLenin ngeenyanga ezintathu.

Kukho Zinovev Grigoriy Evseevich, ogama biography lizele yintlekele, efunyenweyo yamaBolshevik party izityhwentywe zemali ngenxa wamazwe odumileyo Parvus. amapolisa Austrian babekholelwa ukuba Zinoviev lamema intelligence French.

revolution

Ngo-Apreli 1917, Zinoviev nomfazi wakhe wesibini Zlata Lili, unyana wabo uStefano, umfazi wokuqala uSara Ravich Lenin wabuyela eRashiya e kuloliwe etywiniweyo. Emva kweentsuku Julayi Lenin wazifihla Radomyslsky kunye omkulu kwi chibi Provisional Government (ngoku kukho ilitye unyaka wonke intente). Bona orhanelwa zaseMelika kunye nentsebenziswano kunye Austria-Hungary.

Ngo-Oktobha 1917, kwaba intlanganiso okuvala yamaBolshevik Central Committee, apho Zinoviev kunye Lev Kamenev wathi ukuba ngaphambi ukubhukuqa uRhulumente lwethutyana kunye yaphikisana nesigqibo uLenin kaThixo. eziqhuba ngayo i "New Life" (Mensheviks) phantse kwakhokelela ukugxothwa epatini, kodwa wagqiba kungalelwa nje ukuba asebenze egameni layo.

Xa iiBolsheviks kunye SRs abamba namandla Petrograd, Zinoviev, Lev Kamenev, Alekseem Rykovym kunye Viktorom Noginym wakhuthaza thethwano kunye mnyinyiva Vizhelem kunye nesicelo sakhe ukuba bahlanganisane ukuze iqela elinye koburhulumente bobusoshiyali. ULenin noTrotsky wayeka-thethwano, yaye ngoNovemba 4, lo abacula kunye nabo beza Vladimir Milyutin evela kwiKomiti Central. ULenin ukuphendula wathi kubo bamkelwe - oku kube ekhankanywe yomnqophiso wakhe wezopolitiko.

impi yombango

Ekupheleni kuka-1917, Zinoviev wavunyelwa ukuba abuyele kwezopolitiko. Ngexesha leMfazwe Civil waba ngusihlalo loomasipala Petrograd yiSoviet Union Sovnarkorma Region Northern, i-revolution Petrograd Defense.

Ukufikelela ngokwenene amandla yonakalisa Zinoviev. Xa macala onke indlala, walungiselela umgidi bakhe abasondeleyo unomtsalane. On ngokwakhe, oohlohlesakhe kunye izinto unearned evinjwa amakhadi isonka. Nangona amashumi amawaka abantu iwela kolu didi. Bona ngokoqobo bokufa yindlala.

Zinovev Grigoriy Evseevich (biography emfutshane thaca ingqalelo yakho kweli nqaku) ekuqaleni wala i "ngesothuso ebomvu" emva ukuzama kwi uLenin kunye kokubulawa Volodarsky kunye Uritsky, awusebenzeleyo yagxekwa kakhulu uLenin. Yena ayekhalazela ukutshintshwa kwikomkhulu eMoscow.

Zinoviev Lenin wabuyela indawo, nokuxhasa Brest-Litovsk Treaty, yaye kungekudala wabuyela phakathi iKomiti Central kunye nobulungu kwi Politburo entsha. Wamjizeka sithuba kunye Comintern Executive kuSihlalo, apho waqalisa ingcamango "Fascism ekuhlaleni".

Zinoviev wathabatha inxaxheba ekulungelelaniseni i "Lunxunguphalo Red" ye nezazi Petrograd, kuba athe igama kubo "Grishka isiThathu" (xa kuthelekiswa ne-Otrepyev kunye Rasputin).

Phantsi kobunkokeli kubemi Petrograd Zinoviev sixeko yawa ngabantu abangaphezulu kwama-4 million. Inkoliso yabo bashiya nje umzi, kodwa inxalenye enkulu babulawa yindlala nokubulawa. Impact ntlekele amafutha - ebusika esixekweni nje akazange ukungenisa isibaso.

Kukholelwa ukuba izenzo ezinjalo isicwangciso Zinoviev ukunciphisa 'iziqalelo non-uyazazi. "

Nangona amakhulu abantu badutyulwa, Zinoviev ingcinezelo baba zamanyangaza kakhulu ukuvelela. Kukholelwa ukuba oko masikhokelwe lithemba, noyike ukufa revolution.

Ukususela ngo-1921, Zinoviev yaba lilungu le Politburo kwaye ijolise izikhundla eziphambili. Promoted ngexesha yelifa Lenin kaThixo, wapapasha iincwadi ezininzi - imisebenzi yakhe eqokelelweyo baqalisa ukushicilela.

Zinoviev ithabathe inxaxheba xa betshutshiswa labefundisi Orthodox, xa iiBolsheviks athimba ibandla amaxabiso abaninzi. E Petrograd, nto leyo ke Wabaleka ke, wadlula kwetyala, apho wagwetyelwa ukufa ababingeleli-10, kuquka Archimandrite uSergiyo yaye kamva lamiselwa njenge bafeli saint Metropolitan noBhenjamin.

Zinoviev wathabatha inxaxheba ngokuvela Stalin, waphenjelelwa ukuqeshwa kwakhe Jikelele RCP ngo-1923 nguNobhala. Wakwenza oku ngaphandle ngovelwano buqu, kwaye ukuba kuziswe ekulweni noTrotsky.

Emva kokufa Lenin kaThixo

Emva kokufa Lenin eyiyo contenders igunya baba noTrotsky kunye Zinoviev.

Kuloo minyaka, Zinoviev lemibono yengqingqwa. Wabiza ukuba atshabalalise abalimi kunye rob ngokupheleleyo lali, sandise mveliso. Yaba wamnyemba wavakalisa ukuba kuyimfuneko kutshabalalisa yinxalenye yabantu Russian, njengoko bonke qeqesha ngendlela yabo kwiBolsheviks abakwazanga.

Zinoviev wazama ukuba alungiselele ukuba revolution yehlabathi. AmaKomanisi bazama ukumbamba amandla eJamani, Hungary, Mongolia, Bulgaria, Estonia, Poland, Finland. Konke oku kukhokelele ekuswelekeni ezininzi kunye neendleko zemali ngqiqweni.

Ngokusebenzisa Comintern Zinoviev Gregory revolution kwakuthe izixa crazy imali kwiibhanki Koloni.

Esiko ubuntu

Nangona Zinoviev wamkhalimela Stalin esidlangalaleni, kodwa ubuntu yehlelo lakhe wadala ngaphambili, bevuthela ukuba namandla kakhulu. idolophu lwakhe ekhaya igama Zinoviev, ukuba immortalize igama lakhe. Kwizixeko ezininzi ezinkulu, ngokomyalelo wakhe, ezikhumbuzo kwengeniso kwamanye amalwimi ezifakiweyo. Wapapasha yonke ingqokelela yemisebenzi yakhe (33 imiqulu).

eliphikisayo entsha

Phakathi kwiminyaka 2 Zinoviev Kamneva bamchasayo Stalin. Ngenxa yoko, oku akusayi ikhokelwa yiKomiti yesiGqeba Comintern kunye nebhunga lesixeko, lithatyathwe kuqala ukusuka Politburo, yaye emva konyaka ukusuka kwiKomiti Central. Oku kulandelwa ukugxothwa Party kunye link.

Ngowe-1928, Zinovev UGrigory, osapho iye kwakhona ubunzima, wazohlwaya, kwaye ibuyiselwe kutyunjwa Ngqonyela Kazan University kweli iqela. Kwiminyaka emine emva koko, imisebenzi ngoncwadi journalistic kufuneka kwakhona ukumbamba kunye ekuthinjweni, kodwa eli xesha lokuba non-lwazi. Kule ncwadi, uyaguqulela "Mein Kampf" ( "Ukulwela Kwami") Hitler. Ngowe-1933 lona Ukusasazwa encinane yale nguqulelo (abasebenzi iqela wafunda).

Endaweni iminyaka emine ekuthinjweni, ngonyaka kamva Zinoviev kwakhona kwi iqela ithunyelwe kwi-Central kwiBhunga. Kuloo nkongolo iqela, uthe waguquka bamzukise Stalin kunye namaqabane akhe. Ke Zinoviev ngokuba Stalin i "ubungqondi lonke ixesha."

Isigwebo kwaye inkundla

NgoDisemba 1934, Zinoviev iye kwakhona ubanjiwe, isigwebo ukuya kwiminyaka-10 entolongweni. NPA isafunda kokubulawa laseKirov, ngokubona mbali ezininzi, loo nto iye amalungiselelo yi Stalin. Ngoxa e Verhneuralsk isolator kwezopolitiko, yena uthatha amanqaku, ebhekisela noStalin kunye njengoqinisekiso ukuba ayisekho utshaba, yaye ukulungele ukwenza naziphi na iimfuno.

Stalin nabaxhasi bakhe baye ukusetyenziswa kakhulu ngemvelaphi Zinoviev kunye Kamenev, ukusasaza amarhe ukuba inkcaso bangamaYuda nongqondongqondo.

Ngeli xesha, nokuvuselelwa Zinoviev icebo, yaye ngowe-1936 badlula i "inkqubo ye elinesithandathu", nto leyo bagwetywa iinkokeli babesakuba zeqela. Agasti 24 bagqiba ukwenza ukubulawa - isohlwayo sentambo. Iyeza imini kamva isigwebo babulawe.

Kuyaphawuleka ukuba isigwebo yaza yarhoxiswa phantsi 1988, beqonda ukunqongophala amanyathelo unetyala lolwaphulo-mthetho.

Kukho ubungqina bokuba ngexesha lophando Zinoviev wenza ezifunwa ukubuyisela imali Comintern. Wayizisa inxenye yemali ukuba umntu othimbe yaye akazange abe ixesha achithe okanye ukutyala imali. Emva koko Stalin ephila, yena angafunekiyo.

Ukufunda malunga nokuziphatha kwe Zinoviev phambi kokuba abulawe, udela Stalin ayiphilise emgangathweni, esithi enye into eludongeni ukubeka yokugqibela wayekulungele.

Ngexesha kokubanjwa Zinoviev agcinwe kwiimeko engaginyisi mathe. Ubushushu egumbini eliphezulu zokufudumeza ifakiwe. Iingxaki kunye nezintso nomhlehlo wesibindi, kunye neemeko ezifana bazisa ibanjwa sihlaselwa enzima - ukusuka intlungu yena uzibhuqa emgangathweni bambongoze ukuba idluliselwe esibhedlele. Endaweni yoko, ngoncedo olufunekayo ukuze oogqirha bamnika iziyobisi, kuwuvule ngakumbi sifo.

Iimeko ejele mathe emva ubomi obutofotofo nezikhuselekileyo Grigoriy Evseevich Zinovev wazidiliza yaye ndandiqala bambongoza Stalin ukuvala inkundla.

Stalin wathembisa Zinoviev kunye Kamenev zisindiswe neentsapho zabo, ukuba bavumelane wenkundla zonke izityholo uxoxe ezinye ye'Bolsheviks zakudala. Le nomkhuba nasemacaleni yaqhutywa, kodwa akazange ukusindisa ubomi igweba.

ukufa

Zinoviev wadutyulwa ngobusuku-Agasti 26, 1936 Kwathi kwisakhiwo ECCU (eMoscow). amangqina uphumezo wakhumbula ukuba Zinoviev, ethobe waza wacela inceba, ezanga kakhulu iibhutsi umsiki, kodwa ekugqibeleni kunzima ukuhamba, ngoko ke ambalwa sokugqibela nje, basuswe. Ngaphambi kokuba abulawe, waqalisa ukufunda imithandazo ngesiHebhere lokuzalwa kwakhe. Kamenev, ngubani wagwetyelwa kunye naye, bembongoza ukuba ayeke bethotyiwe size sife kunye nesidima. Kukho olunye uhlobo, njengoko leyo xa esenza Zinoviev kwafuneka ukuba asithwale iqonga lokukhwelisa.

Emva kokuvuselelwa Zinoviev ngo-1988, kwiminyaka embalwa indumiso yakhe ngaphandle letyala ethwaxwa xa repressions Stalin kaThixo.

izihlobo ntsuku

Ingcinezelo ezehlele zontathu abafazi Zinoviev. Umfazi wokuqala uSara Ravich wabanjwa izihlandlo ezithathu, ekugqibeleni kwimeko yesiqhelo kunye wakhululwa ugula kakhulu kwiminyaka nje emithathu ngaphambi kokufa kwakhe ngowe-1954.

umfazi wesibini Zlata Liling wabanjwa kabini wathumela ekuthinjweni, kodwa ngokungafani unyana wakhe, yena wasinda ekufeni. Unyana Zinoviev wabhubha kunyaka olandelayo kuyo. Emva kokuba ukubulawa Gregory kwiilayibhrari athatha wonke umsebenzi Lili (ikakhulu isebenza kwimfundo loluntu kunye nabasebenzi).

umfazi Third Zinoviev Evgeny Lyasman wabanjwa phantse amabini eminyaka. Zalenza kuphela ngowama-1954 kwaye kwimo kwinkulungwane elandelayo - ngo-2006. yena wabhala indoda yakhe nkumbulo, kodwa ukupapasha izalamane zabo umlomo.

cinema

ukubaluleka Zinoviev kaThixo kwiziganeko zembali nezopolitiko ngokuphindaphindiweyo kuboniswe iifilimu. Eyokuqala ifilimu "Oktobha" - indalo, lingenakuthetha nje Eisenstein. Kuyaphawuleka ukuba Zinoviev wadlala Apfelbaum - umzalwana wakhe. Phakathi kwezinye izinto bhanya ezaziwayo "incwadi eluhlaza", "Ngemihla Oktobha", "Red", "Bells Red", "uLenin. Uloliwe "," Stalin "," Ngaphantsi Umqondiso iScorpio "kunye series TV" Yesenin ".

ababephila umbono

biography elifutshane Grigoriya Zinoveva, ngendlela enye okanye omnye, umdla abaninzi ababephila. Yintoni na uluvo phakathi uluntu malunga nale ndoda? Ngokomthetho ababephila hayi Kwakumi kakuhle kakhulu nxamnye Zinoviev. Baphawula ingqondo yakhe nobuntu, kodwa waphawula ukuba yena a lavaka ophucukileyo kwaye beceba.

Vala kubantu Zinoviev wathi ukuba akukho exposure, amampunge ngokugqithiseleyo kunye namabhongo, wabhiyozela imikhwa ahlukile.

Party amaqabane Zinoviev wagxeka ngokuba krwada Ekubambaneni kwabantu mabeme kunye nokukhetha obusemaqhingeni of njengendlela yokuphumeza impumelelo kunye nezopolitiko.

Ngexesha indlala Petrograd, Zinoviev netafile bazisa ezahlukeneyo kwabo iziyolo. Yathi ukuba nesimilo angamarhoqorhoqo, nokuthozama prerevolutionary Gregory wakhula ngayo ukubaluleka ikratshi "rascals sidudla" ngubani acudisiweyo imali abantu abalambileyo.

Xa memoirs ababephila Zinoviev Ndinelizwi malunga ubukho iLeningrad kwi ukunqulwa yobuntu bakhe.