Linux - yintoni na? Linux OS: Isishwankathelo, isikhokelo, ncomo. Indlela ukuqala ukusebenzisa Linux

Ethandwa kakhulu ngexesha elinikiweyo le Windows yokusebenza kwinkqubo. Oku kungenxa sungula ngempumelelo kunye nesifundo yokuqala ukusebenza kunye nabasebenzisi zakhe ongenamava. Kodwa phantse bonke eziliqela yeminyaka kusetyenziswe OS, kukho umbuzo ukuba inganikeza analogue. Apha yenye yezi ziza kusonjululwa kweli nqaku.

Le yokusebenza Linux: Yintoni kwaye uchaze ukuba iqulathe ntoni na?

Le asinto umbuzo lula. Ukuze ufumane epheleleyo inkcazelo engakumbi amathuba oku akukho mfuneko yokuba ukufunda incwadi ukuchithwa elininzi ixesha lokusebenzisa ikhompyutha. Le yokusebenza nkqubo ngokwayo isethi iinkqubo, ngendlela apho angasebenzisana ikhompyutha kwaye usebenzise ezinye iinkqubo. Eyona nto ibalulekileyo ngokusekelwe kwinani lezicelo ukuba lungohlulwa lube maqela alandelayo:

1. Ukuvumela ukufumana imiyalelo kumsebenzisi kunye yokunxibelelana nabo.
2. Yenza kube lula zokufunda nokubhalo data kwi diski enzima, kunye nokudlala kubo umva usebenzisa zomshicileli.
3. Ikuvumela ukuba ukulawula ukusetyenziswa memory ukuba usebenzise ezinye iinkqubo.

Eyona ndawo ibalulekileyo ingundoqo indlela yokusebenza (ekuthiwa Linux). Ukuba isixhobo eso ikuvumela ukuba abakuyo? Popular ngeli ixesha zesampulu njengenxalenye yokusebenza ezinye iinkqubo zisebenzisa iinkqubo ezahlukeneyo ezabhalwa kule projekthi. Hi ndlela leyi, igama ngokupheleleyo kwenkqubo yokusebenza - GNU / Linux. Okulandelayo, uya kufunda kutheni na igama.

indalo

GNU / Linux awawenzela umfuziselo Unix. Zisuka nje, le nkqubo yokusebenza yenzelwe nje multi-umsebenzisi ne multi-tasking. Sele kwanele ukuba yiqaqambise. Kodwa umahluko kuyo ngaphezulu kakhulu. Eyona nto ibalulekileyo - yinto mahala (inxalenye ebalulekileyo kuphuhliso yenziwe yi ntliziyo ngaphandle kwentlawulo) kwaye kungekho umnini. Ngokuba lixesha wokuqala ukudalwa into elolo hlobo wathabatha i Free Software Foundation ngo-1984. Emva koko ukuphuhlisa Unix-ezifana yokusebenza, ekuthiwa GNU. Kuye kwadalwa imisebenzi emininzi engundoqo, ngalo kwenzeka ukuhlangabezana nemingeni loluhlu olubanzi (xa kuthelekiswa nento yokuba nokuba bekukho). Ukongeza kwingxowa-mali, ngegalelo wenza amaninzi amaqela asebenza kunye nabantu, ukuba imke emsebenzini wabo. Kodwa kukho ezinye iinkalo. Ngoko ke, iNgxowa-mali yenziwe ezininzi izixhobo ezisetyenziswayo, ifilosofi kunye noluntu lwabasebenzisi ngehlombe kunye badwelisi benkqubo ezizimeleyo. amandla abo bavela uguqulelo kakuhle eziqaqambileyo ye GNU / Linux. Kodwa kuphela inxalenye yokuqala yebali. Undoqo we-Linux OS wadalwa ngumfundi Finnish Linus Torvalds ngo-1991 (kwinguqulelo yokuqala izinzile malunga th 1994). Emva koko kwenziwa isaziso abe lilalela Minix. Ngumdali yafakelwa umhlala-phantsi kwaye iyaqhubeka kukhokela iqela developers eziliqela ikhulu ukuba ukuphucula indlela yokusebenza.

Ukuba inkqubo yokusebenza inika kubasebenzisi?

Namhlanje, kukho inkululeko engakumbi kwi ezikhethiweyo software eyimfuneko. Ngoko ke, kukho umyalelo neshumi elinesibini oonokrwece line kunye eziliqela lomzobo wee desktop. Sazi ngale nto mabaphumle uyilo ezibonwayo, kwaye ukutshintsha igama inxalenye ezisebenzayo. Kwakhona, ngenxa kwindlela yokusebenza apha naphaya ukulungiselela ukuphunyezwa kweenkqubo eziliqela, lingaphantsi ezithandwa iintsilelo ezahlukeneyo, yaye ukhuseleka ngcono. Ukususela kwintshayelelo yayo Linux OS kancinci kodwa ngokuqinisekileyo iphumelele ababukeli bayo. Ngoko ke, inkoliso kubancedisi sele ukusebenza kuyo ngqo. Indlela kwi kwicandelo loshishino, kwaye lwenkobe nje ukuqalisa. ukwabiwa nganye eyahlukileyo ukusebenza kwayo, inkangeleko, kunye nobukhulu. Ngoko ke, kukho iindlela zinika amathuba kakhulu. Kukho abo ungalunga kwi drive flash encinane okanye ubaleke kwiikhompyutha ubudala. Kwakhona, ngoko nangoko emva kokufaka indlela yokusebenza inika ubuchule ukufaka ngokukhawuleza iipakethe software ukusebenza kumacala ezithile (oko kukuthi ezixabisekileyo, ukuba wadala "ofisi" ikhompyutha).

terminal

Le yinxalenye ebalulekileyo umsebenzi Linux yokusebenza. Yintoni a terminal? It is a sisixhobo esinamandla ukuba inethuba elikhulu. Ngalo ungenza kube lula, okanye kude kudlule phezu imoto wonke umsebenzi lwesiqhelo. Ukusebenzisa terminal kungaba:

1. Faka futhi ukusebenzisa le program;
2. ulungise iifayile ukusasazwa okanye uqwalaselo;
3. ukwengeza yogcino software entsha;
4. kunye nezinye izinto ezininzi eziya kuthi i Linux-ncomo.

Basic ukusetyenziswa terminal, kunye ne-software ukufakwa

Kokuyisebenzisa. Ukuze uqalise le nkqubo kufuneka ukuba ufake igama layo. Ngaloo ndlela ke unako ukwenza yonke into ukususela kwiinkqubo kokulula ukuya koko kuntsonkothileyo namagqala eziluncedo. Akuyomfuneko ukuba uchwetheza umendo opheleleyo (nto leyo umahluko engamandla Windows). Masithathe umzekelo sungula Firefox kwangoko - kuvulwa wesiza. Le yokugqibela kufuneka ibekwe kwiimpikiswano. Kuxhomeke kwiindidi lweenkqubo zibizwa ngokuba. Ngoko ke, lo umyalelo efunekayo iza kukhangela ngolu hlobo:. Firefox «idilesi kwisayithi esifuna ukuya ' Enye into ebalulekileyo kwesitishi kukuba kukho inani lamaqela ukuba wayesandula kuqingqa ukuba umsebenzi kunye naye. Oko kukuthi, ukuba awunayo i imbonakalo-mfanekiso. Kwaye ngoku lixesha lokuthetha kokufaka iinkqubo. Kakade ke, kukho izicelo imifanekiso ezinokuba luncedo kulo msebenzi. Ngoko ke, siqale yesiphelo ubale okulandelayo: sudo amagorha-ukufumana ukufaka nazvanie_paketa. Kulula, kulungile? ILizwi sudo isetyenziselwa ukufumana amalungelo umlawuli ukufaka le nkqubo. Ukusebenzisa apt-ukufumana ufunde i parameters ezinqwenelekayo isicelo. Kwaye Ifaka ufake ngqo le nkqubo. Kwaye isici ukuba unako ubaleke izicelo ezininzi ngexesha elinye - kuyimfuneko kuphela ukwahlula nabo isithuba.

Malunga igama nenjongo iiphakheji ufakelo kube lula ugqibe, kwaye ngaphandle kokusebenzisa izixhobo ezahlukeneyo. Kodwa ukuba oku akwenzeki - Tab cofa. Xa izinikezelo ukutshintsha musa ukuba bonke ekuqaleni - kumazwe angaphandle nje amagama asetyenziswa iipasela kwi kwifayile yombhalo yokungenisa kuyo imixholo zilandelayo. Nantsi i elula Linux-myalelo ifunelwa sokuqala yomsebenzi.

Ukusebenza Iifayile kunye Izalathisi

Kukho ifuthe lokuba uya kukhawuleza ukuqonda iimpawu ukusebenza kwenkqubo yokusebenza. Ngoko ke, lo msebenzi usoloko lwenzeka kwi ulawulo lwangoku. Ukwenza nantoni na enye into, kufuneka uqale ucacise. Kukho iqela enjalo - nano. Isetyenziswa ukuvula umhleli wokubhaliweyo. Ukuba ufaka nano «igama xwebhu", ifayile nge igama elichaziweyo ziya kwenziwa kwi ulawulo lwangoku. Kwaye nomawukwenze xa kufuneka kwenziwe ifolda eyahlukileyo? Thina eli qela ngendlela: nano / home / rabota / amaxwebhu / "Igama document '. Ukuba lo myalelo akukho ifayile enegama efunekayo nokwandiswa, iya kudala kwaye kuvula i entsha. Kwaye ukuba ufuna ukuya kwenye incwadi ukuya kwenye? Ukuze wenze oku, sebenzisa umyalelo cd. Sinokubonisa ngokwayo - kunye / okanye ~ Directive. Iikomiti ezintathu zokuqala kuya kwenza ukuba ingcambu ulawulo. Ukuze ukubonisa uluhlu lweefayili ulawulo lwangoku, sebenzisa ls. Ukudala ulawulo entsha, sebenzisa «igama mkdir okanye indlela." Ukucima iifayile usebenzisa umyalelo rm. Emva kokuba oko kuyimfuneko enkulu ukuba ukhankanye igama uxwebhu okanye myalelo indawo yayo.

Ukukhuphela iifayile, kufuneka usebenzise CP umyalelo "Name Uxwebhu" - "Ndlela". Nceda qaphela ukuba kufuneka silisebenzise weefayili, leyo likwaneklinkhi into ephathekayo. Kulo efanayo ngendlela imisebenzi MV, kodwa sele inxaxheba intshukumo lwefayile. Ngoko ke, kufuneka kuboniswe ngolu hlobo lulandelayo: - ". Umendo apho into ihamba" MV "Directory apho uxwebhu" Ukusuka ngaphandle kancinane khangela inzima unakho, kodwa isenzo encinane Iya kukunceda ubone ukuba kubonakala kuphela. Ngoku uyakwazi ukucwangcisa i Linux isiseko, ukwanelisa imfuno.

System Operation

Sebenzisa Tab. Le yeyona nto iluncedo kakhulu. Ngoko ke, yi nga ku pfuna okwenzelwe. Oku kusebenza ngenxa iiphakheji, iifayile, kunye nabalawuli. Ukuba ngaba kukho eziliqela iinketho, inkqubo ukuthanda owanibonisayo, ukuba zinyulele ibe nye kuzo. Kwakhona khumbula ukuba ukukhathalele Linux iya kuba emagxeni akho. Noxa ungasebenzisa i ibandla kwaye, ukuba akukho mnqweno isitena ukuze simlandele (nakuba yenye iimpawu kwinkqubo). Kodwa kwenzeka nje, uyazi ukuba kulula ngokwaneleyo, kwaye abayi kuba kwiimeko ezininzi ukuphunyezwa kwale senzo nzima. Kwakhona ungasebenzisa nayiphi na kujongano lomzobo ukuba zinokufumaneka ngokukhululekileyo (nangona indlela elula ukulawula - zelayini yomyalelo).

Ukubeka i 'Linux "

Kufuneka wenze ntoni xa ufuna ukusebenzisa le nkqubo yokusebenza? Ngoko ke kufuneka ukwazi ukufaka nendlela ukubaleka Linux ngayo. Ekuqaleni, wena ukhethe zisasazwe ukuba abe. Popular wasebenzisa Ubuntu, Debian, CentOS, kunye nabanye abaninzi. Nikelani ingqalelo le ntetho kwinkqubo yokusebenza, nangona ukhetho lokugqibela ngowakho. Ukuze wenze oku, kuya kuba yimfuneko ukuba umfanekiso .ISO ayitshise ku disc. Ifayile kuyacetyiswa ukulayisha ezantsi ukusuka kwindibano esemthethweni site. Emva koko ke kufuneka ukhethe inani ziikhowudi zale nkqubo. Version 32 kuneengxaki ehambelanayo ezimbalwa kwaye isebenza kakuhle kunye abaqhubi. Kodwa Togu yayo ka-62 ngaba inobunzima ephakamileyo. Noko ke, baya kuninikela naziimbandezelo uya kuba apho ukujongana. Phambi kokuba uqale, Fumana ukhuphelo zonke iinkcukacha ezibalulekileyo. Musa ukucinga ukuba inkqubo uyakwazi ukwenza into ukuze bonakalise. Nje uninzi abasebenzisi ngokwabo ngenxa yokungazi okanye ukuphakuzela ukususa ulwazi olubalulekileyo. Ngoko ke, wena unayo idiski ngomfanekiso le nkqubo. Phambi kokuba ukwazi ukufaka, ukuqwalasela inkqubo igalelo / imveliso esisiseko ukusebenza optical drive. Ngoku Ungayiqala kwakhona.

Ngokomzekelo, bekuya kuba ingqalelo ufakelo Ubuntu. Le nkqubo edumileyo yokusebenza, uze ufumane iingcebiso yokusebenza kuya kuba nzima. Ngoko ke, ekuqaleni omangalelwe kuba wekhusi apho imfuneko ukukhetha "Faka Ubuntu». Ekuqaleni, Linux ekuya kufuneka bezikhethile ulwimi. Wena ukuchaza zone lakho ixesha. Ke uqwalasele ikhibhodi emsebenzini. Kule inyathelo elilandelayo, uya kwenza isithuba amalungiselelo kwidiski. Kweli nqanaba, isicombululo kule ngxaki lutshintshelwe zokusebenza, okanye ukuchaza yonke into ngesandla. Le ndlela yokugqibela ilungele kubasebenzisi abanamava abayaziyo into icandelo data nendlela nekhompyutha isebenza kuzo zonke. Ngaphezu koko, ulwazi kufuneka abe phezulu kakhulu.

Emva kokuba imiba isithuba kwidiski ziphelisiwe, uya kucelwa ukuba igama ikhompyutha, nokudala nomlawuli. Kuza kufuneka ukuba ukhumbule ukuba kucaciswe apha, kungenjalo ukusebenza kumatshini kwixesha elizayo ngaphandle kokuba ukuyifaka okanye uncedo kuya kuba nzima. Hi ndlela leyi, igama lomsebenzisi wakho kunye negama lokugqitha kuya kufuneka nje kuphela ukuze ukungena kwinkqubo. Emva koko uya kubona i wizard izicwangciso window transfer kwezinye iindlela zokusebenza. Ukuba akunjalo, inyathelo uya Marathon. Kwimeko esahlukileyo, indlela yokusebenza iza kuqhuba ukudlulisela iifayile kunye nezicwangciso ezibe akhawunti yomsebenzisi. Kwaye ekugqibeleni kufuneka ubone i window ukuba izakubonisa ezikhethiweyo umsebenzisi. Khangela ukuba zonke yindlela ofuna. Ukuba ngaba akukho zikhalazo, ngoko nqakraza kwi "Faka" iqhosha, kunye nenkqubo nentando ekuqaleni. Kuxhomekeke kuqwalaselo lwe computer yakho, owenza zonke ezi zenzo, kokutshintshwa isantya lokutshintshwa operating system. Xa zonke izenzo eziyimfuneko ziza kwenziwa, uya kwenzelwa ucinezela "Faka".

Launch of "Linux"

Xa kuqala kuvuliwe, uya kudibana i bootloader. Kulo mzekelo, ukuvulwa kwe Linux liya kuxhomekeka kubukho OS amazwe. Ukuba ngaba mnye, ngoko lolayisho ngokwakho "Linux". Ukuba oku akunjalo, ngoko ke kuya kufuneka iinketho ezintathu:

1. Xa ukhetha le imizuzwana ezilishumi zokuqala apho kuya ukuziqala indlela yokusebenza.
2. Le ndlela yesibini - i-analogue Safe Mode Windows.
3. RAM Test.

Kwakhona, kungakhathaliseki ukuba inani efakiweyo indlela yokusebenza iza kongezelelwa iinketho zabo kuqaliso, hayi nje ekulayisheni Linux-pc. Emva kokuba isebenze le "Linux", ukulungele ukuba kumiswe kuyilo yayo, baqala ukusebenzisa izicelo ezongezelelweyo - ngokubanzi, ukwenza yonke into ukuze inkqubo yokusebenza ilungelelanisiwe ukuze besiphelelo. iinkqubo Linux ezikhona iseti omkhulu, kwaye ungakhetha into kumnandi. Ezinye iingxaki kungenzeka kuphela xa usebenzisa imidlalo kunye izicelo zokuhlala (AutoCAD, kunye like).

Ukususwa kunye nokufunyanwa Linux

Njengoko umzekelo konke oku kuya kusetyenziswa xa Ubuntu. Enoba kutheni wabuza lo mbuzo, "indlela ukususa Linux» - akazange ayithande le nkqubo, okanye baye bagqiba ukuba kunzima. Okona kubalulekileyo - indlela yokuyenza. Cinga iinketho ezimbini. Kule yokuqala, umzekelo, unalo icebo ngohlobo Windows. sicingela ukuba le yesibini, ukuba ezinye indlela yokusebenza ongenayo:

1. Beka CD ufakelo kwi drive. Ukuqalela kuwo, ukutshintsha ephambili kwinkqubo basic igalelo / isiphumo. Vula isikhawulezisi somyalelo. Oku kungenziwa ufakelo menu disk. Emva koko khetha ukhetho "Lungisa inkqubo." Kulo version IsiNgesi, kukhangeleka ngathi Repair computer yakho. Ilungisa irekhodi malunga kwinkqubo umthwalo lowo. Ukuze wenze oku, faka umyalelo bootrec / fixmbr. Xa usenza phambi kwakho akusayi uboniso isisitheliso yokusebenza kwenkqubo yokhetho ngexesha wokuvulela ikhompyutha, yaye uya kuhlala ukuziqala Windows. Yonke into ilungele. Ngoku, le Utshintsho ukuthatha isiphumo, uqalise umatshini. Ukuba ufuna ukuphelisa Ubuntu, kufuneka wenze izinto ezimbini nangaphezulu. Okokuqala, uvula i menu Disk Management. Kwi window evulayo, kuya kuba yimfuneko ukuba nqakraza kwindlela yokusebenza ulwahlulo, nqakraza-ekunene kwaye ukhethe ukucima kuyo. Konke oko akukho ngaphezulu. Ngoku ekunene-ngonqakrazo kunjalo, nqakraza kwi Windows hlulo kwaye khetha "yandisa Ukuphula". indawo ekhululekileyo kufuneka kongeza kuyo. Kodwa khumbula, oku kungenziwa kuphela xa kukho replacement operating system.
2. Ngoku Masithi kuphela enye Ubuntu. Emva koko ke kuya kufuneka ukuba ukuqhuba kwindlela yokusebenza olifunayo (ngendlela umzekelo uya kuhluthwa Windows). Faka ibe woqondo drive. Emva koko ke kuya kufuneka ukuba ukucima ulwahlulo apho kukho "Linux". Emva koko uqhubeka ufakelo. Ukuba wenza njalo, uya kuba nako ukusebenzisa ikhompyutha. Kwaye kwangoko kufuneka ndaweni ukudala inkqubo yokusebenza kwi-flash drive, kwaye sele naye athathe amanyathelo ayimfuneko.

"Linux", ngoko ke ezifanayo nezahlukileyo

Makhe sithethe ngezinto Linux isasetyenziswa apho ubanike inkcazelo emfutshane. Kuya kuqwalaselwa kuphela ukwabiwa kakhulu ethandwa:

1. Wobuntu. Lugxininisa ubulula uphuhliso kunye nokusetyenziswa.
2. OpenSUSE. Lula phakathi nokuhlela kunye nokugcinwa lonikezelo.
3. Fedora. Enye iinketho ezininzi ezithandwayo, nto leyo ebangele ukufumana uthando, ngenxa yokusebenza kwalo.
4. Debian. Le waye njengesiseko nabanye abaninzi. It wadalwa luluntu ngokubanzi developers zokusebenza. Kuye indlela olungqongqo kusetyenziso lwale software non-free.
5. Slackware. Enye izinikezelo zindala Linux. It has a ndlela ngokuphathelele kuphuhliso nokusetyenziswa.
6. Gentoo. ukwabiwa nezimo kakhulu. It uya kusuka emthonjeni. Isiphumo sokugqibela zisenokungafani ukusebenza eliphezulu kunye nezimo iingxaki yokusebenza. Ezijoliswe abasebenzisi amandla kunye neengcali nobuchwepheshe computer.
7. Archlinux. Distribution igqalise nokusetyenziswa yakutshanje software. zihlaziywa rhoqo. Ifanele ukuba abo banqwenela ukuba onke amalungelo akhe, uguqulelo kancinane, kodwa akafuni ukuchitha ixesha lam.

Ngaphandle zonke ezi iinketho ngasentla, kukho ezinye izinikezelo ezininzi. Mhlawumbi kwi ezikhethelwe ngasentla okanye qamba ukusuka ekuqaleni. Kule yesibini ngumfuziselo, zisoloko zokuba kwenziwe a eliqingqiweyo uluhlu lwemisebenzi. ukwabiwa nganye ingqiqo yayo, uluhlu lwempahla, ezilungileyo nezingalunganga. Akukho ibango ukwanelisa bonke abasebenzisi. Ngoko ke, kunye neenkokheli kukho ezinye ukuphunyezwa ngempumelelo ngokuthi iimanyano badwelisi benkqubo kunye neenkampani. Ngoko ke, kukho izinto ezininzi ukuba kungenziwa eziqhutshwa kwi CD, kwaye awukwazi ukufaka le nkqubo kwi computer ngokwayo. Ukuba akukho iinjongo ezithile, ngoku ungasebenzisa usasazo. Ukuba oyifunayo, nokuzeyisa zihlangane amacandelo afunekayo yaleza ukuba anikele ingqalelo Gentoo, icrux okanye LFS.

Yintoni sithi abo basebenzisa 'Linux "?

Ngokubanzi, ungenza uhlolisise iimpendulo kunye ngokuzimeleyo. Kodwa kwinqaku zakusa kuchaziwe zabo "ukuqulunqa" abo bangenalo umnqweno okanye ixesha wophendlo kwaye ukufunda izicatshulwa ezahlukeneyo. Malunga Linux kwakhona ukuba becala ezintle. Njengoko iimpawu ezintle kuthiwa imali encinci RAM ofuna ukwaba kwinkqubo yokusebenza ngokwayo. Kwakhona, ayisebenzeleyo intlonipho phakathi kwabo bantu kufuneka ingqalelo umsebenzi, kodwa rhoqo imidlalo lindikhohlile. Okokugqibela kodwa okunga kuncinananga oku kubangelwa yinto yokuba "Linux" wavelisa zokuzonwabisa kangako. Kakade ke, ungasebenzisa iinkonzo iinkqubo emulators yokusebenza, kodwa kusoloko kufuna ixesha elininzi kunye nezibonelelo. Ngoko ke, ngokuba abantu Ivila a ukhetho elungileyo. ithandwa kakhulu "Linux" aphakathi kwicandelo information technology. Bulelani Okokugqibela kodwa okungakuncinananga, ukuba ubukho Unezixhobo ezininzi ezahlukeneyo. Program kunye namachule uthethe le nkqubo kakuhle ngenxa yokusebenza kwalo kunye lula ukuwenza umsebenzi kuyimfuneko. Mahle nezici kuphathelela japan kwi kufuneka ukuba ube elikhulu nolwazi iikhompyutha sikwazi ukusebenza ngendlela zeenzulu-lwazi kwaye olubonakalayo nshita ngaphezu Windows. Ezi izimvo ingafunyanwa kwi Linux. Inkqubo yokusebenza yahlukile elilujongano kwindlela aziqhelileyo uninzi iikhompyutha zobuqu ngokwenene kakhulu, kodwa kukholelwa ukuba oku ngaphezu ingenelo ngaphezu engxakini.

isiphelo

Ukuba lufikelele esiphelweni Linux inkcazo. Overview thaca oluninzi iinkalo ezahlukeneyo. Uyazi into nokwabiwa. Sasifunda kunye neenkqubo Linux: ziziphi iimpawu yomsebenzi wabo, ukufaka waza wabaleka ngqo kwinkqubo yokusebenza ngokwayo ngayo. Kwakhona yanikezelwa imiyalelo ezahlukahlukeneyo ungasebenzisa ukwenza spectrum osisiseko imisebenzi umsebenzisi. Siyathemba ukuba ingcaciso malunga Linux - Yintoni nento utya - kuya kuza Ukugunda e practice.