Nokuhlelwa yokwakheka International: inkcazelo, amagama angundoqo kunye namanqaku anika umdla

Zonke sitho umzimba womntu unalo igama. Wonke umntu uyayazi loo nto, kodwa bambalwa abantu ngaphandle amagqirha, bazi ukuba zonke nezinxonxo, idolo, ngontsi okanye groove banelungelo "eziteketiso". Ekuqaleni le komzimba ndlela inzululwazi elichazayo oluthi "Ndibona, Ndiya kuvuma", ngoko bawe ngamnye phantsi icandelo ingalo oogqirha wamthiya igama elitsha.

Ngokwembali, ukuba ulwimi ukhethe ukunxibelelana kwindawo yonyango oqeqeshiweyo iye Latin. akukho mfuneko ukuchaza, kodwa kutheni wahlala ixesha elide kangaka ehlabathini lwezenzululwazi - - Kwakutheni ukuze oku kwenzeke mfihlelo nkqu "abasebenzisa amandla" okusingqongileyo zonyango. Mhlawumbi ngenxa mkhwa.

definition

Nokuhlelwa - livela kwigama lesiLatini "kuluhlu". Enyanisweni, lo iseti amagama, amagama kunye nezimaphambili ezingundoqo asetyenziswa kulo naliphi na isebe ulwazi. Ukuze wenze kakuhle kuyimfuneko ukusebenzisa inkqubo yokuhlela.

nokuhlelwa yokwakheka yinkqubo lwesigama Latin, apho yonyule amalungu omzimba, amalungu okanye iziqwenga zayo. Bekela bucala nokuhlelwa kazwelonke, nto leyo yenziwa kwi yolwimi yesizwe, kwimeko yethu - i-Russian kunye ngamazwe, wabulawa Latin.

Ukuvela nokuhlelwa yokwakheka

nokuhlelwa yokwakheka iye yavela ngenxa zokwanda koovimba ulwazi lwabantu imizimba yabo. Ngaxa lithile, kukho imfuneko nokumisa yonke ingcaciso ekhoyo ngelo xesha. Nangona nokuhlelwa zabuya e Latin, zininzi yamabinzana iingcambu isiGrike kunye Arabic. Oku kungenxa kuphuhliso amayeza eMpuma.

Le nkcazelo yokuqala ukuvela malunga namawaka amahlanu eminyaka eyadlulayo e-Greece yamandulo. Ke wabonakala manqaphanqapha yaye kwakuxhomekeke ukuyila kunye mkhanya anatomist kuphela. Ngelo xesha, oogqirha bazi amagama amalunga namakhulu asixhenxe. Xa amaRoma oyisa Greece waza wajika yonke loo ndawo ibe ubukhosi, bavumayo inkcubeko kunye lwesayensi, ukudibanisa iseti amagama ayo Latin.

Ichibi engundoqo la magama, kwakunye yokuhlelwa kwazo yokuqala ecetywayo anatomist nogqirha kaKlawudiyo Gallen. Ngenxa zixhaphakile ngokwemiqathango kuMbindi Northern Europe, iifom igama elitsha, ibhastile nto leyo barbarisms ezibonisa iimpawu kweelwimi kule ndawo. Liyanda inani ntonye phakathi amagama yokwakheka yabangela sisiphithiphithi kwaye unobangela impazamo.

Uphuhliso kwi nokuhlelwa ngenkulungwane XIX

nokuhlelwa yokwakheka aphuhliswe manqapha njengoko Florence ngenkulungwane XV akubangakho igcisa okuqaqambileyo uLeonardo da Vinci. Wenza iinzame nokumisa amagama izihlunu zomzimba womntu, njengoko kucalulo esebenzisa umsebenzi wabo. Kamva, emva kokufa da Vinci, Vesalius wazama ukuba negalelo umxube yokulandelelanisa kwaye susa kuyo kwenkcazo Arab waza wasifudusela onke amazwi angaphandle classic Latin.

Phezu kwayo yonke le nto, ngasekupheleni kwenkulungwane elinesibhozo, kwakukho izihloko ngaphezu amathathu amawaka. Kakade ke, inani labo kwafuneka lincitshiswe. Henle and Owen wenza utshintsho zabo lwesigama amagama afana moya kunye nangeempahla ezibukhali zesinyithi. Ekugqibeleni, umsebenzi okhethekileyo, nto leyo kwinkulungwane yeshumi elinesithoba ngasekupheleni esamkelekileyo, ngenxa yabo, uluhlu amagama yadalwa eJamani. Wanikwa igama efanelekileyo - Basel nokuhlelwa yokwakheka.

amagama key

nokuhlelwa yokwakheka International isekelwe iqela elincinane ngokwentelekiso amagama amaninzi kusetyenziswa. Ezi Isibizo ziquka umngxuma, itshaneli, Ridge izalelwe ifolo umphezulu zinkulu, emphethweni kunye like. na Kwakufuneka ukuchaza imbonakalo ilungu okanye isakhiwo. Naba bameli ilizwi edityaniswe izichazi ezifana ezinkulu, ezincinane, okweqanda, ngeenxa zonke, emxinwa, ngokubanzi, isikwere, njalo njalo. D. wamnceda ukuze baqonde ngcono izakhiwo yokwakheka.

la magama esetyenziswa ukuchaza le meko:

• lateral (imi bangena kwiziko);
• medial (kufutshane embindini);
• cranial (sisondele entlokweni);
• caudal (kufutshane ukuya ezantsi);
• proximal (kufutshane nendawo);
• distal (malunga kwimida).

Kukho, Kakade ke, oluninzi amagama ukuba udinga nje ukufunda, kuba nina aninako sizithethelele kutheni loo ndlela, hayi ngenye indlela.

Axis kunye moya

Ngo-Agasti 1997, umhla wokugqibela nokuhlelwa yokwakheka savunywa. Axis kunye moya, echaza imeko imizimba, wagqiba ukusebenzisa efanayo nokulungelelanisa inkqubo we cartesian.

Kukho axis ezintathu umzimba:

• phezulu;
• sagittal;
• tye.

Zezi aa Incopho na omnye komnye. I-axis ethe nkqo udlula umzimba womntu liwabe libe ngaphambili kunye neenxalenye angasemva. Sagittal iye kwicala ngaphambili umva liwabe umzimba ilungelo kunye namacala ekhohlo. Lo moya enqamlezileyo eyayingqalene inkxaso. namazembe Sagittal kunye ezinqamlezayo uchithe abanye, yaye nkqo - omnye kuphela.

EParis kunye Basel nokuhlelwa yokwakheka

Paris nokuhlelwa yokwakheka usebenza namhlanje isixhobo ngamazwe. Yamkelwa kule nkulungwane yama-omabini, kwi leSithandathu International Congress of Anatomists. It iphuhliswe ngokususela nokuhlelwa odlulileyo. Olu xwebhu ithathwa njengesiseko ekwenzeni isigama yesizwe.

Eku sunguleni, lo nokuhlelwa yokuqala yamkelwa ngo-1895, xa intlanganiso kuluntu German yokwakheka e Basel, ethe amkelwa ngamazwe. Kulo zisekelwe ngokwemiqathango ezibonisa kwicala namazembe moya.

nokuhlelwa Russian yokwakheka

Njengokuba kunjalo eRashiya? Yokwakheka nokuhlelwa umntu kwilizwe lethu lwenze ekuqaleni ukuya kumbindi weli kweyeshumi elinesibhozo. Kwaba ngelo xesha kweli lizwe baqalisa ukuba ziyaphuma iincwadi zonyango in Russian. Ukuba negalelo kuphuhliso lwesigama benze loo anatomists abadumileyo njengoko Zybelin, Ambodik - Maksimovic, Zagorski kunye nabanye. Le asinto ibalulekileyo ekukhuthazeni nokuhlelwa ngamazwe ngowam Shein, ngubani liguqulelwe uhlelo German ngolwimi lwabo lweenkobe.

Kuyenzeka ukungenisa ezininzi amagama Russian kwisigama zonyango ngemihla. Zahluke kwisiLatini ukuba eqondakalayo enengqondo. Kwaye ngaphandle, ayizange kufuna ulwazi Latin ukuqonda iziseko komzimba. indawo ebalulekileyo nokuhlelwa promotion play "Uluhlu amagama yokwakheka", epapashwe ngo-1928.

Kumaxesha Soviet le nokuhlelwa yokwakheka yamkelwa ngo-1949 e-All-Union Congress of Anatomists. Kwaye ngo-1956, yaye yamkelwa kubomi bemihla ngemihla kunye Paris nokuhlelwa.

Eponyms kunye atavism

Latin - ulwimi ofileyo, ngoko wafumana anachronisms kunye atavism. Ngaba Akukho ngaphandle kunye nokuhlelwa yokwakheka. amagama angundoqo anokwenziwa usebenzisa indibaniso zamagama izichazi, kwakunye ukwahlukahlukana le misebenzi yoyilo amatyala. Lilonke inani amagama - malunga namawaka asixhenxe. Ezinye zazo kwenzeka kanye kuphela, ezifana "umngxuma idlakadlaka", "zikhangeleke", "filtrum". Kodwa kuphela ekuqaleni. Khumbula amagama izidumbu okanye kumacandelo abo - kuphela isiqingatha emfazweni, kufuneka uqonde ukuba abekwe ngokunxulumene nenye njani, yaye yintoni umsebenzi olwenziwa. Xa nokuhlelwa le labobalawuli musa ukubhala.

Ngaphandle kwento yokuba isigama ibonakala rhoqo, kwaye kulo wazisusa ulwakhiwo ngokungeyomfuneko, nto leyo maxa wambi wafumana indibaniselwano olumangalisayo uninitiated elahlekisayo. Imizekelo enokuthi ngokuba "isihlunu abanekratshi" vagus luvo ephippium kunye nabanye.

zenja

nokuhlelwa yokwakheka, njengoko umthetho, ekhutshwe ngohlobo iincwadi okanye iincwadana, apho magama banikwa ngeelwimi eziliqela. Kudla ngokuba iilwimi Latin nakuzwelonke, ezifana Russian. Ezibhaliweyo ukusuka ekhohlo ukuya ngokwemimiselo odidi ngamazwe, kwaye ilungelo nowawo ngolunye ulwimi. Ukongeza, ekuqaleni kwale ncwadi uluhlu amagama aqhelekileyo kunye nezishunqulelo zabo, ukuze kube lula ukuyisebenzisa.

Onke amagama namabinzana ahlelwe ngokwamaqela, ebonisa ukuma kwabo oluneqela elinegunya. Ekuqaleni ziinkqubo omzimba, ngoko inkqubo ngamnye kwisithuba sub-amaqela weendawo, uze ukwaphula imiqathango ukubunjwa nganye. Le sabaphathi ingabonakaliswa utshintsho bomgca, imibhalo efihlakeleyo lwamanani okanye alfabhethi, kwaye ukutshintsha endaweni kwekota emgceni.

Kukho kwiintlelo zeli nokuhlelwa yokwakheka, leyo ngaxeshanye ibonisa imigaqo kweelwimi ezintathu okanye ngaphezulu. Ukuhlanganiswa yahluke kakhulu, kodwa kusoloko ulwimi Latin ukho, yaye intsalela ekhohlo ukuya ukungcamla umsunguli, nayo ithathela ingqalelo nezidingo zemakethi ukuthengisa. Ukuba oku ilizwe laseYurophu esilawulwa IsiNgesi, isiFrentshi kwakunye nesiJamani. In Asia - Chinese okanye Japanese.