Athena Parthenos: inkcazelo, imbali umdla facts

Heritage uluntu uye wayilondoloza imisebenzi zobungangamela zobugcisa. yobuciko yezakhiwo abaninzi, imizobo, imisebenzi uncwadi kunye nomculo usaqhubeka owuthanda abantu namhlanje. Uyakwazi ukubabona kwimiboniso, kwiimyuziyam, iingqokelela zabucala. Ezinye ubutyebi besizwe zisekhona ngaphantsi komhlaba okanye egqunywe amabhotwe zakhe ezinde.

Kodwa kwenzeka, imbali imisebenzi odumileyo ezingakhange ubone. Abantu abaninzi bafunda ngazo kwezinye imisebenzi. Umzekelo, Athena Parthenos waziwa kuphela iikopi kunye neenkcazelo. Okwangoku, akukho imifanekiso bokwenene. Kodwa ukuchaza ubuhle nangoku igcina umsebenzi yi Phidias kwimemori zabantu mihla.

Imbeko umntu?

Asinto kunzima guess who wayebhekisela Phidias. Athena Parthenos - na sazo lelo tempile wothixokazi zamandulo zamaGrike, nto leyo kanye yayidume ngenxa ingqondo nobulumko. Athena yaba yeyona ayeze uthixokazi Greece yamandulo. Yena waba namnye wabaphathi kakhulu Olympus. Ngaphandle yokuba ngokuba uthixokazi imfazwe, Athena sele zikhankanyiwe ulwazi, ubugcisa, umsebenzi wezandla, nezaziwa ngokuba patroness kwezixeko kunye needolophana zethu.

Njani ukufana?

Phambi kokuba uyazi ukuba oqingqiweyo ka-Athena Parthenos kufuneka avele phambi nathi ezisithele bukuyo. Mhlawumbi abaninzi umlinganiswa ilelona li- buchaza kakuhle Greece yamandulo. Ukuba kucingwa ukuba engaqhelekanga kakhulu kwaye ekhumbulekayo. Oku kungenxa yokuba nabani na uboniswa Athena, yena usoloko xa ilifa yindoda iimpawu: impahla, izixhobo kunye namakhaka. Kwakhona ecaleni nothixokazi ungasoloko bazibona izilwanyana ezingcwele.

Amaninzi Athena - ungumfazi omhle-iinwele, kunye emanzini. Homer ntoni ukunyamekele "sovookoy". Mhlawumbi olu thelekiso kungenxa yokuba lowo elilandelayo kusoloko ukubona nenciniba, uphawu ubulumko. Akukhathaliseki apho baziswa Athena, okanye kule mihobe, nokuba neprowuzi, nokuba kwi ngelaphu, abenzi sisoloko sizama ukuba ziqaqambise amehlo akhe enkulu.

Iimpawu eziphambili nguPallas uyakuhlala nesigcina-ntloko ukuba abe kummango ophezulu, kunye yiAegis, okanye Ingweletshetshe, zinokuhonjiswa intloko Medusa the Gorgon. Kwakhona esondela, ingakumbi imifanekiso, uyakwazi ukubona umthi womnquma, nto leyo ingqalelo umthi esingcwele, isikhova kunye inyoka - uphawu ubulumko ezimbini. Athens iye yahlangana rhoqo kwaye Nike - uthixokazi enamaphiko.

umbhali

Abantu abaninzi baphupha ukugcina oqingqiweyo ka "Parthenos Athena" kwimbali yoluntu. UMkroli Phidias iye kuhlala ihleli umdali yothixokazi omkhulu ezingqondweni zabantu. UMdali waphila iminyaka 400 ngaphambi kukaKristu. Waba ngumhlobo Pericles, kwaye ingqalelo ngumzobi inkulu ixesha ezakudala enkulu.

Kulo msebenzi yakhe emfutshane, uye wadala isixa esikhulu somsebenzi. umlinganiswa zazo eziphambili wayesoloko Athena. Ukongezelela lowo ezilungelene kamva kuyo itempile iParthenon, yaba sculpture uthixokazi kwi Athene Acropolis. Phidias wakhe wadala imbeko uloyiso phezu namaPersi. Kwaba omkhulu waza waba CTLI ukuba oomatiloshe.

Lemnian Athena nayo iye yachitheka amaxesha mihla, kodwa siyazi ukuba kubulelwe iikopi. Lo mfanekiso wadalelwa ukuba abahlali kwisiqithi Lemnos, yiyo igama. Siyazi ngakumbi malunga imifanekiso ezimbini, obonisa isithixokazi imfazwe. Mntu Plataea, kwaye elinye elaseAkaya.

Phidias Kwakhona umbhali we njengenye yemimangaliso esixhenxe yehlabathi lamandulo. Sithetha malunga sculpture sikaZeyus e Olympia. Lo mfanekiso yayisiso kuphela esiphezu izwekazi lase Europe. Kuye kwenziwa nezemarmore, yaye elikhulu ngaphezu kwalo naliphi na ibandla ngelo xesha.

imikrolo

Njengoko iyaziwa, Umfanekiso ka-Athena Parthenos waye iParthenon. Le tempile yakhiwe njengekhaya isithixokazi phakathi 447 no 432 iminyaka BC. Lo mfanekiso yayenziwe lwendlovu negolide. It wadalwa lokubhiyozela impumelelo yeeMfazwe basePersi.

Nangona isibakala sokuba Athena Parthenos kudala yaphela, kuhlala unanamhla umqondiso ibingumzi omkhulu ongabonakaliyo. Yokuduka sculpture nangoku yaziwa. amanqaku ngembali usikhokelele eConstantinople, apho, mhlawumbi, lo mfanekiso uthuthwa. Kulapha ukuba atshitshise aphange. Buyisela ukubonakala yokuqala ukuvumela iikopi, iinkcukacha oqingqiweyo kunye neenkcazelo uPausanias kunye Plutarch.

Ezibiza kakhulu

Kunzima ukuqonda ukuba Athena yathiywa emva itempile iParthenon, okanye enye kwaba kanye okwahlukileyo. Ngoku sinako siqinisekisa ukuba Parthenos lithetha "enyulu," kwaye kuyo itempile iParthenon lithetha "Indlu iNtombi."

Itempile ngokwayo kwakungekho ngaphantsi ezikhwankqisayo. Kodwa ke umfanekiso oqingqiweyo ka-Athena Parthenos nangoku ngokubanzi kuthathwa umhombiso ephambili yesi sakhiwo. Iintsomi amabali athi itempile ekuqaleni kwakhiwa ukuya ukuba uvumelane le imikrolo. Mhlawumbi xa zakhiwe kuyo itempile iParthenon, wazi kakade ukuba Phidias ukubeka into efanayo kunye nomfanekiso oqingqiweyo ka-Athena Promachos.

Le nkcazelo ichanekileyo yawo wanika kubhungwa. Wathi lo indalo kwenzeke malunga 12 neemitha (ziikubhite 26). lwendlovu negolide wasiwa imveliso yawo. Okokuqala Phidias esisetyenziswayo ukwenza amalungu omzimba uthixokazi, kwaye abanye zonke ezenziwe ngegolide.

Nako kothethwa nesibakala sokuba igolide lula xa kuthe iingxaki zemali. Kuba ezinye izinto yasetyenziswa nobhedu, iglasi, isilivere namatye anqabileyo. Ngenxa yoko, Phidias wadala imikrolo, obiza amaxesha amaninzi ngaphezu iindleko iyonke indlu iParthenon.

Yinto eyaziwayo ukuba mfanekiso wathabatha useko ukuphakama enkulu kweemitha 4-8. Ekubeni yayikufuphi emnyango osempuma, yaye singqongwe kwimiqolo. Phambi kokuba mfanekiso kwakukho itanki enkulu amanzi, nto leyo kubizwa swimming pool mihla. Oku kwenzelwa ukuqinisekisa ukuba kwiholo lonke ixesha, kwaba manzi, kunye lwendlovu igcinwe phantsi kwezi meko.

okwakhiwe

mkhulu kakhulu kwaye imfazwe e Phidias wajika Athena Parthenos. Inkcazelo iinxalenye kwenza kucace indlela unique lo imikrolo. It collates kwaye kwacaca ukuba ngesandla omnye uthixokazi wenza umfanekiso oqingqiweyo ka-Nike, leyo, ngokuzenzekelayo, yaba ukuphakama kuyimitha-2, kodwa kwisiqalo le eqingqiweyo eziphambili ubukhulu wakhangela ezincinane kakhulu. Ngamanye isandla Athena uphethe njengekhaka.

Nguye imbambano ngelo xesha. Bazama abasunguli kakhulu qho zikhutshelwa ehlabathini lonke. UPliny wathi ikhaka Phidias wabonisa idabi Theseus kunye Amazons. Kananjalo apha ungafumana imfazwe nelamaRafa kunye noothixo. Kwaba apha, nomfanekiso Medusa the Gorgon. Mhlawumbi, kwaye nabanye abalinganiswa umdla.

Akukho kangako Inoba yayibonakala isigcina-Athena Parthenos. Waye phezu kwakhe phakathi a seSPHINX kunye griffins ezimbini ezinamaphiko Pegasus. Kwakhona kwaziwa ukuba imilenze yayinguthixokazi yinyoka. Abanye bathi isirhubuluzi Phidias kubekwa phezu kwesifuba saint umxhasi. Le nyoka yanikwa isithixokazi kaZeyus. Shoes ezihonjiswe Centauromachy.

iinkcukacha ezingabonakaliyo

Kakade ke, ukuba ezinye iinkcukacha ezingabonwayo le sculpture inokuba intetho abantu ababephila ngexesha lakhe xa mntu wabona imikrolo? Athena Parthenos izele weemfihlelo kunye iimfihlelo. Kukho izityholo ukuba iingweletshetshe uthixokazi Phidias wabeka umfanekiso wakhe oqingqiweyo nomhlobo wakhe Pericles. Yezizathu ke zigqutyuthelwe yonke into phantsi Theseus kunye Daedalus.

Kwakhona, abantu abaninzi bexesha lakhe babekholelwa ukuba Phidias awayezithanda lenkwenkwe. lover wakhe Pantark oselula, owaba uphumeleleyo kumlo kwi-Olimpiki. Lo mfana kangangokuba iindlela nomkroli ukuba othi "Enkulu Pantark" ilukrolo kwenye eqingqiweyo. Mhlawumbi phezu ngomnwe Athena Parthenos eyenziwa le ingqalelo. Nangona ngedatha ethembekileyo kulo hayi. Mhlawumbi umbhalo yaba oqingqiweyo kaZeyus okanye Umfanekiso Aphrodite Urania.

abafayo

Njengoko kuchaziwe ngaphambili, Phidias lukhulu Athena kwi yiParthenon kufanelekile ogqibeleleyo. Ukuba nomfanekiso kaZeyus intloko wazimisa nxamnye isilingi, kwaye kwabonakala ukuba Thunder uya kuvuka, othe wabetha isakhiwo, isithixokazi wakhangela ngobunye kwisithuba bokwakha.

Isibakala sokuba Phidias inxibelelene ngokuphindaphindiweyo Iktinos, umakhi, ukuya kancinane wemka kwisicwangciso sokuqala kunye nesimbo jikelele yetempile Doric. UMkroli zifuna indawo ngaphezulu ngaphakathi. Ngenxa yoko, asiyi kubona 6 imiqolo classical asibhozo anesibhozo. Ukongeza, ukuba ibekwe nje kuphela emacaleni oqingqiweyo, kodwa emva kwawo. Athena kwakungathi ebhaliwe kwisakhelo bokwakha.

Ukubala

Kwathi kanti, kunzima ukumisela isiphelo kwendalo. Kwakhona, ayisazi apho wafela ekudalweni Phidias Athena Parthenos. Ibali buqala bakhe 447 BC. e., xa nomkroli wayethunywe waza waqalisa ukusebenza. Phakathi kwiminyaka 9 ukuba limiselwe etempileni.

Emva kweminyaka embalwa, eyenzekayo impi yokuqala. iintshaba ababambeleyo Phidias kunye elinomona, ngoko umelwe nje ukugwetyelwa ngegama nyulu izazela zabo. Ngaphezu koko, ngaphezu kwenkulungwane, akukho nto yayisaziwa malunga bayahlelwa mfanekiso. Kodwa ngo-296 BC. e. omnye umphathi-mkhosi igolide kunye sculpture ukuhlawula amatyala ayo. Emva koko kwafuneka ukuba kufakwe metal ngobhedu.

Ngaphezu kwekhulu kamva Athena Parthenos zokutshiswa ngumlilo. Kodwa wasilela ukubuyisela. Le ngcaciso ilandelayo livela sele 5 AD. Yinto eyaziwayo ukuba kanye umlilo etempileni kwakhona utyiwa isidalwa. Xa BC ngenkulungwane ye-10. e. wobugcisa waba eConstantinople. Kwenzeka ntoni emva koko - bengaziwa.

nxi rock

Sele ngokufutshane wakhankanya impixano eziye ngayo Phidias. Kuyinto Athene Parthenos laba kuye intwasahlobo zokufa. UMdali wayengumhlobo olungileyo kwaye umcebisi we Pericles. Akwamnceda kunye ukuvuselelwa Acropolis. Kwakhona, ukuba ngokuqinisekileyo abanetalente. Ngako oko iintshaba kunye wammonela ayikwazanga ndidlule.

Yena kuqala wahlangana nabo xa lona lancethezwa ngokweba uthixokazi ingubo yegolide. Phidias kwaba into ukuzimela. It wayalelwa ukuba ukususa igolide ukusuka kwisiseko kwaye inobunzima. Ukunqongophala kwafunyanwa.

Kodwa ke la macala yasilela. Iintshaba ufuna ixesha elide, yintoni na zeCARP. Le umququ yokugqibela wayetyholwa udelele isithixo. Abantu abaninzi bayazi ukuba Phidias wazama ukubonisa ngokwakhe Pericles phezu Ingweletshetshe Athena Parthenos. Le nomkroli waphoswa entolongweni. Kulapha, kwaye ke ukufa kwakhe. Inye kuphela mbali yaye wahlala imfihlelo: wafa ngenxa yokukhathazeka okanye ityhefu.

udumo

Phakathi imisebenzi edume Phidias kuthathwa Athena Parthenos. Inkcazelo kunye nembali Kukhazimlayo kunjalo, ukuba lo sidalwa yaziwa kuthi kumawaka eminyaka kamva. Uzuko Umfanekiso lanwenwela nyaka. Malunga naye wabhala ngokuphindaphindiweyo ababephila ngexesha Phidias, kunye nababhali kamva. Yinto eyaziwayo ukuba nkqu uSocrates wabhekisela Athena ukuba utoliko ingqikelelo ubuhle.

Nobukhulu imisebenzi kwaye ithi inani leekopi eyasindayo unanamhla. Le Umfanekiso echanekileyo necacileyo kuhlala "Athena Varvakion". Le ibekwe kwi-National Museum of baseAthene. Ikopi yesibini efanayo yabekwa ngokukhawuleza phantsi kwegama "Afina Lenorman."

Gorgon Medusa, eyathi yabekwa ebhodini, njengoko yakhutshelwa ngokuphindaphindiweyo. Eyona idumileyo ikopi intloko "Medusa Rondanini". Ngubani na lo Umfanekiso ibekwe eMunich Glyptotek.

Hayi nje artists bazama ukukhuphela ikhaka yokuqala. Omnye wabo igcinwe British Museum ebizwa ngokuba "Strangford Shield." Ekungazanga kubekho lunjalo kwi Louvre.

indlu Athens

Ke kaloku, evela kuyo itempile iParthenon iphantse nto iseleyo. Nangona itempile ubamba imbali elide, nto leyo, ngathi imikrolo, izele, ndinako ephikisanayo. Abembi Greek nakubakhi konke okusemandleni ethu ukuze ufake isimbo lamanxuwa zakudala. Ke bonke ubuhle kunye ubuhle, Kakade ke, transfer akunakwenzeka. Noko ke, ukuziva kwiinkulungwane ezininzi ezadlulayo, kwakukho iziganeko zembali, namakhubalo kunye captivates. Amabali ekhokele ngonyaka ukuqokelela ezininzi abakhenkethi, nto leyo eya gxwa emoyeni of ubutshantliziyo yamandulo.