Umbuso owodwa - ntoni na? Iimpawu ze umbuso owodwa

uhlobo ecalanye karhulumente - na uhlobo lukarhulumente, apho eli lizwe yahlulwe iiyunithi yolawulo eziliqela ecingisisiweyo ubume kumaqumrhu karhulumente. Kodwa kwezinye iimeko, imimandla ngamnye weli lizwe kubekho elithile ekwenziweni kwezigqibo. Iimpawu ze umbuso owodwa uphawuleka amancinci ngobukhulu namanani eli lizwe. Kodwa apha, kukho umnyinyiva ngohlobo China, leyo, phezu kwendawo eqinileyo kunye nabemi omkhulu, uthathwa ukuba umbuso qela liphikisayo. Kumazwe ezinjalo, kukho iseti enye yemithetho, kukho umgaqo-siseko abangatshatanga kunye nenkqubo yomthetho. ulawulo Higher enye onke amaqela karhulumente. Ngelo xesha ngoku uninzi unitary elililo namashishini karhulumente ezizimeleyo ehlabathini. Phakathi kwezi mazwe, mhlawumbi makuqatshelwe le UK, eFransi, eSpeyin, Ukraine kunye nabanye abaninzi. Kutshanje sisoloko kakhulu ukuva ukubalula umbuso qela liphikisayo. Ntoni na, siya kujonga ngakumbi.

Unitarity njengendlela karhulumente

Ngaphambi kokuhlolisisa ngokweenkcukacha ngakumbi ibinzana elithi "umbuso owodwa" ngokwayo, kuyimfuneko ukuba ukukhankanya iintlobo ezikhoyo karhulumente. Xa ezingundoqo wayo, ukumila kukarhulumente na isakhiwo solawulo, sobummandla kunye kuzwelonke lizwe, nto leyo ibonisa ukuzalana phakathi kwemimandla, basemegunyeni kummandla kunye central izixhobo karhulumente, ngokunjalo phakathi kwezizwe ezahlukeneyo kunye neentlanga abahlala kwintsimi enye.

Ukongeza, uhlobo kukarhulumente ubonisa kwezinye izifundo isimo, ubume bazo zomthetho kunye nonxibelelwano lwabo omnye komnye, oko ifomu ukuchaza iimfuno abambalwa yesizwe ayehlala kule ndawo inye, ngokunjalo nendlela yokwakha ubudlelane phakathi abasemagunyeni esembindini local self-government .

Kodwa ke uhlobo oluthile karhulumente kwilizwe elithile kuxhomekeke Indawo esikuyo mmandla, ukwakhiwa kwawo wesizwe, kwakunye kwi eziliqela, ekukhoyo kuzo yezoqoqosho, ezentlalo, zembali nenkcubeko.

Iindlela kukarhulumente iifom

Okwangoku, kukho 3 iintlobo iintlobo inkqubo indawo zikarhulumente:

1. Federation. Olu hlobo nkqubo karhulumente le yeyona manyano lwamazwe amaninzi ngaphambili yobukhosi (okanye ukuzimela ebanzi ngaphakathi ngurhulumente) (imimandla) bengatshatanga ngokuzithandela. Le mizekelo edume kakhulu isakhiwo federal unguye Russian Federation (yabhalwa zezifundo 85, 22 apho weRiphabliki,-4 izithili lokuzimela kwaye 1 izimele), i-US (50 ithi kunye nakwimimandla eziliqela ezinxulumeneyo ngokukhululekileyo), India (29 ithi, le Capital District, yaye 6 Union Territories ) kunye nabanye.

2. Confederation. Olu hlobo isixhobo umbutho karhulumente kumazwe aliqela ezizimeleyo. Noko ke, akukho namnye ngabalawulwa Confederation nje ifuna ulongamo wayo, kwaye imikhosi yakhe exhobileyo wayo, imali kunye neenkqubo zomthetho. Dlalo Single ekhoyo njengangoku yi Switzerland (kodwa muva nje uye wafumana yonke imiqondiso nakwiimanyano). Kwakhona Confederations esikhethekileyo bakholelwa ukuba EU Union of Russia kunye Belarus, i yaseYurophu Union.

3. A umbuso qela liphikisayo. Yintoni na? Lo mbuzo iqhubeke izigidi abemi, ingakumbi kwiminyaka yakutshanje kunye ukuvela kugquba separatism ehlabathini lonke. Le ukwakheka eyodwa karhulumente, nto leyo yahlulwe kumacandelo olawulo, ngalinye akanaso nokumkani nothobela nabasemagunyeni central. Ngenxa yoko, urhulumente owodwa kwaye zohlulwa ngokwendidi eziliqela.

Isakhiwo ndawonye ecalanye karhulumente

Ngu namaqonga umbuso owodwa kule hlobo ziquka lizwe apho imisebenzi karhulumente oluqhutywa phaya kwinqanaba lengingqi kuphela ngabasemagunyeni, leyo sele zivunyiwe kwaye kwavunyelwana ngabasemagunyeni engundoqo. Kulo mzekelo, urhulumente esembindini uyakwazi ukunika ezithile abasemagunyeni ukuzimela osezantsi entsimini. Le mizekelo iphawulekayo umbuso owodwa kunye isixhobo oluyintloko - lo United Kingdom kunye Denmark. Ukongezelela, iimpawu yinye lokuba Afrika, apho amandla wengingqi bobabo iintsapho kunye kwisizukulwana. Nangona kunjalo, kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuba mhla, loo States zinqabile.

Ezoba umbuso owodwa: Yintoni na?

Kuba lithi amagunya abo amazwe apho i-siseko ubonelela kwemida abasemagunyeni engundoqo nabeengingqi. Oko kukuthi, enyanisweni, kwizifundo zemfundo yoluntu kunokuba ukuzimela olubanzi kakhulu, yaye ngaloo ndlela babe epalamente, urhulumente kunye zolawulo iziseko zayo. Ngokusisiseko, loo malungelo imimandla ezinkulu kanye ezizimeleyo okanye abe ukuzimela liphela yokujongana nemiba ethile. Ukongeza, le mimandla badla Simanywe izinto ezifanayo nembali, ezoqoqosho kunye neendawo. Izifundo zokwabela abaphantsi amagunya umbuso isigqibo eliqela imiba, kuquka imiba yezoqoqosho, imiba yemfundo, ezempilo, esidlangaleni nezinto eziluncedo zoluntu. Enyanisweni, lo mbandela uba kwamanye amazwe umbuso owodwa, ezo zidibene ngenxa yesizathu esithile enhlanganweni enye. Amazwe kunye neyunithi ngamandla amagunya ekunokuthiwa eFransi ne Spain.

umbuso Mixed owodwa

Mixed States esihlangene uneempawu ezifana ngamagunya kunye negunya central ifuthe zifundo yemfundo karhulumente. Enyanisweni, kwiimo axubeneyo ekunokuthiwa mazwe, ezinye kwimimandla apho kufuneka ukuzimela elikhulu yaye bayakwazi ngokuzimeleyo ukusombulula imisebenzi. Kulo mzekelo, ukuzimela unako ukuseka uqhagamshelwano namanye amazwe, ukuba asayine iindidi iimemorandam yenkcubeko, ezentlalo kunye nezoqoqosho. Le mizekelo iphawulekayo zemeko ecalanye uhlobo exutyiweyo - oku Italy kunye eNorway.

Kuba States nge luhlobo ecalanye ifowuni luphawulwa iimpawu ezininzi zahluke.

kwisahlulo lwangaphakathi amaqumrhu karhulumente qela liphikisayo

Njengomgaqo, ilizwe ngalinye yahlulahlulwe kwimimandla amancinane, nto leyo zahlulwe kwizifundo ezincinane karhulumente wengingqi. imimandla igama inokuba ezahlukeneyo, kodwa intsingiselo efanayo kuwo onke amazwe ehlabathini. Umzekelo, amazwe elalisakuba yiSoviet Union eqeleni yabo iindawo ezinkulu, nayo, yahlulwe izithili kunye zokuhlala zasemaphandleni (amabhunga kwilali). Eli candelo ayikho ngengozi. Imimandla akhiwa kwi iimfuno zangaphambili zembali, indawo zokuhlala kunye nophuhliso lwezoqoqosho. division yolawulo ivumela urhulumente kazwelonke ukulawula imeko kangangoko kunokwenzeka kulo lonke elo lizwe.

Ezona mpawu ziphambili lwamazwe qela liphikisayo

1. Zonke izifundo kwenkqubo kwezopolitiko ikwazizinto kuxhomekeke kwi intshukumo isimaphambili se-siseko elinye. Kulo mzekelo, lo mthetho olubalulekileyo uyakwazi ukwahlula phakathi karhulumente kazwelonke kunye norhulumente wengingqi, ngaloo ndlela kokunikeza ukuzimela kummandla.

2. imizimba Common kwamandla karhulumente. Amandla nomongameli kunye nepalamente kuyo urhulumente elingenakuphikiswa. Ukongeza, abasemagunyeni esembindini kufuneka amandla ukuqesha abaphathi ezabo imizimba yazo self-government emhlabeni.

3. Ukuba kummandla bezinye iintlanga bahlala (wayemfutshane ngesithomo), oku kuvumelekile ukuba ukunika kubo yayizilawula.

4. ubudlelwane Zonke ngamazwe ilawulwa ngamagunya engundoqo. Izifundo urhulumente akakwazi ukungena kumanyano yamazwe ngokuzimeleyo. Avumelekile Intsebenziswano izimele kuphela kunye namanye amaqumrhu karhulumente kumanqanaba zenkcubeko nezentlalo.

5. Kubadlali State abanalo ulawulo karhulumente, ngoko, le mimandla musa ukuba imikhosi yakhe exhobileyo, inkqubo yezimali kunye nezinye izinto sokumiswa.

6. Ulwimi lwaseburhulumenteni kuzo zonke iingingqi karhulumente bemanyene.

Imiba echaphazela ukuyilwa umbuso owodwa

Abantu abaninzi bayazibuza: "A umbuso owodwa: oko kukuthi, kwenziwa njani?". Makhe ukuzama ukuphendula lo mbuzo. A umbuso owodwa senziwa kuxhomekeke ezahlukeneyo izinto. Cinga ezinye zazo.

1. Ubukho jikelele kummandla lwabemi zenkcubeko yobuhlanga esinye ulwimi olunye, inkolo mnye, yokufana nomqondo kunye nembali jikelele.

2. lula yokudala bengatshatanga ngenxa yezizathu zoqoqosho. States ezabelana imida kunye yokungabikho imiqobo namasiko, uyakwazi nibuthelana ekubunjweni karhulumente qela liphikisayo. Nangona kunjalo, kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuba le kusafuna olulodwa lwemali, inkqubo eqhelekileyo irhafu, inkqubo eqhelekileyo zomthetho, kwakunye umanyano ubukho babasebenzi kunye division of labour.

3. uxinzelelo lwangaphandle abasuka kumazwe angaphandle. Ngenxa Ukungenela karhulumente kwimicimbi kwezinye imibutho karhulumente, amazwe kunye nemida eziqhelekileyo kunye nezinto eziqhelekileyo zenkcubeko nezembali nga simanyane ibe bengatshatanga qela liphikisayo.

Ekusetyenzwa phantsi kwazo zinefuthe dissociation le umbuso owodwa

On lo mbuzo: "Yintoni na le umbuso owodwa", abantu abaninzi baya kukuxelela ukuba ezi mazwe Simanywe amasiko kwimbali nenkcubeko, yaye musa kujongana wabonakala lahlulelene eluntwini. Noko ke, oku akuyonyaniso. Kuba kumaqumrhu esihlangene ehlabathini namhlanje uphawuleka iingxaki ezininzi. Phakathi iqhosha uyakwazi ukwahlula ekuthiwa-separatism, oko kukuthi, imfuneko lommandla omnye ndilugqala ulongamo yayo karhulumente. Cinga esichapazela nabunye ngaphakathi kurhulumente qela liphikisayo.

1. Ububi yonxulumano ngenxa yezizathu zoqoqosho. Umzekelo iphawulekayo oku kunjalo, Italy. Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, imimandla yomntla lizwe ukuba ngenkuthalo ibango ulongamo, ingakumbi intshukumo ethandwa Venice. Le mimandla ke zinga yoqoqosho, kwaye ngenkxasomali kwimimandla ehlwempuzeke esemazantsi.

2. Imbali ezahlukeneyo, inkcubeko nolwimi karhulumente. Kulo mzekelo, lo mzekelo okuphawuleka Ukraine, equka imimandla kunye nenzala ezahlukeneyo zenkcubeko nezembali. Ngoko ke, umzekelo, kwimimandla ekumzantsi nasempuma amaqhina Ukraine kaThixo kufutshane ne-Russia. Kwinxalenye yasentshona yelizwe meko efanayo. Umzekelo, Transcarpathia uye zembali kunye nezenkcubeko zoluntu kunye iHungary, Bukovina - Romania kunye Compostela - kunye Poland. Kodwa ke nangona umahluko anjalo ngokwemiqathango zembali yenkcubeko, Ukraine iimpawu umbuso qela liphikisayo.

3. inqanaba elisezantsi kakhulu ubomi ukungoneliseki nale nyaniso yoluntu. Kulo mzekelo, njengoko umzekelo, Sudan. imigangatho yokuphila Low kukhokelele ekubeni kwimimandla ekumzantsi lizwe babekwazi ebanzi, wagqiba kwelokuba ahlukane kurhulumente engundoqo. Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba kwimimandla esemazantsi Sudan buzinze kwi-60% kwemigangatho kwezoqoqosho. Ngenxa yoko, oku kuye kwakhokelela ekubeni imaphu kwezopolitiko zehlabathi, urhulumente omtsha of South Sudan.

4. nokubhala Low kwezopolitiko labemi, evumela "iinkokeli zezopolitiko" ye mimandla nokukhuthaza ngokubonakalyo ingcamango yokudala njengombuso ozimeleyo.