Von kunikezelo sesakhiwo: imbali ingenzeka kwekota

Le sesakhiwo of von kunikezelo, okwabizwa ngokuba umfuziselo von kunikezelo, okanye Princeton bokwakha, ngokusekelwe indlela echazwe 1945, yezibalo kunye yamachiza John von kunikezelo kwingxelo "Idrafti yokuqala 'ukuba EDVAC computer.

Le ukwakhiwa yesekethe

Le ngxelo yachaza von kunikezelo sesakhiwo umzobo elektroniki yekhompyutha ledijithali iindawo eziquka units processing, eziquka:

• iyunithi logic yokalo emileyo;
• iirejista iprosesa;
• iyunithi yolawulo eliquka irejista umyalelo kunye counter inkqubo;
• a memory yokugcina data;
• isixhobo sangaphandle;
• igalelo kunye output iindlela.

Intsingiselo yophuhliso kukugcina yokuba naluphi na ulwazi olugcinwe kulwazi computer ingasetyenziswa yi kule nkqubo, apho lo msebenzi, i-data ekhethiweyo ukudlalwa ngelo xesha, ngenxa yokuba ukwabelana ibhasi eqhelekileyo. Kukhankanywa kwi "idrafti yokuqala", nto leyo ichaza ingcamango nzulu malunga lwezakhiwo kufuneka ibe yintoni. Von kunikezelo wabiza le meko "yebhotile", nto leyo ngokufuthi enciphisa ukusebenza kwenkqubo.

Imigaqo von kunikezelo lwezakhiwo

Digital computer - ikhompyutha, ukugcina inkqubo iquka imiyalelo program, ukufunda data, ukubhala, kwaye ikwaquka imemori yofikelelo oluzenzekelayo (RAM). Imithetho-Architecture ngu John von kunikezelo echazwe umsebenzi wakhe "Le projekthi yokuqala." Ngokutsho kwakhe, iikhompyutha zigcinwe kwinkqubo memory bekukho ukuphucuka phezu kolawulo kwiikhompyutha, ezifana ENIAC. Le yokugqibela wotshi yalungiselelwa ngokumisela iiswitshi, yaye kufakelwe eso sifakiweyo, nto leyo umzila imiqondiso data kunye nolawulo phakathi iibhloko ezahlukeneyo ezisebenzayo. Xa uninzi memory kwakhona isetyenziswa iikhompyutha mihla ngale ndlela. Ngaloo ukwakhiwa computer von kunikezelo yahlukile, umzekelo, ukusuka Harvard, ukuze ungabinako sebenzisa imemori ezingundoqo cache.

prehistory

Iikhompyutha yokuqala anikwa inkqubo ezinzileyo. Ezinye iikhompyutha ilula kakhulu zisasebenzisa le uyilo okanye ngeenjongo lula okanye uqeqesho. Ngokomzekelo, omnye wokubala desktop kwakhona ikhompyutha kunye nenkqubo elimisiweyo. Ingasebenza kunye ezisisiseko yemathematika, kodwa oko akufanelekanga ukuba isetyenziswe njengento umqhubekekisi wegama , okanye imidlalo console. Ukutshintsha inkqubo kumatshini esisigxina kufuna rewiring, ngokutsha okanye ngokuhlanganisa kwisixhobo. Kweekhompyutha zokuqala abazange elimxinwa, njengoko sele ziphuhlisiwe okwesihlandlo sokuqala ngeenjongo lwezenzululwazi. Reprogramming wabonakala kamva kwaye yaba yinkqubo onzima, ukususela imizobo block kunye engamaphepha kunye nesiphelo noyilo oluneenkcukacha. Ngakumbi nzima yaba inkqubo yotshintsho imiphantsi recovery umatshini emzimbeni. Kungathatha ufakelo iiveki ezintathu ENIAC ezama ukuyenza isebenze.

A into entsha

Ngekhompyutha, ukugcina inkqubo kwinkumbulo, yonke into yatshintsha. Zigcinwe kwimemori, ukuba uyilo kunye noluhlu lwemiyalelo. Oku kuthetha ukuba lo matshini nako ukufumana imiyalelo ukwenza izibalo.

Uyilo iinkqubo ezinjalo inxulumene ikhowudi self-uguqulo kancincane. Omnye izityalo kuqala into enjalo imfuneko algorithm ukwandisa okanye ngenye ukutshintsha idilesi inxalenye imiyalelo. Wanikwa ngesandla kwezoyilo ekuqaleni. Oku kubaluleke kakhulu xa isalathisi kweerejista ngqo dilesi baba iimpawu ezifana ubephethwe sesakhiwo computer koomatshini John von kunikezelo. Okunye isebenzisa - ukufaka idatha asetyenziswa rhoqo kumsinga imiyalelo kunye nezisombululo ngoko nangoko. Kodwa ke self-kancincane ikhowudi ubukhulu becala seyihlatywe amadlala kuba kudla ngokuba nzima ukuqonda isiphene. Ukongeza, naye wazibonakalisa ukuba kuphumelele ngokwemiqathango izikimu yokuzala kunye esisikhupheli sokuxhaphakileyo of iziqhubekisi mihla.

Ubukhulu becala, ukukwazi ukunyanga imiyalelo njengoko data - oku yintoni eyenza nabadibanisi, abacwangcisi, nabadibanisi, bayifakwa kunye nezinye izixhobo kunye nezinto iinkqubo ezenzekelayo kunokwenzeka. Ke ukuba ukuthetha, ukubhala iinkqubo ababhala iinkqubo. Kwelinye icala, igalelo kunye neziphumo imisebenzi qho kakhulu, ezifana BitBlt-umfanekiso zazo ngendlela eyayingekaphuhli okanye pixel kunye enekona shaders kukanye 3D-imizobo, baye bafunyaniswa ukuba kuphumelele ukuze ndibaleke ngaphandle imishini umsebenzisi.

Uphuhliso ingqiqo egcinwe kwinkqubo memory

Kwezezibalo Alan Turing, owaba nomdla ingxaki ekuqiqeni zezibalo emva iintetho Max Newman kaThixo kwiYunivesithi yaseCambridge, wabhala inqaku ngowe-1936, oko yapapashwa woSuku London Mathematical Society. Kuyo, wachaza umatshini ezingenzeka, koko wathi: "umatshini computing jikelele", kwaye ngoku yaziwa njenge umatshini Turing jikelele. Waye yokugcina engenasiphelo (in isigama mihla - memory), aqulathe zombini imiyalelo kunye data, ezadalwa kwathiwa, nakubugcisa. Von kunikezelo waqhelana Turing ngexesha xa unjingalwazi ukutyelela eCambridge ngowe-1935, yaye ngethuba lokuziphendulela ithisisi yakhe zobugqirha kwi Turing Institute for Advanced Study e Princeton (New Jersey) ngo-1936-1937.

Ngokuzimeleyo Ji urhangqo റാപ്പിംഗ് ukurhangqa kunye Dzhon Mochli, abasungula ENIAC School of Electrical Engineering kwi Dyunivesithi yase Pennsylvania, wabhala ingqiqo kumatshini, leyo igcina inkqubo kwinkumbulo ngoDisemba 1943. Xa becwangcisa isifundo umatshini omtsha, i EDVAC, റാപ്പിംഗ് ukurhangqa wabhala ngoJanuwari 1944 ukuba uya ukugcina idata kunye neenkqubo isixhobo kwimemori omtsha iyaziseka usebenzisa ebuntsimbi mercury ukulibaziseka. Elo xesha lokuqala ulwakhiwo umatshini practice eligcina inkqubo kwinkumbulo okuphakanyiswe. Ngelo xesha, yena Mauchly ebesingabuphawuli umsebenzi Turing (eliboniswe ngezantsi).

Computer Architecture: eyayivela kunikezelo isimiso

Von kunikezelo inxaxheba kwi "Project Manhattan" kwi-National Laboratory e Los Alamos, nto leyo efunekayo isixa esikhulu ikhompyutha. It endinomdla ukuba le projekthi ehlotyeni ka-1944 ENIAC. Apho ke wazibandakanya kwiingxoxo kuphuhliso EDVAC computer. Phakathi kweli qela, wabhala iphepha elinomxholo othi "Ingxelo eyidrafti yokuqala EDVAC», ngokusekelwe umsebenzi റാപ്പിംഗ് ukurhangqa kunye Mauchly. Kwaba endlwaneni xa umlingane wakhe Goldstein zathunyelwa projekthi kunye von kunikezelo (ngasendleleni, റാപ്പിംഗ് ukurhangqa kunye Mauchly zaye umbilini ezi ndaba). Olu xwebhu sele ufunde inqwaba loogxa von kunikezelo eMelika naseYurophu yaye yaba negalelo elikhulu isigaba esilandelayo zophuhliso computer.

Imigaqo ezisisiseko von kunikezelo lwezakhiwo, njengoko kuchaziwe kwi "idrafti yokuqala," wazuza kakhulu, lo gama Turing wazigquma ingxelo yakhe phezu wokubala elektroniki, nto leyo eye ichazwe ngokwenkcukacha engineering kunye nokufakwa kweenkqubo. Kuye kuchazwe kunye nokuboniswa imoto yombhali, leyo kuthiwa oluzenzekelayo Computing Engine (ACE). Wawusondeza ukuba ikomiti yesigqeba British National Physical Laboratory ngo-1946. Emva kwexesha nkqu ukuqaliswa ngempumelelo kwe uyilo ezahlukeneyo ze-ACE ziye zaveliswa.

qala iiprojekthi

Kwaye ke projekthi amaxwebhu von kunikezelo kunye Turing ichaza ikhompyutha ukugcina kwimemori inkqubo ethile, kodwa inqaku eyayivela kunikezelo iphumelele kwegazi enkulu kuluntu, kunye nobugcisa bokwakha ikhompyutha yaziwa John von kunikezelo bokwakha.

Ngowe-1945, uNjingalwazi kunikezelo, ngubani na ke wasebenza kwisikolo zobunjineli Philadelphia, apho kuqala ENIAC yakhiwa, eyakhutshwa egameni oogxa bakhe ingxelo kuyilo ubhalo kweekhompyutha digital. Le ngxelo ibonelela isindululo ngokwanelisayo oluneenkcukacha ukwakhiwa kumatshini, nto leyo eye ukususela kwaziwa ngokuba EDVAC. Uye kuphela kutshanje isekiwe eMelika, kodwa ingxelo uye waphefumlela nokudalwa von kunikezelo EDSAC.

Maniacs kunye Joniacs

Ngowe-1947, Burks, Goldstein kunye von kunikezelo wapapasha elinye ingxelo egubungela ukwakhiwa olunye uhlobo imoto (eli xesha ngaxeshanye), apho bekumele ukuba ngokukhawuleza kakhulu, abanobuchule, mhlawumbi, ukuba ukuthwala ukuya imisebenzi 20,000 ngomzuzwana. Baphawule ukuba ingxaki ungasombululekanga ekwakhiweni kwayo kwaba uphuhliso memory efanelekileyo, yonke imixholo yazo kufuneka ibe ifumaneka kwangoko. Okokuqala, ukuba isindululo ukusebenzisa into elapha tube okhethekileyo, ngokuba Selectron, leyo lwasungulwa kwi elabhoratri yasePrinceton. ngemibhobho ezinjalo ayabiza, kwaye kwenziwe nzima kakhulu, ingakumbi ukuba usebenzisa le bokwakha. Von kunikezelo kamva sagqiba ukwakha imoto esekelwe memory Williams ngayo. Lo matshini, eyagqitywa ngo June 1952 yasePrinceton, iye negeza eyaziwa ngokubanzi (okanye Maniacs nje). nokuma kwawo iphefumlelwe bemeko- kwi ulwakhiwo ezazimalunga nesithandathu okanye izixhobo ezifanayo ngakumbi, nto leyo ngoku ezakhiwayo Melika wabiza Johniacs ahlekisayo.

izimiso indalo

Enye yezinto ezininzi iikhompyutha digital mihla, yoncedo uphuhliso kunye nokuphuculwa ubuchule ikhompyutha oluzenzekelayo electronic sele iye yabonisa kwiNational Physical Laboratory e Teddington, apho kwabe yaza yakhiwa liqela elincinane zezibalo, iinjineli kunye iinjineli zophando, ngoncedo iqela iinjineli yemveliso evela IsiNgesi Electric Company Ltd. Ezi zixhobo isekhona elabhoratri, kodwa kuphela xa kukho umatshini yesityalo omkhulu, nto leyo eyaziwa ngokuba Automatic Computing Engine. Kodwa ke, nangona ubunzima elincinane ngokwentelekiso nesiqulatho semigudu thermionic 800 kuphela, oko umatshini ukubala ngokukhawuleza kakhulu yaye ubhetyebhetye.

nezimaphambili ezingundoqo kunye nemigaqo abstract ubalo usebenzisa oomatshini ziye zavela nguGqirha Turing ngokwesiseko efanayo London Mathematical Society ngo-1936, kodwa ukusebenza koomatshini ezinjalo kwi UK iye yalityaziswa yimfazwe. Ngo-1945, iimviwo iingxaki yokudala zixhobo kwaqhubeka kwiNational Physical Laboratory uGqirha Vormsli, iNtsumpa yeSebe yeMathematika Laboratory. Waye wajoyina i-Turing kunye neqela lakhe encinane leengcali, nakuyo 1947 izicwangciso zokuqala yaba phambili ngokwaneleyo ukuba kuvunwe ukusekwa iqela okhethekileyo.

Kweekhompyutha yokuqala von kunikezelo izakhiwo

Le projekthi lokuqala ichaza lulungiselelo isetyenzisiwe iiyunivesithi ezininzi kunye neenkampani ukuba kwakhiwe iikhompyutha zabo. Phakathi kwabo, kuphela ILLIAC ORDVAC yaye iiseti myalelo ehambelanayo.

Classical von kunikezelo lwezakhiwo Wawuyinxalenye Manchester umatshini ezincinane zovavanyo (SSEM), uWele Baby kwiYunivesithi Manchester, owenza iqaliswa okokuqala ngempumelelo device uzibambileyo inkumbulo, 21 Juni 1948 program.

EDSAC University of yaseCambridge, wokuqala yekhompyutha esebenzayo yekhompyutha hlobo, yaqaliswa ngempumelelo okokuqala ngoMeyi 1949.

Uphuhliso onobuhle wadala

IBM SSEC waba ithuba lokuqwalasela imiyalelo njengoko data kwaye kwaboniswa esidlangalaleni kaJanuwari 27, 1948. Le ikhono waqinisekisa ngo US Pat. Noko ke, kwaba umatshini ngokungaphelelanga electromechanical, kunokuba computer ngokupheleleyo. Nto ithetha ukuba, imiyalo wafunda kwi tape iphepha ngenxa inkumbulo yayo kuphela.

Baby waba computer lokuqala electronic ngokupheleleyo ukuqhuba iinkqubo igcinwe. It program ukuyicazulula wabaleka imizuzu 52, 21 Juni 1948 emva kokuqala yaye ukubala elula ukulaba ukubala leyo ebonisa ukuba amanani mabini coprime.

ENIAC iguqulwe kancincane ukusebenza nje bubonke yekhompyutha funda-kuphela, kodwa nakubugcisa enye, kwaye iye yabonisa ngoSeptemba 16, 1948, kunye nokusungulwa kwenkqubo Adele Goldstein walungelelanisa ngoncedo von kunikezelo.

BINAC wachitha iinkqubo zovavanyo eziliqela ngoFebruwari, March nango April 1949, nangona oko yagqitywa de Septemba 1949. Ukongeza, uvavanyo imitsi (ezinye ngempumelelo) ezinye iikhompyutha ze-elektroniki, nto leyo uphawu lwemithombo olwenziwe. Von kunikezelo, ngasendleleni, yaye waqhubeka ukusebenza kwiprojekthi i "Manhattan". Nantso indoda enemisebenzi onjalo.

Evolution of nebhasi izakhiwo

Ukutyhubela iminyaka, sele 60s kunye 70s, iikhompyutha ngokubanzi kuba lincinane yaye ngokukhawuleza, okutsho ukuba zazivelela ukuba unenzondelelo nakubugcisa computer von kunikezelo. Umzekelo, nesiboniso igalelo kunye neziphumo memory ivumela ezichaphazelekayo izixhobo, iinkcukacha, kunye nemiyalelo nendlela nokuzibuyisela inkqubo leyo aya kusingathwa, hlalani kwinkumbulo. Inkqubo ibhasi ingasetyenziswa ukunikeza inkqubo zeemodyuli ezincani. Oku ngamanye amaxesha ibizwa ngokuba 'ngengqiqo "izakhiwo. Kumashumi eminyaka kamva, maxa wambi microcontrollers elula musa ukusebenzisa ezinye iimpawu imodeli eqhelekileyo ukwenzela ukunciphisa iindleko kunye nobukhulu. Kodwa iikhompyutha ezinkulu balandela zibukeke lusekiwe, njengoko wongeze iimpawu ukuphucula intsebenzo.