Ungcoliseko lomhlaba kunye neziphumo zalo yabantu. Uvavanyo ukungcoliseka komhlaba

Soil - ukuma ekhethekileyo zendalo, ukuqinisekisa ukukhula imithi, izityalo kunye nezinye izityalo. Kunzima ukuba nomfanekiso-ngqondweni ngaphandle bethu kumhlaba otyebileyo. Kodwa umntu mihla libhekisa phantsi? Namhlanje, indoda ukungcoliseka komhlaba lifikelele etyhutyha emikhulu, ngoko umhlaba iplanethi yethu yayifuna ngokhuseleko kunye nolondolozo.

Soil - ntoni na?

njengokhuselo lomhlaba nxamnye nongcoliseko akunakwenzeka ngaphandle ukuqonda ngokucacileyo oko umhlaba kwaye kwasekwa ngayo. Qwalasela lo mbuzo ngokucacileyo ngaphezulu.

Phantsi (okanye komhlaba) - ukuma ekhethekileyo yendalo, icandelo olusisinyanzelo nayiphi eziphilayo. It senziwa nwebu wengxondorha lomzali, sisenzo kwelanga, amanzi, kunye nezinye izihluma. Soil - uhlobo ibhulorho, ikhonkco, edityaniswe amacandelo zasemanzini kunye abiotic landscape.

iinkqubo ezingundoqo ngenxa apho umhlaba, le ukhukuliseko kunye nemisebenzi ebaluleke kakhulu eziphilayo. Ngenxa yoko, iinkqubo yemozulu ngoomatshini umzali Iliwa utshabalale, ngokuthe ngcembe nakhandiweyo, kunye eziphilayo bazaliswe nale ndimbane ezingaphiliyo ngayo izinto eziphilayo.

indoda ungcoliseko lomhlaba - yenye yeengxaki ezibalulekileyo eziphilayo mihla kunye nolawulo lokusingqongileyo, nto leyo ngokukodwa tsolo kwisiqingatha sesibini kule nkulungwane yamashumi amabini.

ubume bomhlaba

Nawuphi na umhlaba iqulathe amacandelo aphambili 4. Zezi:

• rock (umhlaba isiseko, malunga-50% sobunzima total);
• amanzi (25%);
• emoyeni (15%);
• izinto eziphilayo (wamatye,-10%).

Kuxhomekeka umlinganiselo kula emhlabeni, zezi zilandelayo iintlobo zomhlaba :

• ezazibangelwa;
• udongwe;
• njengentlabathi;
• wamatye;
• saline.

Iimpawu eziphambili umhlaba, nto leyo eyenza kube yahlukile naliphi na kumacandelo yomhlaba na ukuchuma wayo. Lo mhlaba unique ukuba uyazanelisa izityalo izondlo kuyimfuneko, ukufuma kunye nomoya. Ngenxa yoko, umhlaba inika imveliso ngokobugcisa zonke isivuno utyani nesivuno. Kungenxa yoko le nto ungcoliseko lomhlaba namanzi ngumba ashushu enjalo ehlabathini.

Uphando umhlaba

izifundo Soil ozibandakanye inzululwazi ezikhethekileyo - inzululwazi umhlaba, nto leyo kubhekwa umsunguli Vasily Dokuchaev - sisazinzulu sokuba ludumo yehlabathi. Yaba nguye lowo, ngenkulungwane XIX kade, kuqala waphawula ukuba umhlaba kwaqhenqetha kakhulu ngokwendalo (ucando latitudinal zomhlaba) kumphezulu womhlaba, kwakunye ngokuba iimpawu ezicacileyo morphological zomhlaba.

Dokuchaev ingqalelo umhlaba njengento ukusekwa engundoqo kunye nezizimeleyo zendalo ukuba naye akazange enze namnye zobunzululwazi. Lo msebenzi adumileyo sisazinzulu - 'Russian umhlaba black "ngo-1883 - yincwadi reference bonke inzululwazi lomhlaba mihla. Dokuchaev yaqhuba uphando olunzulu ommandla emathafeni lomhlaba of Russia mihla Ukraine, iziphumo leyo yenza isiseko le ncwadi. Umbhali uqaqambise eziphambili izinto zomhlaba: Iliwa umzali, isimo, imozulu, kwaye ubudala yehlabathi izityalo. Scientist sinika inkcazelo umdla gqitha "umhlaba umsebenzi yomzali engxondorheni, imozulu kunye eziphilayo, xa iphinda phindiweyo ngo kwexesha."

Emva kokufunda imihlaba Dokuchaeva ngokubonakalayo inxaxheba, kunye nezinye zesayensi dumeke. Phakathi kwabo: Kostychev, N. Sibirtsev, K. Glinka kunye nabanye.

Ukubaluleka kunye nendima umhlaba ebomini bomntu

Ibinzana elithi "ilizwe-umongikazi", siva rhoqo ayingomfuziselo okanye Nakuba. It ngokwenene. Yeyona nto iphambili ukutya ngoluntu, leyo, phofu, unika malunga ne-95% yazo zonke iimveliso zokutya. Le ndawo iyonke kwezibonelelo ezweni iplanethi yethu namhlanje 129 million km ² umhlaba indawo, i-10% umhlaba olimekayo, omnye-25% - hayfields kunye namadlelo.

Ukufunda umhlaba yaqala kuphela ngenkulungwane XIX, kodwa abantu bayazi malunga ipropati yabo intle - malunga ukuchuma ukususela kumaxesha amandulo. Ukuba umhlaba kufanele bubukho zonke izityalo kunye nezilwanyana on Earth, kuquka abantu. Ngoko ke akukho ngozi kwiindawo ezininzi ezinyakazela abantu planethi ziinkalo kunye nomhlaba kakhulu echumayo.

Soil - lo vimba uphambili kwemveliso yezolimo. A lot of neendibano izibhengezo ezithatyathwe kwinqanaba lamazwe ngamazwe, ebiza kuba esinengqiqo anyamekele umhlaba. Kwaye oku Kucacile, kuba ukungcola lilonke lomhlaba zomhlaba usongela ubukho bonke abantu emhlabeni.

inshorensi Soil - engundoqo into ethile emhlabeni esingxotyeni isigxina zonke iinkqubo kwi biosphere. Umhlaba oluhlala isixa esikhulu zenkqunto eziphilayo namandla, ezalisekisa, ngoko, indima giant bio-lokucoca ulwelo. Le - inxalenye ephambili ongqonge umhlaba onokuphila, ukutshatyalaliswa siya kuyaphula yonke isakhiwo yayo ezisebenzayo.

Ngenkulungwane xxi, umthwalo kuqweqwe lomhlaba liye lakhula izihlandlo eziliqela, kwaye ingxaki ukungcoliseka komhlaba uya isikhundla ezinkulu jikelele. Kubalulekile ukuphawula ukuba isisombululo kule ngxaki kuxhomekeke intshukumo yamxhel'omnye onke amazwe ehlabathini.

Ungcoliseko lomhlaba kunye nemihlaba

Ungcoliseko lomhlaba inkqubo ukuthotywa kwesigubungelo lomhlaba, apho umxholo walo khemikhali linyuke kakhulu. Izalathisi yale nkqubo ke eziphilayo, xa izityalo ingakumbi ukuba ngowokuqala ubunzima ukusuka ukuhlukunyezwa ubume bendalo womhlaba. Kulo mzekelo, indlela izityalo kuxhomekeka nakwizinga uvakalelo babancedise.

Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba kwilizwe lethu unika nobutyala ngenxa ukungcoliseka komhlaba ngumntu. Ngokukodwa, inqaku 254 of Code Criminal kuvakala ngathi "Urhwaphilizo umhlaba".

Typology ukungcola zomhlaba

Main ukungcoliseka komhlaba yaqala kwinkulungwane yamashumi amabini, kunye nophuhliso olukhawulezayo kwisakhiwo mveliso. Phantsi kwizingcoliso yemihlaba ukuqonda ukwazisana kwimboniselo kumacandelo zomhlaba Nedlac kuyo - babizwa ngokuba "ukungcola". Bayakwazi ukuhlala naliphi na ilizwe aggregate - ulwelo, okuqinileyo, sukube okanye ezintsonkothileyo.

Zonke izinto ezingcolisa umhlaba zingahlulwa zibe ngamaqela-4:

• eziphilayo (izinambuzane, amayeza okubulala izinambuzane, imichiza, hydrocarbon enuka kamnandi, izinto ikhlorini, phenols, acids eziphilayo, oyile, ipetroli, lacquers kunye ipeyinti);
• ezingaphiliyo (izinyithi enzima, asbestos, siyanadzi, kwealkali, acids ezingaphiliyo, njl);
• radioactive;
• eziphilayo (iibhaktheriya, iintsholongwane yayintsholongwane eyosulela ulele kunye like).

Ngenxa yoko, nokungcoliswa engundoqo umhlaba kwenziwa ezi kunye nezinye ezingcolisayo. umxholo Ukwanda kwezi zinto emhlabeni kunokukhokelela iziphumo ezingalunganga lakho.

Imithombo ukungcoliswa komhlaba

Oko kubizwa ngokuba inani elikhulu zemithombo ezo ukuza kuthi ga ngoku. Inani labo unyaka nonyaka kwandisa kuphela.

Sibala mithombo iphambili ukungcoliseka komhlaba:

1. Izindlu kunye neenkonzo zoluntu. It is a umthombo enkulu wongcoliseko komhlaba kwizixeko. Kulo mzekelo, nokungcoliswa umhlaba kwenzeka ngokusebenzisa inkunkuma yabantu, ubutyobo ukutya, ubutyobo zokwakha kunye nezinto zendlu (ifanitshala endala, iimpahla, njalo-njalo). Kwizixeko ezikhulu, lo mbuzo, "ukuba benze ntoni na inkunkuma?" Nokuba litshatshazi, laba yintlekele ngokwenene abasemagunyeni mzi. Ngoko ke, phezu ngaphandle kwezixeko kukhula lweetiphu kilometre enkulu, eziye ndawonye onke emgqomeni. Kumazwe aphuhlileyo Koloni ziye zaziswa kudala into yokwenza okurisayikilisha ngezityalo ezikhethekileyo kunye neefektri. Kwaye kule kukho eninzi nemali efunyenwe. Kwilizwe lethu, de Kwiimeko ezinjalo, ngelishwa, ezinqabileyo.
2. Mveliso kunye nezityalo. Kweli qela, eyona mithombo iphambili ukungcoliseka komhlaba - ikhemikali, ezemigodi kunye zobunjineli mveliso. Siyanadzi, iarseniki, styrene, benzene, egazi iipholima, icarbon black - zonke ezi eyoyikekayo izinto emhlabeni kummandla kwamashishini amakhulu orhwebo. Ngoku ingxaki enkulu nayo ingxaki zokuyilahla amavili, nibonise unobangela yemililo ezinkulu ukuba kunzima kakhulu ukucima.
3. Zakhiwo zothutho. Imithombo zomhlaba uyosuleleka, kulo mzekelo - ilothe, hydrocarbon, uthuthu lweziko kunye nitrogen oxides. Zonke ezi zinto ziye zakhutshwa ngexesha nokusebenza injini yokutsha lwangaphakathi, kwaye emva koko zifakwe kwi emhlabeni uze wendele zizityalo. Ngenxa yoko, baye bazifumane emhlabeni. Kulo mzekelo, ngesidanga ukungcoliseka komhlaba liya kuba phezulu kangangoko kunokwenzeka ecaleni koohola ezinkulu ezidibanayo kufuphi endleleni.
4. Agro-industrial complex. Kwesiqalo ukutya emhlabeni, siya ngaxeshanye yingozi kuye, njengoko ngamazwi njengoko kubonakale. Ungcoliseko kwabantu umhlaba apha sijonge ukusungulwa ezweni izichumiso kunye neekhemikhali. Yaba ukuwa ezimbi emhlabeni kuye izinto - mercury, izinambuzane, yepeyinti isiqalelo esithambileyo esimhlophe. Ukongeza, iikhemikhali excess ziyahlanjululwa kunye iimvula emasimini, siya emifuleni abasisigxina kunye komhlaba.
5. kwenkunkuma eqhumayo. engozini enkulu kakhulu uvelisa ungcoliseko lomhlaba kushishino nuclear inkunkuma. Bambalwa abantu bazi ukuba ngexesha reactions enyukliya izityalo amandla enyukliya malunga 98-99% zamafutha ziphanzile. Le uranium iimveliso ngokucandeka - atom, neplutoniyam, kwiteksti kunye nezinye izinto, nto leyo eyingozi kakhulu. Ingxaki enkulu kakhulu kwilizwe lethu ukuba yokungcwaba inkunkuma eqhumayo. ngonyaka ngamnye uvelisa malunga 200 lamawaka cubic metres zenkunkuma yenyukliya ehlabathini.

Eyona engundoqo iintlobo zongcoliseko

Ungcoliseko lomhlaba inokuba zendalo (umz, mlilo) okanye ezenziwe (umntu-ezenziwe) xa kungcoliseko kwenzeka ngenxa umntu. Kwimeko yokugqibela umhlaba uwa izinto kunye neemveliso ezingekho ezendeleyo bume yendalo ibe nefuthe elibi eziphila kunye neenkqubo zendalo.

Inkqubo yokuhlela asuleleke umhlaba entsonkothileyo kakhulu, oku kuhlelwa ezahlukeneyo abondliwayo ukusuka kwimithombo eyahlukeneyo. Kodwa ke iintlobo eziphambili ukungcoliseka komhlaba ingashwankathelwa ngale ndlela ilandelayo.

Ungcoliseko lomhlaba Domestic - ungcoliseko lomhlaba kunye kobutyobo kunye nemisi. Eli qela libandakanya ezingcolisa indalo ezahlukeneyo kunye nemeko ezahlukeneyo udibaniso. Iiplastiki zombini ngamanzi okanye ijiye. Ngokubanzi, olu hlobo ungcoliseko nto iyingozi kakhulu ukuba umhlaba, Noko ke, zokwanda ngokugqithisileyo inkunkuma zokungcolisa ngokulahla inkukuma ndawo kwaye uthintele ukukhula okuqhelekileyo kwezityalo. Ingxaki kakhulu nokoyika iindleko zasekhaya Ungcoliseko lomhlaba kwimimandla embhaxa kunye imizi emikhulu, kwakunye kwiidolophu kunye nenkqubo nenalazhennoy yokuqokelelwa inkunkuma.

Ngemichiza yenyukliya imihlaba - kukuthi, kuqala kwiinto zonke, ungcoliseko heavy metal, zinambuzane. Olu hlobo ungcoliseko sele ingozi enkulu abantu. Ngapha koko, izinyithi enzima bayakwazi ukuba yande eziphilayo. Imihlaba ezingcolisekileyo iintlobo heavy metal ezifana ilothe, isiqalelo esithambileyo esimhlophe, chromium, ikopolo, nickel, imetyhuri, iarseniki kunye manganese. Okunye ukungcolisa izenzo lomhlaba ipetroli, equlethe izinto zinetyhefu kakhulu - tetraethyl lead.

Izitshabalalisi - Kwakhona izinto eziyingozi kakhulu umhlaba. Lo mthombo uphambili zinambuzane ukulima namhlanje, nto leyo belizwe zisetyenziswa ezi khemikhali ukuze kuliwe izitshabalalisi kunye bugs. Ngoko ke, zinambuzane yande emhlabeni ngamanani amakhulu. bangabi ngaphantsi yingozi izilwanyana kunye nabantu ngaphezu enzima. Ngoko ke, oko umlomo inetyhefu kakhulu kwaye bezinzile kakhulu DDT iziyobisi. Oku uyakwazi na ibolile emhlabeni eminyaka, izazinzulu ziye zafumanisa umkhondo kwayo Antarctica!

ziyingozi kakhulu microflora umhlaba iintsholongwane kunye fungi zinambuzane.

imisebe umhlaba - a ukungcoliseka komhlaba izityalo zamandla zenyukliya inkunkuma. izinto radioactive iyingozi kakhulu, njengoko kusichukumisa lula waya ikhonkco lokutya eziphilayo. I-Isotope kakhulu yingozi radioactive ingqalelo njengoko kwiteksti-90, nto leyo luphawulwa isivuno eliphezulu ngexesha ngokucandeka nuclear (8%) kunye (iminyaka 28) eliphezulu isiqingatha-ubomi. Ukongeza, nguye mobile kakhulu kumhlaba kwaye zibekwe ezahlukeneyo ithambo lomntu kunye eziphilayo. Phakathi kwezinye atom eziyingozi nazo ngokuba atom-137, cerium-144, 36-chloro.

Le Ungcoliseko lomhlaba mlilo - olu hlobo ungcoliseko libhekisela kwiqela zendalo. Ngoko ke wadibana izinto eziyityhefu emhlabeni, icarbon emnyama kunye yokutsha iigesi leyo kwenzeka ngenxa mlilo. Olu uhlobo inqabile kakhulu ungcoliseko lomhlaba, nto leyo uphawu kuphela kwiindawo ezithile ezincinane.

Mikotoksicheskoe Ungcoliseko lomhlaba - nayo ayingobantu ezenziwe kwaye imvelaphi yendalo. ibibangela ungcoliso apha ke ezinye iintlobo nomngundo avelisa izinto eziyingozi - mycotoxins. Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuba ezi izinto yile enkulu yingozi eziphilayo, kwakunye bonke abanye, ngasentla.

ukhukuliseko lomhlaba

Umngeni omkhulu zokugcinwa ongaphezulu iye layitshabalalisa kwaye ihleli. Minyaka le, "utya" indawo ezinkulu zomhlaba ochumileyo, izinga endalo kwakhona ukhukuliseko lomhlaba rate ephantsi kakhulu. Izazinzulu ziye bayifundisise iimpawu kwezi nkqubo kwaye bafumane amanyathelo yokulwa nazo.

Ukhukuliseko ingaba:

• amanzi
• umoya

Ngokucacileyo, kwimeko yokuqala, okukhokelela ukhukuliseko into amanzi aqukuqelayo, kwaye eyesibini - umoya.

ukhukuliseko olubangwa ngamanzi zande yaye yingozi. Iqala ukubonakala kumphezulu womhlaba ube, ebisenyobeni encinane ayifiki buqapheleke, kodwa emva kokuba imvula enzima ngamnye kule umfula uphela uya ukwandisa ukukhula ubukhulu de babuyele emhadini. Xa ixesha ngonyaka nje omnye endaweni ethe tyaba ngokupheleleyo kunokuba umsele ngokunzulu kwimitha 1-2! Inqanaba elilandelayo ukhukuliseko olubangwa ngamanzi - lo ukuyilwa a udonga. Le fom yohlukile ubunzulu enkulu isiqabu kunye nesakhiwo branched. Ezigodini catastrophically kutshabalalisa amasimi, amadlelo kunye amadlelo. Ukuba udonga ayikho ukulwa, uya kujika nanini okanye kamva kwi umqadi ube mnye.

iinkqubo Vodnoerozionnye abakhuthele kakhulu kule ngingqi emathafeni kunye amageduka, utyani apho encinane kakhulu.

Isizathu sokuba ngumoya ukhukuliseko nokukhonza yimimoya uqhwithela abakwaziyo ukuqhushumba phezulu 20 (ndawo zichume) ibhola lomhlaba. Wind uthwele kweengqakumbana zomhlaba imigama ezinkulu, ukwakha kwiindawo ezithile iidipozithi ukuya kwiimitha 1-2. Amaninzi ukuba akhiwa ecaleni emasimini kunye namabhanti ehlathini.

Ukuhlolwa Ungcoliseko lomhlaba

Ukwenza oluntsonkothileyo amanyathelo ukuze kukhuselwe umhlaba uvavanyo ngokwaneleyo kubaluleke kakhulu ukungcoliseka komhlaba. Sibalwa izibalo ezintsonkothileyo zemathematika, emva kokuba iseti kwemichiza eneenkcukacha kunye nophando esingqongileyo. Evaluation thaca leyo entsonkothileyo yongcoliseko _kunye Z.

Uvavanyo asuleleke komhlaba mazenziwe ngokususela izinto ezininzi ezibalulekileyo:

• Okukodwa imithombo yongcoliseko;
• imichiza complex - ezingcolisa umhlaba;
• kuqala ezingcolisa uluhlu njengako iMPC;
• nomlinganiswa kunye nokusetyenziswa komhlaba.

Abaphandi baye ichonge amanqanaba Ungcoliseko lomhlaba, ezizezi:

1. Eyamkelekileyo (Z _ukuya ngaphantsi kwe-16).
2. Abangaxhalabisiyo eziyingozi (Z _ukuba ukususela nge-16 ukuya 38).
3. Ulwazi (Z _ukuba ukususela 38 ukuya 128).
4. Kakhulu yingozi (Z _ezingaphezu kwama-128).

Protection lomhlaba

Kuxhomekeka ngumthombo yongcoliseko kunye ngobunzulu yimpembelelo yayo, liqulunqe iindlela ezizodwa njengokhuselo lomhlaba. Kwabo kubandakanya:

1. Zomthetho kunye nolawulo (nokwamkelwa umthetho ofanelekileyo entsimini wokhuseleko komhlaba, kunye nolawulo ukuphunyezwa sabo).
2. Process (indalo iinkqubo zemveliso wasteless).
3. Ucoceko (ukuqokelelwa, isidyobho kunye nokulahlwa kwenkunkuma kunye nomhlaba longcoliseko).
4. Uphando (ukuphuhliswa iiteknoloji ezintsha izibonelelo zonyango, uvavanyo kunye nokujonga imeko yomhlaba).
5. Forest wokusindisa kunye nolawulo ukhukuliseko (imisebenzi yokutyala oku, ezinemithi yomthunzi edwelileyo ekhethekileyo kunye namasimi, ukwakhiwa kwezakhiwo hydraulic kwaye ulungise ukugaleleka kwezityalo).

isiphelo

lomhlaba Russian - oko ubutyebi omkhulu, sibonga ngalo sinako ukutya kunye nemveliso ukubonelela izinto eziyimfuneko ekrwada. Umhlaba kwabunjwa phezu kweenkulungwane ezininzi. Kungenxa yoko le nto ukukhuselwa lomhlaba kungcoliseko - yinto umsebenzi ebalulekileyo karhulumente.

Namhlanje kukho inani elikhulu kwimithombo zomhlaba longcoliseko: ezothutho, kushishino, izixeko, eziluncedo, izityalo amandla enyukliya kunye nezolimo. Umsebenzi wenzululwazi, abasemagunyeni zoluntu manani zoluntu lilonke - ukukhusela umhlaba kwimiphumo eyingozi zonke ezi zinto, okanye ubuncinane ukunciphisa impembelelo yazo yingozi emhlabeni.