Ukuveliswa nokufota cinema: umhla. Imbali wayila izithombe ngokufutshane

Njengoko ngokunjalo ukupeyinta, nokufota imbali cinema yaqala nomnqweno elula yabantu ukufaka imizuzwana ubomi babo, ukuba ahlale nabo ixesha elide kwaye sizithumelayo kwizizukulwana ezizayo. Ngenxa ukukwazi ukuvelisa umfanekiso ephepheni okanye ifilim ngokuchanekileyo, kwezi nkalo zimbini sele ziphuhlisiwe kwinqanaba le ubugcisa. Abafoti, umzekelo, akazange egcina ukuba umsebenzi ukudala umfanekiso ezithwala nje ulwazi malunga imbonakalo imodeli. Photo sele efumene umyalezo othile, ingcamango sokutshintshela imifuziselo isimilo, isimo lo mzuzu. Kwaye umboniso, kuqalwa kuphiliso nje imizuzwana embalwa, ephuhliswe ngokukhawuleza ulwalathiso, yaye namhlanje cinema iye kunethuba elikhulu, kude ukwakhiwa amabali impucuko komhlaba kunye imihlaba zobugqi. Ukuveliswa nokufota cinema kwaphawula uthotho obafunyanwa kunye nemisebenzi mihle yobugcisa ehlabathini, kodwa, ukongeza, ifoto kunye zevidiyo ngokuqinileyo kubomi womntu mihla. Namhlanje, inkqubo yokufumana nokuhoywa imifanekiso, ukurekhoda processing ividiyo ukusetyenziswa ngemihla aye elula kangangokuba ayifuni uqeqesho olulodwa kwaye akafuni kuthatha ixesha elide. Indlela ukuqala imbali wayila izithombe? Njani na kwishishini lokwenziwa kweefilim?

Imbonakalo imifanekiso yokuqala lokufota

Indlela ecacileyo kwaye zimiliselwe iphepha imifanekiso behlabathi? Lo mbuzo ndazibuza iingqondo ezinkulu kwiinkulungwane ngaphambili. Impumelelo yaba ukuvela ekuthiwa- camera obscura, ebonelela lumelo echanileyo izinto kwihlabathi bangaphandle, apho waqalisa wayila izithombe. Umhla, ubudala lilinge lokuqala ukufaka umntu uyenze uboniso ngephanyazo umfanekiso, akuxakathanga nto, kude kakhulu ayaziwa, kodwa owokuqala arhola ingqalelo engaqhelekanga izinto ukubonisa ukukhanya ukuba uLeonardo da Vinci. Thile emva, Giovanni Porta ukwakha imodeli iikhamera pinhole, apho isetyenziselwe ukudlulisela iipateni beesekethe kwi ngelaphu ngesandla. Njengoko umatshini bekhamera mihla, ikhamera, yeha, akazange ukunika amathuba ezinjalo, ezo kamva thaca uluntu camera. Lo mzuzu xa iphupha yokufumana imifanekiso usebenzisa ubugcisa wasondela xa inani obafunyanwa enziwa, novakalelo ezinxulumene iipropati ezithile lweziqalelo yemichiza ukuvumela ukwenza kunye alungise umfanekiso.

Lo mfanekiso wokuqala kwimbali

Year imifanekiso eyasungulwa - 1839, xa umqambi French Lui Zhak mande Dagher epapashwe imisebenzi kumfanekiso ukuqiniswa japan afunyenwe camera obscura, ephepheni. Ngokuhambelana, kunye nayo, ukuvulwa kunye nokufumana imifanekiso yokuqala yiyo Genri Foks Talbot kunye Zhozef Nisefor Neps. It Niepce ngo-1826 ufumana ku vangama yokuqala esisigxina yaye kwase lo mfanekiso. Usebenzisane kunye nokusayina isivumelwano, Daguerre kunye Niepce ukuqala umsebenzi ekufumaneni imifanekiso lokushicilela. Umphumo waba daguerreotypes - nokufumana umfanekiso ngokwaneleyo iyacaca iipleyiti zesinyithi ngomaleko iodide yesilivere usebenzisa nesigidi. Ukususela ngoko, kuthathe umzuzwana de daguerreotypes savela kwicala a yesitiroyo. Nabasunguli baye bajamelana neengxaki ezininzi, kodwa ilahleko yemali, kunye nokunqongophala ukuqonda kwabanye, uya kuba yintoni ngokwenene fyabo luncedo photos. Njengoko kwakunjalo nakwixesha elizayo yaba uphuhliso ukufota?

inkqubo yophuhliso

Ingongoma esitsha kwimbali ukufota kufuneka kuqwalaselwe negatives njengeyabo. Oku kuye kwavula amathuba amatsha: kunye kaloku uncedo elibi umfanekiso akwazi ukwandisa imifanekiso ukopisha kubo, yaye ke ngoko yaye kwakukho ngokoqobo photos okwasungulwa mihla. Umhla kwalo siganeko oluphawulekayo - ngo-1841 - kukuba ukufumana umenzi British William Henry Fox Talbot lomenzi wechiza ukuba ibe calotypy indlela - ukufumana iphepha kakubi, kulandele ukubonakaliswa umfanekiso entle hloroserebryanoy ephepheni. Eziliqela ezilandelelanayo ezifunyaniswe: inkqubo emanzi collodion yokuphucula developability le emulsion, umsebenzi phezu izinto lokufota kwaye wayila na film 1887 godu - kwinkqubo ekhawulezayo yobhekiso phambili kwaye lula nokudalwa ifoto. I ngasekupheleni kwenkulungwane ye-19 usinike ithuba ngendlela ngokukhawuleza kakhulu kwaye kulula ukufumana fotografichesih imifanekiso, yaye, ngokungathandabuzekiyo, wayila izithombe ngokwayo yaba kukutshintsha kwimbali zobugcisa.

Faka ukukhanya!

Lo mfanekiso wokuqala lokushicilela kuthathwa ngombala, yayifunyenwe esebenzisa iiseti ezintathu. Ndaqalisa ukuhlola ukuvelisa imifanekiso umbala Dzheyms Klark Maxwell, kunye neziphumo ngomsebenzi wayo yokudubula ngokusebenzisa izihluzi umbala nombala obomvu, oluhlaza kunye eluhlaza wambetha uluntu. Umsebenzi isekelwe phezu ukufunyanwa, uthi ukuba udibaniso ezi imibala ezintathu ukunika nayiphi nombala oyifunayo. Noko ke, ngaphambi kokuba kusungulwe umbala iifoto kwaba kude: le nkqubo ihlala ixesha elide kakhulu. Kule abafoti kwenkulungwane yama-20 ekuqaleni yonke kusetyenziswa ubuchule umbala imifanekiso abamnyama nabamhlophe, kodwa ngokwenene wayila umbala iifoto luye lwenzeka ngokwenene 'umnqwazi umbala bhanya ngo-1935. emva konyaka omnye, athotyiweyo umbala film-35 mm, kwaye ke ngoko kwafika kwendyebo yasekuqaleni kweminyaka ye umbala iifoto, kakhulu ukuzithengela umlinganiselo umboleki ngaphezulu.

Ukususela "film" kwi "digit"

Kubonakala ukuba oko kumi nangoku elimnandi? Ukuveliswa ukufota - omnye lwezona mkhulu kwimbali. Kodwa le ndoda wayefuna ngakumbi lula ixesha wokufumana, kunye photos bokuprinta. Inxalenye kwase yokuqala impumelelo kwaye ufumane ifoto nangoko - le khamera fyabo "Polaroid", nto leyo nangoko ishicilela iifoto ephepheni. Kodwa inkqubo esebenza nale iikhamera wawunzima yimfuno ukufumana amaphephancwadi ezikhethekileyo imifanekiso, kwakunye inani eliqingqiweyo kuqhume. Kodwa kungekudala, izazinzulu isaziso apha ngempumelelo, kwaye kwakukho omtsha 'yedijithali "wayila izithombe. Umhla - 1975 - oko xa yasungulwa kwicamera yokuqala, onako lokufotha uze ubhale umfanekiso kwiteyiphu ngemagnethi. isisombululo picture lokuqala li-100 kuphela pixels-100, yaye i tape magnetic ukuba ubunzima ngeekhilogram ngaphezu ezintathu! Eyokuqala yaba uphuhliso camera compact ngu Sony ebizwa ngokuba "Mavika", emva koko bavula discoverer kunye nezinye abakhi. Iinkampani Zazikhuphisana ukufumana ephakamileyo isigqibo, ukufumana amathuba ukurekhoda imifanekiso kwifayile esecaleni kunye kungenzeka kulondolozwe ngakumbi. A boom lenene, kwaye ukusetyenziswa kwezi khamera umbala digital yaqala ngenkulungwane ngasekupheleni 20 yaye ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yama-21.

Art of Photography

Ukuveliswa ukufota wanika abantu bokuyila ithuba elitsha ukuzichaza. Kanye zabazobi, abafoti ukuhlola ukwakheka kunye umbono, umbala nokukhanya, ukuzama ukuba 'catch "wadubula ilungileyo, yaye ngamanye amaxesha isithombe sakho umfanekiso wokwenene. Enni Leybovits, uHelen Levitt, Stiv Makkari, UErich Salomon - uluhlu lwamagama abafoti abaziwayo kuba lide kakhulu, yaye ngamnye kubo eyaduma ethile, imifanekiso basondeleyo uhlobo. Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, wonke umntu ehlabathini uyakwazi ubuncinane kanye ukuzama isandla sakhe njenge photographer. Art kufuna okuninzi lokuzinikela yaye ingcamango ethile ukuba umbhali ufuna ukubonisa ababukeli bayo. Ngaba kunzima ukuqalisa eqhuba wena?

Iingcebiso kwabasaqalayo ukuba iinkosi

• Ukudala umfanekiso umdla kufuneka ingqalelo ukwakheka, wambu kwisakhelo. Ukuze wenze oku, unako ukufunda imithetho ubume ezisebenza umzobo, okanye saqala, ukuvelisa eyakhe ukudubula iimpawu ezikhethekileyo yayo.
• Akukho mfuneko ukugxotha iteknoloji ufune ukuthenga ikhamera kuyabiza kakhulu kwaye mihla. Ukhetho elilelona ukuba labaqalayo, bekuya kuba sisixhobo elula, nto leyo evumela ukuba ufumane ulwazi olusisiseko ukufota, unako kwakhona asebenzise ngayo izinto, njengezinto ukususa usebenzisa ikhamera film.
• Isiseko, nto leyo kumele bakhululeke ukuba ukusebenza nayiphi umfoti - ulwazi ubunzulu asendle, sokukhanya okukufutshane, ukwakheka, umsebenzi kunye uvalo. Kamva, ungenza aqale ukudala ngoncedo wokukhanya nasethunzini, ukongeza kumsebenzi isihluzo ezahlukeneyo, kwakunye ufunde indlela yokulungisa ngobuchule imifanekiso kwiinkqubo.

I kuqala umboniso

Ukuveliswa ukufota ngokufutshane echazwe ngasentla kweli nqaku, yaye yintoni uthini ngembali kuphuhliso cinema? Nabasunguli ngenkulungwane ye-19 bazama iinkqubo eziya ukwenza ungeno nezichwayitisayo, kwaye yokuqala owaphumelela kulo, babe abazalwana Lumiere. Ukubonisa wokuqala codec yevidiyo short-35 mm osihloko sithi "Ukufika a Train", "Phuma kuloo mveliso," oovulindlela ye cinema isihlwele sasimzukisa kunye ithuba lokuphuhlisa le ndawo ya vutshila.

uphuhliso cinema

I yalitshintsha kwimbali bhanya yaba ngokukhululwa movie "I-Jazz Singer" ngo-1927, xa umboniso yenziwe isaziso. Uphuhliso olulolunye - yi shot ngombala film "Zazingekho kunye Wind" ngo-1939, yaye yenguqu epheleleyo umbala bhanya kwenzeka ukususela ekuqaleni 60s zenkulungwane yama-20. A umkhwa entsha kwimizobo sele unike bhanyabhanya kakhulu ntlobo ezahlukeneyo. Inyaniso yokuba kwinkulungwane yokugqibela kwakubonakala akunakwenzeka kwaye ngokoqobo, namhlanje kuthwelwe ngokusebenzisa amaqhinga kunye nemizobo computer. iqela elikhulu abaqeqeshiweyo inxaxheba ekudalweni engenisa ukudala imveliso yokugqibela. Movie intle lonke ixesha ngokufanelekileyo ithathwa njenge "Nosferatu" (1922, dir. F. Murnau), "Zisixhenxe samurai" (1954, dir. A. Kurosawa), "Pulp Fiction" (1994, dir. K. Tarantino), "Apocalypse ngoku" (2003, dir. F. F. Koppola) kunye nezinye iifilimu ezininzi.

uphuhliso

Kubalulekile ukuphawula ukuba ngoku kwishishini lokwenziwa kweefilim ufuna izisombululo ezintsha ukunikelwa izimvo kunye nemixholo, nokuphuhlisa izisombululo zobugcisa neendlela computer. Enye ingxaki ebalulekileyo cinema mihla ingxaki copyright kunye SANDF, ukusasazwa simahla imveliso ogqityiweyo kwi Internet. Yintoni abothusa bhanyabhanya kwixa elizayo yaye yintoni zokuxhathisa ziya kuqulunqwa ukulawula imveliso ye art? ixesha kuphela uya kuyiphendula le mibuzo.