Venezuela uMongameli Hugo Chavez: A Biography kunye nomsebenzi zezopolitiko. uluhlu olupheleleyo lwe abongameli Venezuela

Bekuya kuba ngqiqweni ukucinga ukuba kwinkulungwane edluleyo yama-20 yaba lihlwempu ngenxa kuzalwe abantu abadlala indima grand kwimbali yehlabathi. Kodwa ukukhankanywa ngqondweni loo ndoda avareji esitalatweni kudla ngokusisondeza zomkhosi nezopolitiko manani, izifundiswa kunye namagcisa of Europe okanye eUnited States.

Ngelo xesha, Latin America ngexesha elifanayo neminqweno ezinzulu kwakugquba, iziphumo kwangaphambili nophuhliso lwaluzibona kummandla lonke kwiminyaka ezayo. Omnye wabantu eyaduma kanye kwinkalo amabhongo zabo zezopolitiko kunye nempumelelo, waba ngumongameli Venesuely Ugo Rafael Chavez Frias (Hugo Rafael Chávez Frías).

Kwisigaba sokuqala biography

Wazalwa, wabonakala July 28, 1954. azalelwa kuyo, ilali Sabaneta, ibekwe kwiphondo Barinas, nto ekhethekileyo bema ngaphandle. Wazalwa ikamva kamongameli esiqhelekileyo ntsapho kusapho. Ukongezelela Hugo omtsha-azalwe, abazali bakhe abantwana eziliqela. Noko ke, le ntsapho hayi eqhelekileyo kakhulu, kunye iingcambu ezizukileyo olululo.

Ngoko ke, omnye Chavez kwicala likanina nokuthatha inxaxheba kwi-Civil War, iminyaka 1859-1863. Yaye uyise-mkhulu ngowe-1914, bakwazi ukukhulisa i yesaqunge ejolise abhukuqe urhulumente lomnye uZwilakhe. Ngoko ayimangalisi into yokuba amabali malunga nezenzo wooyise, ngelizwi lomlomo zigqithiswe usapho Chávez, zibe nempembelelo kuzo zonke izenzo zakhe okwalandela kunye neminqweno. Kamsinya nje ngumongameli elizayo Venezuela bagqiba izifundo kwisikolo samabanga aphakamileyo, ngoko nangoko wangena Military Academy. Kwiminyaka engama-21, waphumelela kulo, bephuma iindonga alma mater abakuluhlu uLieutenant.

Ukudala umbutho wakho

Wakhonza iindawo emoyeni. Waphuma wakhe nebharethi ebomvu, ngaphandle apho akazange avele Comandante koko esidlangalaleni. Sele 1982 (kodwa abaninzi bakholelwa ukuba akhademi), udala intlangano yakhe KOMAKATE. Ziqonde amagama ilula - eli gama lithetha "uLieutenant yokuqala", kuba sakhiwa oonobumba bokuqala ezintlwini ephakathi. Kakade ke, umongameli elizayo Venezuela nangoko waba yinkokheli kugxilwe kuyo. Yaye ngaba ayimangalisi into yokuba umbutho phantse nangoko yaba revolution kuphela.

Ukungaphumeleli endleleni eya amandla

Ngowe-1992, wazama ukubhukuqa ngumongameli yangoku Carlos Andres Perez. Xa ubulungisa ukuba ukukhankanya, yena umphathi ngokwenene elungileyo kakhulu: ukunganyaniseki ngokuphandle off isikali, kunye nenkcitho uluntu rhoqo siyehla. Ideas Chavez bamsukela kakhulu ebhadlileyo; wafuna ukwakha uRhulumente omtsha abantu, hayi yazingcolisa ngokwabo bayacudisa, ukunyoba, ukuba ubhale i-siseko, nto leyo yaba inani elikhulu kuneengxaki. Kodwa ke urhulumente peres ekuhambeni kwexesha ayiphumelelanga zokuthintela ilinge ubhedu.

umongameli esemthethweni

Ukuze ngetyala kwayo, Andres Perez, akazange abatshabalalise umdlali sakhe ngokwenyama. Kwaye ke kunqabile kakhulu, xa sithetha oozwilakhe Latin American. Chavez yazinikela kwabasemagunyeni, emva kokuba ayalele abalandeli bakhe ukuba ukwenza ubhedu exhobileyo. Kuba oku abasemagunyeni wagwetywa ukuba iminyaka emine kuphela entolongweni, yaye ngowe-1994 waza wakhululwa phantsi benikwa. Emva koko Chavez bazitshitshisela ingcamango i lika exhobileyo. Esiseleni, wacinga lukhulu malunga nezopolitiko, ngoko ke sizimisele ukuba baphumeze amandla kuphela ngendlela esemthethweni.

Ngowe-1998, ngaphambi nje kokuba unyulo kamongameli ezayo, uHugo waqalisa iphulo lakhe. Ngokungafaniyo ezininzi ziintshaba zayo, slogans zawo ezilula, aze umviwa wayeyindoda oye wakhumbula kubavoti enokubakho ngezenzo zabo kunokuba yokuswela kwayo. Ukongeza, Chavez wafunga ukuba ekugqibeleni aphelise urhwaphilizo kweli lizwe. Akumangalisi ke, uye umgomo wakhe. Umongameli omtsha Venezuela amanqaku kancinane ngaphezu kwe-54% ye-voti, kodwa yaba nkulu ngokwenene.

abalawuli Democratic kweli lizwe

Hi ndlela leyi, nokuba kangakanani nje iintloko lizwe? Ngelishwa, uluhlu lwe abongameli eVenezuela, akunakwenzeka ukuba ukucaphula apha, ekubeni kubekho abantu 48. Ngoko ke siya avalele uluhlu iintloko karhulumente, lowo ahlala isithuba Ukususela ngowe-1952 (malunga ngexesha wazalwa Chavez). Ngoko ke, naba:

• Marcos Jiménez, ezahlala ofisi ukususela 1952 ukuya 1958.
• Wolfgang Ugueto. Wenyuka i "itrone" ngo-1958, xa ubhedu yasemkhosini. Ekuncothukeni umongameli ukuze uhlale nokuba unyaka omnye.
• Edgar Sanabria. irhuluneli okwethutyana, igqwetha.
• Romulo Betancourt. Yena umongameli ukususela 1959 ukuya 1964.
• Raul Leoni. Eposini ukususela 1964 ukuya 1969.
• Rafael Caldera, owayelawula ukususela 1969 ukuya 1974.
• Efanayo Carlos Andres Perez, ngexesha lakhe, uHugo abalaleli emva kwezitshixo. Wahlala kwi ofisi ukususela ngowe-1974 ukuya 1979.
• Luis Herrera Kampins. Ke walawula ukususela 1979 ukuya 1984.
• Jaime Lusinchi. Ithuba kaMongameli - ukususela 1984 ukuya 1989.
• Kwaye kwakhona ... uCarlos Perez. Wabuya owayengumongameli ukususela ngo-1989 ukuya 1993.
• Ukususela kuJuni 1993 ukuya ku-1994, loo khosi bawurhuqa umthwalo kaMongameli Octavio kulepage noRamon Hose Velaskes. Akufunyanwanga Ukwenza.
• Ekugqibeleni, Rafael Caldera. Wabamba iposi-1994 ukuya ekupheleni kuka-1998.

Ngoko ke, umongameli eVenezuela, uluhlu esiye kwinqaku (enoba aliphelelanga) olawulwa yi-avareji yeminyaka emihlanu. Phambi kwabo ngumongameli, abantu kunqabile wahlala iminyaka engaphezu kwama emibini okanye emithathu, ingakumbi kumaxesha olululo esi sithuba sengqesho ukulungiselela unyaka kufakwe ngabantu abathathu okanye abane. Ngoko Hugo Chavez and "umhlobo efungelweyo" wakhe Andres Perez - esenzeka-bume zezopolitiko, unique eVenezuela. Kuqala mna ndahlala kweli ngeposi phantse iminyaka eli-12, Perez - iyonke iminyaka elithoba.

Innovations kwinkalo yezoqoqosho kunye nezopolitiko

Yintoni Hugo Chavez ukususela ekuthatheni ofisi? Okokuqala, yena wabeka ulawulo karhulumente ngokungqongqo inkampani oyile Petroleos de Venezuela: zonke iingeniso zawo zazisiya kwiinkqubo zentlalo. Ngenxa yoko, imali waya ukwakhiwa kwezikolo ezitsha kunye nezibhedlele, inkqubo yemfundo yenkitha, uphuhliso lweenkqubo zolimo kweli lizwe. Hugo wayesazi ukuba makenze ntoni, kuba ubuncinane 70% yabantu ngelo xesha wayephila intlupheko, inkxaso lonyulo waqinisekisa ngokuzenzekelayo. Kunye nenkxaso kubantu, Venezuela uMongameli Chavez ilungiselela idrafti kuba phantsi kwesizwe kwezinye iinkampani.

Konyaka emva konyulo kwakhe, wadala idrafti siseko omtsha, yaye ngowe-2000 waphinda waphumelela kukhetho, eli xesha ukuchwetheza% nje 60 kuvotwe. Kodwa Chavez ingqalelo i "princelings ezincinane idolophu" elandelayo ngubani "Wakhwela" umsebenzi lifanelekileyo kwabavoti, akukho mfuneko; ngokwenene Hugo wenza iqashiso libe lelika-lizwe.

Black igazi kuqoqosho

Ekubeni United States buxhomekeke kakhulu kwaye nangoku ixhomekeke kwi-oyile South American, baza banikwa loo meko kakuhle kwi kwiimarike zamandla ombane kowama-2000, sisigqibo Akumangalisi kaMongameli phezu ukutshintsha ikhondo lezopolitiko karhulumente. Kwiminyaka nje embalwa, ulihlwempu, zibandakanyeke urhwaphilizo, Venezuela iye kuba ngumdlali enkulu kunye nempembelelo kule ngingqi. Ngenxa kwisigxina ezinzileyo yemali, kwakunye ngenxa ukugxeka eUnited States, owayesakuba ngumongameli Venezuela ikwazile ukubethelela ngeenxa zonke kuye amazwe ngaphezulu okanye ngaphantsi enkulu Latin America.

Imbali kwakhona konyulo

eliphikisayo lizwe yaba aneliseke ngamandla unoloyiko izenzo Hugo, ngoko ke liye ngokuphindaphindiweyo wazama lokuyigxotha le nkqubo zonke iindlela ezikhoyo. Ngomhla we 12 April 2002 yena yabhukuqwayo kombuso, kodwa uhulumeni yathatha iintsuku ezimbini kuphela: Aprili 14, Chavez kwakhona iye yabuyela umongameli-mkhosi bakhe abanyanisekileyo. Ngo-2006 kukho olunye unyulo-kwakhona.

Ngenxa yoko, umongameli Venezuela (biography zigazi kuqwalaselwa kweli nqaku) uye waba ngomnye 'ixesha-ekubetheni' abezopolitiko abaninzi ehlabathini. Yintoni ukuba uthini Latin America, apho elide lukamongameli kunqabile ihlala ngaphezu konyaka!

Ngo-2007, Chavez waseka United Socialist Party eVenezuela, phantsi ephikweni eqokelela phantse bonke abahlobo bayo kunye ezopolitiko abanetalente. kweminyaka emihlanu emva koko, ngo-2012, ephinde baphinde bonyulwa ukuba ngumongameli weli lizwe.

Ekuqaleni ekupheleni

Venezuela uMongameli Hugo Chavez sele kudala enesifo somdlavuza. Enoba kunjalo, oko ubuncinane izihlandlo ezine okanye ezihlanu phantsi unyango ekhaya eCuba. Kunzima ukutsho ke nje zingaphi imisebenzi kunye labe ukuba bangenele. Surgery, leyo lwaqhutywa ngo-2012 esibhedlele Cuba, ngesiquphe nzima usuleleko kakhulu miphungeni.

Kungenxa yesi sizathu ukuba ukusungulwa elandelayo Chavez ngoJanuwari 2013 kuye kwavakaliswa esebenzayo, nangona kakhulu "abasanda" umongameli kuwo wayengekho. Ibiya kuthetha ukuba yonke into ihamba kakuhle: ngoFebruwari, umongameli yokusebenzisa Twitter, wavakalisa ukubuya kwakhe. Yiloo nje ekubeni akazange ashiye Hospital Military e Caracas.

Ke onke siphaphile. Kwathi kanti, akulambathanga; Matshi 6, 2013, Nicolas khong wamxelela ukuba owayesakuba ngumongameli Venezuela Hugo Chavez wabulawa ngumhlaza kakhulu. Nangona abantu abaninzi orhanelwa amathuba ngesiganeko onjalo ekuqaleni, kwaba sekunjalo nzima ukuba yothuse.

"Backstage" Amakhono

Lo mntu wamkhumbulayo wonke umhlaba ukuze amathemba pholisa nothakazelelo, ukunxanelwa ngokungadinwayo ukuba amanyathelo kunye zokuzonwabisa ezibanzi. Yini umongameli eVenezuela? Eyona umdla kukuba abaninzi Latin Amerika, ukuba amaKatolika bangi, ayisoloko bakwazi ukucaphula indinyana eBhayibhileni ngokuchanileyo. Hugo uyakwazi. Ngaphezu koko, ukuba ukufunda inkumbulo izicatshulwa ezininzi zeZibhalo, ngokulula babuyele incoko wamngena iyure okanye ngaphezulu. UMongameli baqubuda umsebenzi Bolivar, awayezithanda watercolors, omthandayo umculo, yaye kule nkalo izilangazelelo bakhe ezahlukahlukeneyo kakhulu.

Ngoko ke, ekupheleni kuka-2007 ndabona yokuqokelela ukukhanya iingoma, nto ayenzileyo yena, kwaye phambi kokuba abafundi bakwazi ukuvavanya kwi zosasazo. Emva konyaka kubhalwe inani ezaqanjwa yakhe, ezifakwe kule ngqokelela ebizwa ngokuba "Umculo Para la Batalla" ( "Umculo kumzabalazo"). intlonelo enzulu mdlalo. Ukususela ebuntwaneni, waba umdlali baseball elungileyo, nkqu emva kwexesha ebomini belusoloko wafumana ixesha lokuchithachitha eziliqela iibhola.

impilo Personal

wayetshatile Zingaphi izihlandlo Chaves Ugo? Biography (Venezuela uMongameli evela phantse uyazidela) kwaye ngenene ubonisa umntu yakhe intsapho. Kodwa ebomini bakhe abakho nangoku unethamsanqa kakhulu. Ngoko ke, ngo-1992, xa uHugo wayevalelwe naye waphula umfazi wokuqala. Okwesibini ubomi iqabane Marisabel Rodriguez waba Intatheli kakhulu ezaziwayo-kakuhle.

Ukuba ngomnye wabaseki-siseko omtsha. Ngenxa yezizathu ezingaziwayo, ukuba umongameli ngokwakhe engazange ngazo, ukuba umtshato ngo-2002. Kulo mzekelo, i ex-umfazi uye wagxeka esidlangalaleni zonke utshintsho yendoda yakhe. Xa abantwana Chavez bakhe abahlanu: ezine ukusuka ekuqaleni, nentombi yanye emtshatweni wakhe wesibini.

End of ebikhona

Venezuela uyaqhubeka umntu khona ngoku? UMongameli khong, ikholwane abathembekileyo uswelekileyo Chavez iphezu post yakhe ngoMatshi 2013 kwaye namhlanje. Ngenxa yokuba kwixesha lika-2011 ukuya ngo-2013 kweli lizwe phantse yonke imisebenzi kamongameli sele ukuba oko, Nicolas khong sele ingqalelo ehlala yezopolitiko.

Uthabatha kwikhosi efanayo naleyo Hugo. Noko ke, xa khong amashishini ezininzi (ingakumbi ioli) zenziwa iminyinyiva ebonakalayo. abagxeki abaninzi bakholelwa ukuba xa uNicholas Venezuela inawo onke amathuba ukuba abe ilizwe ukuba ayikho kummandla ngokupheleleyo azinampembelelo. Kaloku, singakwazi ndicinga kuphela. Ixesha uza kukuxelela indlela esifanele abathwali iimbono ezinjalo.

Ukuba umongameli omtsha ukuya kude kakhulu kwaye ziya kuqhubeka iinkqubo zentlalo eziqalwa yi ezihlangwini zakhe, ngokuqinisekileyo uya kufikelela impumelelo encomekayo. Kuyo nayiphi na imeko, abantu eVenezuela wafumana kakhulu ngokufudumeleyo iindaba ngumongameli wakhe. Kakade ke, lo preponderance kweevoti 1% kuphela, kodwa ngokwemeko yezopolitiko ngokwaneleyo onamava, owazi zonke iimfuno kunye neengxaki karhulumente.