Yintoni inkqubo ulwimi nesakhiwo sayo?

Yintoni inkqubo ulwimi? Yintoni eyenza kube yahlukile kwezinye ezininzi iimeko amagama iilwimi? inkqubo Ulwimi iseti lweziqalelo lweelwimi. Kubalulekile ukuba azikho ngokwazo, kodwa zihlobene. Kwaye yenza inkqubo owodwa kwaye iphelele. Nganye yeencindi ziyakubaluleka ethile.

isakhiwo

inkqubo Ulwimi lee ngaphandle yeeyunithi ulwimi, amanqanaba, abalinganiswa, njalo njalo. D. Zonke ezi izinto isongiwe kwi kumbutho kunye emigangatho engqongqo. Ndawonye bakha amacandelo kangako kwabangelwa kumanqanaba aphezulu. inkqubo Ulwimi luquka a magama. Kucingwa uluhlu lwempahla, equka esele zenziwe iiyunithi zolwimi. Indlela kokubonisa yi negrama.

Kuzo zonke ulwimi kukho ezinye iindawo ezahlukileyo kakhulu enye kwenye iipropati zabo. Umzekelo, ingahluka kane zabo. Ngoko ke, ukutshintsha namnye ingxenye phonology bayakwazi ukutshintsha yonke ulwimi xa iyonke, ukanti kwimeko entetho le akuyi kwenzeka. Ukongeza, le nkqubo iquka kwimida kunye neziko.

Ingcamango nesakhiwo

Ukongeza igama elithi "inkqubo yeelwimi", zaqalisa ingqikelelo isakhiwo kweelwimi. Ezinye iingcali ngeelwimi bathi kubo kuyahambisana, ezinye - hayi. Ukutolika ziyahluka, kodwa phakathi kwabo kukho othandwa kakhulu. Ngokutsho komnye wabo, ubume ulwimi okuvakaliswa ubudlelwane phakathi sezulu. Kwakhona Uthelekiso edume kunye kwisakhelo. Ubume ulwimi ingqalelo iseti yonxulumano rhoqo kunye nonxibelelwano phakathi kweeyunithi zeelwimi. Bona kubangelwa ngokwemvelo kwaye abonakalisa imisebenzi kunye neempawu ze-nkqubo.

indaba

Sengqondo ulwimi njengenkqubo eyavela kwithuba elingaphezu kweenkulungwane ezininzi. Le mbono esabekwa grammarians yamandulo. Noko ke, ngengqiqo mihla elithi "inkqubo ulwimi" kwavela kuphela kule mihla siphila kuyo umsebenzi izazinzulu Mbasa ezifana kuFerdinand de Saussure, UWilhelm von Humboldt, Agasti Schleicher kunye Ivan Boduen de iCourtenay enkosi.

Owokugqibela ezi zeelwimi ezichongiweyo iiyunithi ibalulekileyo neelwimi: phoneme, emoshakeleyo, morpheme. Saussure yaba ngunozala ingcamango yokuba ulwimi (inkqubo) emalunga intetho. Le mfundiso yanda abafundi bakhe kunye nabalandeli. Ngoko kwabakho uqeqesho yonke - Ezolimi zezakhiwo.

amazinga

Amazinga ezingundoqo inkqubo ngolwimi tiered (ekwabizwa ngokuba ezisezantsi). Ezi ziquka iiyunithi zeelwimi eyohlobo olulodwa. kwinqanaba ngalinye iseti yaso imithetho yokuhlela yalo isekelwe. Kwakwesi iyunithi yolawulo entlu single ukungena ubudlelwane (umzekelo, benza isindululo kunye namabinzana). Kwangaxeshanye, izinto kumanqanaba ahlukeneyo ziya kufakwa omnye komnye. Ngoko ke, lo morpheme iqulathe phonemes kunye namagama - le morpheme.

imigangatho eziphambili kwinkqubo ulwimi ziyinxalenye naluphi na ulwimi. Iingcali ngeelwimi bachonga eziliqela kwakubalulekile ezinjalo: morphemic, yezandi, syntactic (ibhekisela izindululo) kunye lungelelanisa (okt ngomlomo ..). Phakathi kwabanye, kukho amanqanaba aphezulu ulwimi. osemqoka lwabo lokwahlula le "iiyunithi kabini-kabini," oko kukuthi, abo iiyunithi zeelwimi banayo ngokwemiqathango umxholo kunye yokuthetha. Ngoko ke kwinqanaba eliphezulu, umzekelo, a esemantiki.

amazinga forms

Isenzeko esingundoqo ukwakhiwa kwenkqubo ulwimi ke segmentation esihlambo intetho. Oku kucingwa ukuba ekuqaleni ngokukhethwa amabinzana okanye iingxelo. Badlala indima kweeyunithi zonxibelelwano. Inkqubo umsinga intetho ulwimi ehambelana ukuya kwinqanaba syntactic. Isigaba sesibini segmentation - Iingxelo hlula. Ngenxa yoko, idala nezakhiwo zawo. Bahlanganisa imisebenzi owahlukeneyo - isalamane, Ukuveliswa, nominative. Iifom iLizwi zichongwa ngamazwi okanye ngezenzo.

Njengoko kukhankanyiwe ngasentla, inkqubo yeempawu iilwimi kukuba abo ukusuka kwinqanaba lungelelanisa. It yakheke isigama. Inqanaba elilandelayo segmentation unxulunyaniswa kwakhululwa kwi Amazwi ka iiyunithi zincinane. Ewe kuthiwa morphs. Abanye babo anentsingiselo efanayo zegrama lungelelanisa. Ezi morphs kunye morpheme.

Le segmentation esihlambo yokuthetha igqityiwe ukukhululwa uziziqwempu amancinane zentetho - izandi. Ahluke zokuhlola emzimbeni. Kodwa umsebenzi wabo (ezikhethekileyo) iyafana. Izandi zibonisiwe kwiyunithi ulwimi olufanayo. Le ndlu ibizwa ngokuba phoneme - abangakwaziyo amancinane ulwimi. It angamelwa njenge encinane (kodwa kubalulekile) izitena isakhiwo enkulu kweelwimi. Ukusebenzisa inkqubo sound wambumba ulwimi kwinqanaba awareness.

iyunithi ulwimi

Makhe sijonge indlela iyunithi inkqubo lolwimi yahlukile kwezinye izinto zawo. Inyaniso ukuba irreducible. Ngoko ke, eli nyathelo kwanala kulwimi ileli. Units babe ukuhlelwa eziliqela. Umzekelo, ukuba yahlulwe yi phambi iqokobhe ephilileyo. Kulo mzekelo, iiyunithi ezifana morphemes, phonemes kunye namazwi, kweyela qela linye. Bona zithathwa ukuba ugqibe ukuba babe isandi iqokobhe rhoqo. Xa elinye iqela ayakhayo umfuziselo zemihlathi, amagama nezivakalisi. Zibizwa isalamane-eziphathekayo, njengoko ngokubanzi intsingiselo yazo ezakhayo.

Enye yokuhlela isekelwe ngokwe onazo ukuba yinxalenye yenkqubo ixabiso. Umbonakaliso ebalulekileyo. iiyunithi Amanqaku ulwimi yahlulwe-ndlela (abo yimilinganiselo yabo) kunye amabini (wasinika kunye nentsingiselo). Bona (ilizwi kunye morpheme) abe elinye igama. Ezi yunithi zaziwa njengeyunithi ephakamileyo.

isifundo esithe ulwimi kunye neempawu zayo, ukuba bemi ngxi. Namhlanje kuye kubekho ndlela, njengoko apho ingqiqo ka "ubunye" yaye "neziqalelo" bahlukaniswa ephumelelayo. Lo isenzeko esitsha noko. Kuya ukuzuza imfundiso ethandwayo njengoko umxholo kwesicwangciso kunye nesicwangciso lweziqalelo indlela iilwimi ezahlukeneyo non-self. Xa oku kwahluka iiyunithi.

Ziziphi ezinye iimpawu iphawulwa inkqubo ulwimi? iiyunithi zeelwimi kwahluka enye kwenye nokubala, ngokomgangatho nangokobungakanani. Ngalo abantu bazalwa uqhelene loo iyantlukwano yeelwimi enzulu kwaye zinabe.

iipropati system

Abaxhasi structuralism bakholelwa ukuba inkqubo ulwimi ulwimi Russian (okanye nayiphi na enye) luphawulwa iimpawu ezininzi - engqongqo, ivaliwe kunye moya ocacile. Kukho imbono nguqu. It umelwe comparativists. Bakholelwa ukuba ulwimi inkqubo yeelwimi linamandla yaye sivulelekile ukuba utshintshe. iingcamango ezifanayo ngokubanzi inkxaso kwiindawo ezintsha Ezolimi.

Kodwa abaxhasi thiyori nemiba kunye Ukwahluka ulwimi wayengayikhanyeli into yokuba nayiphi na inkqubo iindlela ulwimi ukuqina ethile. Oku kubangelwa iimpawu ngesakhiwo, nto leyo yenza njengoko umthetho ngenxa ezahlukeneyo izinto lweelwimi. Ukwahluka Dialectical kunye nozinzo. Baya eziphikisanayo utyekelo. Naliphi na ilizwi kwinkqubo ulwimi kuyahlukana nedlela enye iphawulwa kwimpembelelo enkulu.

units iimpawu

Enye into ebalulekileyo ukuze yokukhwabusha kwenkqubo yeelwimi - zimpahla kweeyunithi zeelwimi. uhlobo lwabo esibonakaliswa intsebenziswano kunye nabanye. Ngamanye amaxesha iingcali ngeelwimi ukubiza iipropati imisebenzi esezantsi leyo zakha. Ezi mpawu zahlulwe zibe ngaphandle kunye nezo ziphuma ngaphakathi. Le yokugqibela ixhomekeke kubudlelwane kunye nonxibelelwano nokuphuhlisa phakathi kweeyunithi ngokwabo. Iipropati bangaphandle baphenjelelwa ngolwimi lobudlelwane nehlabathi ngaphandle, ubunyani iingcinga kunye neemvakalelo zabantu.

Iiyunithi benza inkqubo ngenxa zonxibelelwano zabo. Iimpawu zezi ubudlelwane ohlukahlukeneyo. Abanye ilingane umsebenzi ngokunxibelelana zolwimi. Abanye zibonisa unxibelelwano phakathi kolwimi iindlela ingqondo yomntu - umthombo ubukho bayo. Amaxesha amaninzi, ezi ntlobo zimbini zezi nemizobo kunye zokutyhomfa nkqo kunye nkqo.

Amanqanaba nobudlelwane kunye neeyunithi

(Okanye level) ulwimi esezantsi yabelwa ukuba ngokubanzi it has zonke iimpawu eziphambili kwinkqubo ulwimi. Njengoko kufuneka kuwo ukuthotyelwa constructiveness. Ngamanye amazwi, umgangatho weyunithi kufuneka bathathe inxaxheba kwintlangano kwakubalulekile, eme ngaphezu eqongeni. Xa ulwimi yonke into ezihambelanayo, kwaye akukho inxalenye kwako ayisekho ngokwahlukeneyo wonke umzimba.

esezantsi Properties zahluke ephuma iimpawu iiyunithi ukuba ukwakha inqanaba awo. Le ngongoma kubaluleke kakhulu. Iipropati level azimisele kuphela ngamacandelo lolwimi engena ngqo kwi sakhiwo yayo. Loo ndlela yenziwe ngayo yenza phawu ebalulekileyo. Iingcali ngeelwimi kuzama ukuba niyinikele ulwimi njenge inkqubo multi-tiered - lilinge ukudala inkqubo eyahlukileyo odolo efanelekileyo. A ingcamango efanayo ingabizwa nephupha. imifuziselo senkolelo kwahluka kakhulu ekusebenzeni actual. Nangona zonke iilwimi kakhulu, ayikho inkqubo macala-gingxi egqibeleleyo. Kungenxa yoko Ezolimi ukuxolelwa imithetho wonke umntu uyazi nangoku esikolweni abaninzi kangaka.