Japan Industry: Urhwebo kunye nophuhliso

Japan (Nihon okanye Nippon) - enye amagunya phambili kwezoqoqosho. Le yenye yeenkokheli, kunye ne-US kunye neTshayina. Okubangela-70% imveliso iyonke East Asia.

kushishino Japanese lifikelele kwinqanaba eliphezulu zophuhliso, ngokukodwa kwiinkalo yenzululwazi kunye nemfundo. Phakathi kwabalawuli uqoqosho lwehlabathi - inkampani "Toyota Motors", "Sony Corporation", "Fujitsu", "Honda Motors", "Toshiba" kunye nabanye.

karhulumente yangoku

Japan ngowona uphantsi kwemithombo yendalo - izinto iidipozithi ezibalulekileyo kuphela amalahle, sobhedu ikhokelele-zinc ores. Kwiminyaka yakutshanje uye waba unyango esematheni kwezibonelelo ocean - yokutsala uranium olwandle, ukuveliswa maqhuqhuva manganese.

NgokoMthetho yoqoqosho lwehlabathi kwi iqhezu Japan akhawunti malunga-12% yemveliso iyonke. Ukukhokela amashishini Japanese - ayoni kunye yokunyibilikisa isinyithi non-ayoni, umatshini-isakhiwo (ingakumbi izithuthi, weerobhoti kunye elektroniki), iikhemikhali kunye necandelo lokutya.

ucando industrial

Ngaphakathi kurhulumente, kukho imimandla ezinkulu ezintathu:

• Tokyo-Yokohama, ebandakanya Keihin, East Japan, Tokyo sakhona, Kanagawa, ummandla Kanto.
• Nagoya, unxulumene bale.
• Osaka-Kobsky (Han-xing).

Ngaphandle ngasentla, kukho neendawo ezincinane:

• Northern Kyushu (Kita-Kyushu).
• Kanto.
• Sea East District Industrial (Tokai).
• Tokyo-Tibsky (Oku kuquka e-Kay, mpuma Japan, i Kanto kunye kummandla Chiba Prefecture).
• Sea Area Ngaphakathi-Japan (park yesizwe setonaikai).
• kwisithili Industrial yamazwe esemantla (Hokuriku).
• indawo Kasimsky (apha zonke enye East Japan, Kashima, Ibaraki Prefecture kunye nommandla Kanto).

Ngaphezu kwama-50% yengeniso kwamashishini mveliso akhawunti nkalo Tokyo Yokohama, Osaka, Kobe kunye Nagoya, kwakunye kwisixeko Kitakyushu kumantla kwisiqithi Kyushu.

Eyona nto kakhulu isebenza kwaye uzinzile emarike kweli lizwe ngakwicala kumashishini amancinane kunye naphakathi. Kule ndawo loluka 99% kuzo zonke iinkampani Japanese. Noko ke, oku akunjalo noshishino lwempahla eyolukiweyo le. ushishino Light yaseJapan (into ephambili yayo ibhekiswe shishino) isekelwe amaziko amakhulu, kakuhle ngokwaneleyo.

nezolimo

imihlaba emikhulu yezolimo ukulidla ilizwe 13% ye nommandla wayo. Nesiqingatha kula mazwe - jellied amasimi ezisetyenziselwa nerayisi ukulima. Xa umongo wayo, ezolimo apha okungaphezu, kwaye zisekelwe phezu kwezolimo kunye, ngakumbi ngokukodwa, ukulinywa yerayisi, zobugcisa izityalo, okuziinkozo kunye neti.

Kodwa loo nto zonke, akakwazi ndoqhayisa Japan. Iifektri nolimo kweli lizwe ayenziwa kwaye iyaxhaswa yi-Government, ukuba ndibanike eninzi ingqalelo kunye eninzi nemali utyalo kuphuhliso lwabo. A indima ebalulekileyo nayo wadlala horticulture, sericulture, izilwanyana, amaHlathi nezokuLoba zaselwandle.

Indawo ebalulekileyo kwicandelo lezolimo iquka Fig. Imifuno ekhulayo iqulunqwa ikakhulu kwi namadlelo, ngaphantsi kususwa malunga ikota lomhlaba wezolimo. Le ndawo eseleyo kuhlala izityalo mveliso, izityalo zefula kunye nemithi yemibhaka.

Malunga 25 million hectares ehlanganiswa amahlathi, kwiimeko ezininzi, abanini ngabalimi. Abanini Small kukhona izahlulo malunga ha 1. Phakathi abanikazi ezinkulu - amalungu entsapho komlawuli, yoonongendi neetempile.

imfuyo yokuza-

Imfuyo kwi ilanga eliphumayo waqalisa ukuba ngokubonakalayo kuphela emva kokuba Second World War. Uye osemqoka omnye - e isekelwe phezu kwamanye amazwe, ukutya kwamanye amazwe (umbona). Own uqoqosho Japanese uyakwazi ukunika akukho ngaphezu kwesinye kwisithathu zonke iimfuno.

iziko imfuyo okhonza ngayo. Hokkaido. Xa iindawo osemantla yehagu yayo. Ngokubanzi, imfuyo yeenkomo ifikelela kubantu abazizigidi ezingama-5, kunye nama-isiqingatha sawo - iimazi zobisi.

kushishino lokuloba

Sea - enye inzuzo anokuthi uzakuyonwabela Japan. Iifektri nolimo lufumaneka kwisiqithi yelizwe indawo yezibonelelo ezininzi; ikwayindlela eyongezelelweyo ukuthunyelwa kwempahla, kwaye bancede icandelo lezokhenketho, kunye neentlobo ngeentlobo zokutya.

Noko ke, nangona elwandle, ilizwe ukungenisa ubungakanani ezithile iimveliso (ngokuhambelana nomthetho wamazwe ngamazwe, lo nezokukhupha eziphila elwandle kuvunyelwe kuphela kwimida amanzi).

Iinjongo eziphambili izixhobo ezivelileyo herring, turbot, cod, salmon, halibut, saury, njl Phantse isinye kwisithathu catch zinika amanzi kufutshane nesiqithi Hokkaido. Japan yehlelwa icala kunye impumelelo yengcinga zenzululwazi mihla; nanku ngenkuthalo ekuphuhliseni yasemanzini (iperile cultured, iintlanzi amachweba emasimini).

izithuthi

Ngowe-1924, iimoto epakini kweli lizwe. Units malunga 17.9 amawaka kuphela. Ngelo xesha kwakukho inani 'umxhelo rickshaws, iibhayisekile neenqwelo ukuba ukufudukela ngenxa iinkomo okanye namahashe.

kweminyaka engama-20 kamva, ukwanda kwemfuno iilori, ikakhulu ngenxa neemfuno ezikhulayo zomkhosi. Ngowe-1941 ilizwe livelise iimoto 46.706, apho 1065 kuphela - umkhweli.

Ushishino lweemoto yaseJapan waqalisa ukuba kuphela emva Second World War, owaba umfutho yaseKorea War. iimeko Okuninzi zivuma ezibonelelwa liSebe baseMelika ngamaqela bathatyathelwa ukuzaliseka odolo zomkhosi.

Kwisiqingatha sesibini 50 likhule ngokukhawuleza kunye nemfuno iimoto abakhweli. Ngo-1980, Japan afumanana US waza waba kumazwe enkulu kwihlabathi. Ngowe-2008, eli lizwe kuye kwaqatshelwa yi automaker inkulu ehlabathini.

imikhumbi

Le yenye namashishini aphambili, apho abantu abangaphezulu kwama-400 amawaka. Man, ukusebenza ngqo kwiifektri kunye neenkampani ezincedisayo.

izibonelelo ezikhoyo ukuvumela ukuba kwakhiwe iimpahla zonke iintlobo kunye ezindaweni, kunye kangangoko 8 yezikhephe ziyilelwe ukuba ndinikhululele supertankers kunye ukubana wamawaka 400. tonnes. Imisebenzi yecandelo enxibelelanisayo ASKYA, equka 75 iinkampani imikhumbi yesizwe, xa zizonke livelisa malunga ne-80% yabo bonke weenqanawa ngobuninzi obuvelisiweyo eJapan.

Kuphuhliso lwamashisini Japanese kule ndawo waqala emva yeSibini kweMfazwe Yehlabathi, xa waqalisa ukwenza inkqubo yokwakha ecwangcisiweyo ngo 1947. Ukungqinelana nalo nkampani efunyenwe urhulumente mboleko kakuhle kakhulu ngemali, leyo kunyaka ngamnye, kunye nokwanda mali evela ekhulayo.

Ngo-1972, 28-I nkqubo yayiquka (ngoncedo kurhulumente) ukwakhiwa iinqanawa, afikelela 3304 amawaka. Grt. Le ntlekele oyile ucuthe isikali, Noko ke, wabeka ucwangciso emva kwemfazwe wakhonza njengesiseko ukukhula ezinzileyo kunye ngempumelelo shishino.

Ekupheleni kuka-2011 ethi ukwenzela ukuba yaseJapan yaba million 61 dwt. (Million 36 grt.). Isabelo eemarike yahlala izinzile kwi-17% ngo deadweight, kunye nemiyalelo bulk abazalwa iziphathi bulk (iinqanawa ezizodwa kungekwamthwalo namkhombe ngokuthutha kweempahla uhlobo ezifana okuziinkozo, isamente, amalahle ezinkulu) nolusezantsi - bamatanki.

Okwangoku, inombolo enye ekwakhiweni iinqanawa ehlabathini, nangona ukhuphiswano kakhulu kwiinkampani Korean, sisekhona Japan. Zobungcali lwamashisini kunye nenkxaso karhulumente ndadala isikhokelo exhasa iinkampani ezinkulu wasiyeka nkqu kule meko.

yokunyibilikisa isinyithi

Eli lizwe izibonelelo ezimbalwa, yaye ngenxa yoko isicwangciso sophuhliso zakhiwo metallurgical, ezijolise amandla kunye ukugcina resource. izisombululo ezintsha kunye nobuxhakaxhaka kuvumela amashishini ukuba ngaphezu kokuba ukusetyenziswa kwamandla esezantsi wesithathu, kunye ezintsha isicelo kokubini kwinqanaba inkampani, yaye yonke shishino.

Insimbi, kwakunye namanye amashishini ezikhethiweyo Industry of Japan, ifumene uphuhliso esebenzayo emva kwemfazwe. Noko ke, ukuba ezinye amazwe aye afuna ukuba ngokwale mihla kunye nokuhlaziya iteknoloji sele ekhoyo abanazo, urhulumente weli lizwe uye enye indlela. Imigudu eziphambili (nemali) enzelwa ukuncedisana lweshishini ezixhobo advanced xesha.

Uphuhliso olukhawulezileyo kushishino baya kuba malunga namashumi amabini waza wafikelela incopho ngo-1973, xa 17,27% yemveliso steel yehlabathi iyonke wawa omnye eJapan. Kwaye ngokwemiqathango mfanelo uthi abe yinkokeli. Aphemba ngalo, phakathi kwezinye izinto, zorhwebo izinto metallurgical ekrwada. Emva konyaka wamnikela ngaphezu kwezigidi 600 iitoni coke kunye nezigidi 110 okulahlwayo iimveliso zentsimbi ekrwada.

Ngu 90 nawo, bayisile ematyeni yentsimbi yaseTshayina Korean ukukhuphisana kunye yaseJapan, yaye ilizwe waqala ukuphelelwa indawo yayo phambili. Ngo-2011, imeko seyide mbi ngenxa intlekele yendalo kunye ntlekele kwi "Fukushima-1", kodwa ngokutsho uqikelelo omalunga ukwehla iyonke ireyithi output ngaphezu-2%.

Industry Chemical and Petrochemical

kushishino Chemical eJapani ngo 2012 yavelisa imveliso kwi 40,14 ezigidi yen. Eli lizwe yenye yeenkokheli ezintathu zehlabathi ngokudibene ne-United States kunye neTshayina, kunye malunga 5.5 amawaka. Iinkampani ukuba ujoliso kunye nokunika imisebenzi 880 lamawaka. Man.

Ngaphakathi kolu shishino kweli lizwe yesibini (isabelo yayo - 14% yabo bebonke), kuphela obunjineli boomatshini. URhulumente ekuyiphuhliseni njengenye yeendawo eziphambili, ethathela ingqalelo enkulu kuphuhliso nokusingqongileyo, umbane kunye nobugcisa resource-zokonga.

imveliso eyenziweyo zithengiselwa eJapan kwamanye amazwe: 75% - e-Asia, malunga 10.2% - kwi-EU, 9.8% - e North America, njl Isiseko ngaphandle - irabha, izinto Yayiyimifanekiso hydrocarbon enuka kamnandi, iikhompawundi eziphilayo nezingaphiliyo, njl

Ilizwe of Japan kwakhona lingenisa iimveliso (umthamo ukungeniswa-2012 yaba malunga 6.1 yezigidi zezigidi zezigidi yen), ikakhulu isuka EU, Asia ne USA.

inkokeli Japan Chemical Industry ekuvelisweni izinto kushishino elektroniki le, ngokukodwa, malunga nama-70% emarike yehlabathi imveliso semiconductor, no-65% - uboniso olunombala wamanzi boniso, woba iinkampani beli lizwe siqithi.

Xa iimeko mihla eninzi ingqalelo ehlawulwa kuphuhliso kunye nokuveliswa kwezixhobo carbon ifayibha edityanisiweyo ukulungiselela amashishini enyukliya mboni.

electronic

ingqalelo Kuninzi ihlawulwe kuphuhliso lwecandelo ulwazi zonxibelelwano. Xa indima "kushishino kaloliwe omkhulu othi" ezi-ntathu umfanekiso transmission ubugcisa, weerobhoti, optic ifayibha kunye engenazingcingo kuthungelwano olulandelayo isizukulwana, uthungelwano ekrelekrele, "ilifu ikhompyutha."

iziseko Scale iyafika kunye iJapan, China kunye US naphakathi phezulu ezintathu. Ngo-2012, inani lilonke abasebenzisi Internet kweli lizwe yafikelela-80% yetotali yenani labafundi bebonke. Nemikhosi kunye iimali ezabelwe nokudalwa anamandla, ukuphuhliswa kweenkqubo zolawulo eyonga kunye nobugcisa ezonga umbane.

energetics

Malunga nama-80% ebango amandla eJapan kwafuneka ukuba afunyenwe zorhwebo. Ekuqaleni, le ndima ebidlalwe yi amafutha, ngokukodwa ioli isuka eMiddle East. Ukwenzela ukunciphisa ukuxhomekeka izinto Kwilizwe LaseJapan uthabathe inani amanyathelo, ingakumbi ngokumalunga "atom zoxolo".

Iinkqubo zophando kwicandelo amandla enyukliya, Japan waqala ngo-1954. Kukho imithetho eziliqela kunye nemibutho esekwe siyilwe ukuzalisekisa iinjongo zikarhulumente kule ndawo. I-reactor lokuqala yorhwebo senyukliya yayithengwe i-UK, waqalisa ukusebenza ngo-1966.

Emva kweminyaka embalwa izinto eziluncedo kweli lizwe ezizizwe baseMerika kunye nemizobo kunye neenkampani basekuhlaleni ezakhiwe phezu kwazo izinto. inkampani Japanese Toshiba Co., Ltd., Hitachi Co., Ltd. kunye nabanye baqalisa ukuba bayile kwaye nokwakha zamandla ukukhanya-amanzi ngokwabo.

Ngowe-1975, ngenxa yeengxaki kunye nenkqubo ekhoyo izikhululo ukuphucuka ngoMay. Ukungqinelana nalo ushishino lwenyukliya Japan ngowe-1985 kwafuneka ukuba aye kwizigaba ezintathu: ezimbini zokuqala kubandakanya ukutshintsha izakhiwo ezikhoyo ukwenzela ukuphucula umsebenzi wabo kunye nokugcinwa, kwaye kufuneka eyesithathu ukwandisa umthamo ukuya ku 1300-1400 MW kwaye yenze iingunqu kwi zamandla.

nkqubo Oko kukhokelele kwinto yokuba ngo-2011 Japan waba 53 zamandla okusebenza, nebonelela ngaphezu kwama-30% iimfuno umbane lizwe.

Emva kokuba "Fukushima"

Ngo-2011, imboni yezamandla yaseJapan ifumene njengengxaki enkulu. Ngenxa yoko, inyikima yomeleleyo kwimbali yeli lizwe kunye itsunami okwadala isityalo samandla enyukliya "Fukushima-1" le ngozi. Emva kokuba ukuvuza kwenzeka ngelo izinto ezinkulu radioactive ikhe 3% eli lizwe, abemi nakummandla ongqonge isikhululo (malunga nama-80 amawaka. Keli.) Yaba bahlali.

Esi siganeko kuye kwanyanzeleka kumazwe amaninzi ukuba bacinge kungakanani ukusebenza eyamkelekileyo kwaye ngokhuselekileyo atom.

Phakathi eJapan, kwakukho iliza loqhankqalazo neemfuno bashiye amandla enyukliya. Ngo-2012, uninzi izitishi yelizwe uchetyiwe. phawu industrial yaseJapan kwiminyaka yakutshanje Zingena isivakalisi esinye: "Eli lizwe uzama ukuba" green "."

Ngoku nguwe kanye akusayi isebenzisa atom, inkoliso enye - igesi yendalo. ingqalelo Kuninzi nayo ihlawulwa avuselelekayo energy: ilanga, amanzi kunye nomoya.