WePhondo kunye zesithili iindibano zemstvo kunye namabhunga. Yenza indibano zemstvo zamaphondo nezezithili. Njengoko wabiza amalungu ibandla Zemsky?

Ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane XIX abaphathi bendawo lwaqhutywa kwi-sikhokelo yenkqubo feudal kwezoqoqosho. Njengoko nani engundoqo ukuthetha umnikazi. Ezandleni zakhe zigxile amandla nolawulo kunye nezigwebo, lwezoqoqosho kunye nelwezopoliko angaxhomekeki.

uguquko Sasungulwa

ukusetyenziswa kwayo wawufuna ngokutsha ngokutsha Amaqumrhu karhulumente wephondo nowengingqi. Xa inkqubo yokuvuselelwa, urhulumente kucingelwa ukudala iimeko ezaziza kuqinisekisa ukulondolozwa kumandla abaqeshisi, izikhulu. Inxalenye olucacileyo eklasini zanyanzelisa ekudalweni uluntu kunye nelungelo ebalulekileyo. amaqela yokuziphatha swi endleleni nkulu, wacebisa ukuba zenze vsesoslovnye mbutho. Idrafti yokugqibela Regulations on the Zemstvo kunye nemigaqo yethutyana umsebenzi wabo zilungiselelwe kude kube sekupheleni kuka-1863

Formation kwamaziko amatsha

Ngowe-1864, kaJanuwari 1, sasayinwa kwilungiselelo wazisa kwisiphaluka kunye namagunya yasemaphandleni. Obekumele ukuba ukwandisa uxwebhu kwi-ofisi zezithili 33. Kamva, uRhulumente izicwangciso ukwazisa amalungiselelo nefuthe kummandla Astrakhan, Archangelsk no-9 amaphondo yasentshona Bessarabia, imimandla lweBaltic, uBukumkani Poland. Onke amaziko, apho de 1864 wabaleka imicimbi kukudelwa zoluntu, imisebenzi Zemsky, ukutya kuzwelonke, wapheliswa.

Ubume bombutho entsha

Amaziko ziquka:

1. iikholeji zoNyulo.
2. ibandla Zemsky kunye nebhunga.

inkqubo Ukumelwa esekelwe vsesoslovnye siseko. Unyulo zaqhutywa ngeenkongolo-3 - ukusuka curiae ezintathu:

1. abanikazi District. Kwakugcwele ikakhulu yezikhulu mihlaba. Congress akwazi votela abanini umhlaba okanye ipropati iimfaneleko okanye imali eyinkunzi ethile ngonyaka ngamnye. Yokugqibela ibekwe kwi-6 th. Imfuneko Umhlaba kumiselwa eyeyephondo ngalinye ngabanye, ngokusekelwe ngobume kobunini ifike. Hi xikombiso, ku noVladimir, waba 250 izishumi, eMoscow - 200, e Vologda - 250-800. IsiQinisekiso kwezithobekileyo lokwenene ibekwe kwi amawaka 15. Abo abanini abangazange kuba nemali eyaneleyo, bathatha inxaxheba yokuvota nge proxy.
2. lalikhathazwe Urban. Kwakugcwele kubantu iziqinisekiso zabarhwebi, abanini lwezithuba zorhwebo noshishino, ukujika ekube ngaphantsi kwe-6 amawaka. P. / Yr., Kananjalo isixa esithile kwempahla.
3. lalikhathazwe zasemaphandleni. Oku kukwaquka qualification propati. Nangona kunjalo, ukhetho yeqonga ezintathu-zaqaliswa kwi lalikhathazwe. Abalimi ababeza kukuhlanganiswa Parish, abameli wazithumela kwintlanganiso. Oku sele ekhethiweyo yi kuvota.

Kufuneka wathi, njengoko ayebizwa ilungu kwiindibano zesithili. Ewe kuthiwa izikhamiso.

Iimpawu yenkqubo elimele

Kuzo zonke umlimi ngeenkongolo unalo ngokuphathelele uphawu kuphela kuphela. Oku ngaphandle inxaxheba abantu abangengabo inxalenye kuluntu lwasemaphandleni. Kwindawo yokuqala, thina ayengavumelekanga abameli nezazi. Ngomhla landowning kunye nxaxheba nkongolo lwedolophu ukuba onyule kuphela izikhamiso of lalikhathazwe yakhe. Xa uluntu enye esemaphandleni bavunyelwe ukuba bavote egameni abanini ngaphandle lalikhathazwe, ngokunjalo abefundisi bendawo. Lufane kwakwenza abantu abangaphantsi kweminyaka engama-25, phantsi inkundla okanye uphando lolwaphulo-mthetho, ibala loluntu sigwebo okanye umgwebo. Asizange inxaxheba kunyulo, abolunye uhlanga ke Ongafungiyo kukumkani.

Yenza indibano zephondo zemstvo yesithili

Ilungu lesibini le nkqubo kwakheka kwi ngeenkongolo onyulo. Unyulo zaye zabanjwa rhoqo emva kweminyaka emithathu. Iintlanganiso Zemsky zaye zabanjwa kanye ngonyaka. Kwiimeko ezingaqhelekanga, ukuba ziye zamenywa nangaphezulu. Njengosihlalo, njengoko umthetho, wathetha yinkokeli yezikhulu. ibandla yePhondo kwisiphaluka zemskie kwakhiwa isakhiwo angqalileyo oluneqela elinegunya.

imisebenzi

District neendibano zemstvo yephondo ngokobungaphi bamalungu ezikhethwe curiae ezintathu ngeenkongolo. I zokuqala subordinated nakowesibini, kodwa isigqibo ngokwabo imibuzo. Ngokukodwa, amabandla zemstvo:

1. Wanikela imvume ukuvulwa kwiimarike zorhwebo.
2. Isasazwe phakathi okwilizwe kunye nemirhumo norhulumente wephondo. Olu phawu yayanyaniswa ukusekwa kwe odolo kunye nomthetho.
3. imibutho zamaphondo ukunika ingcaciso kunye nezimvo kumbandela kuqoqosho.
4. Siye Yayicombulula ingxaki okubhalwe nomda.
5. Abapasa iindlela lizwe kunye indlela entsimini kwihlelo wesithili okanye ngokugqwethekileyo, bebenokutshintsha indlela yabo.
6. Ukukhupha oda nokucupha lwenzelwa imiyalelo zebhunga yesixhobo Railways, inshorensi efanayo, wasinika ingxelo inkqubela.

Assembly Zemsky ephakeme:

1. Ukwahlulwa izakhiwo, unxibelelwano, ulwakhiwo, izibophelelo, amaziko zothando kuhlobo. Ucalulo ukubakwi amaqela 2: omnye balo okwilizwe, omnye - kwiphondo.
2. Ukuqhuba ishishini lombutho yorhwebo olutsha bakurholela, ukutshintsha / kuhlehliswe ukusebenza.
3. Ulwalathiso usebenzisa izicelo abaziintloko ngokutshintshelwa izakhiwo lwendlela olo didi lorhulumente ngenxa yezizathu elungileyo.
4. Ukuqhuba ishishini lombutho marinas ezintsha kwi imilambo kunye nokudluliselwa kwamazibuko ezikhoyo.
5. Ubeko phakathi counties of Revenue.
6. ulawulo Business kwempahla inshorensi efanayo emlilweni.
7. Ukuqwalaselwa kunye nokusombulula imiba kunye neengxaki ezinokuvela xa kokwamkela ubeko kunye noqikelelo lweendleko nasezigxineni.
8. Uhlalutyo izikhalazo nxamnye kumabhunga.

Uluhlu zomsebenzi

Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba izibonelelo 1864 e-Art. 2 wanikwa uluhlu lwezinto nako ukuthwala iindibano zemstvo, kodwa abazange iyabophelela kubo. Ezi ziquka, ngokukodwa:

1. Ulawulo lwepropati, imirhumo kunye nolawulo lwe sa.
2. Banyamekele ngophuhliso lwesixekelelwano ukutya yesizwe, ushishino kunye norhwebo.
3. Management of inshorensi efanayo kwepropati.
4. Ubeko of Revenue.
5. Ukuthatha inxaxheba kuphuhliso inkxaso lwezoqoqosho yempilo yoluntu kunye nemfundo.
6. Ukubekwa nenkcitho iimali.

zemstvo

Benze amaziko alawulayo karhulumente. ukwakhiwa kwawo abunjwe kwiNdibano Zemsky kwi iseshoni yokuqala intlanganiso entsha. Hayi yinxalenye amaziko olawulo amagosa evela kuNondyebo, Exchequer, umntu ngokomoya. Ibhunga saseNewcastle amalungu 6 usihlalo. imizimba ikhethwa kweminyaka emi-3. Urhulumente County wayekho amalungu-2 kunye uSihlalo, owathi gosa liphezulu yasekuhlaleni.