Izixhobo zokulinganisela iimpawu metrological. imiyalelo Main kwimetroloji

A indima ebonakalayo kuqoqosho naliphi na ilizwe ukudlala imigangatho semetroloji, apho umlinganiselo emzimbeni yoMgaqo izinto ezahlukeneyo. Ukulungiselela le njongo, izixhobo zokulinganisa isetyenziswa, ukusetyenziswa kwezinto okulawulwa yimimiselo ezahlukeneyo. Yintoni ingakumbi kwemimiselo semetroloji eRashiya? Yintoni umthetho luphawulwa imvume kunye nesicelo kwimetroloji?

Yintoni Metrology?

Ukuqala ukufunda ezinye iingongoma yeengcingane, ebonisa awohluke of leMitroloji. izixhobo zokulinganisela, metrological iimpawu - ngokwemiqathango enxulumene kweli sebe lwezenzululwazi.

Eyona ndlela kwimetroloji:

- theory kwesilinganiso;

- ukusetyenziswa omyinge ngokomzimba;

- iingxaki ukujonga ukuchaneka imilinganiselo ezahlukeneyo, kwaye ngokufanayo ekufumaneni iindlela zayo;

- ukukhetha kwemigangatho kunye neesampuli, kwakunye ukuphunyezwa zazo zepraktikhali kwiinkalo ezahlukeneyo kuqoqosho.

Eyona isihloko isifundo phantsi ingqeqesho ingqalelo - iindlela nezixhobo, ezithi zisetyenziswe ukwenzela ukuba athathe ingqalelo izinto ezithile, ngokusekelwe zabo ubunzima, ubude, umthamo, amandla, njalo-njalo ..

Nezimaphambili ezingundoqo ezisetyenziswa semetroloji:

- parameter emzimbeni (nto leyo impahla into, leyo izahlule ngokwemiqathango ethile evela kwezinye, nokuba ngokwaneleyo efanayo kuyo);

- yokulinganisa (Inkqubo ibandakanya ukufumana ixabiso ethile ye parameter ebonakalayo ngokusebenzisa izixhobo ezahlukeneyo kunye kuthelekiswa amaxabiso standard);

- esebenzisa umlinganiselo iliso - izixhobo ezisetyenziselwe lomlinganiselo iyunithi ye parameter emzimbeni.

Ukuba sithethe ngqo malunga ndlela yokulinganisa, ukuze kuqwalaselwe ukuba akukho nanye kwezi zinganikezelwa ngeendlela eziliqela. Makhe sihlolisise ngokweenkcukacha.

ngezigaba

Kwimeko jikelele ngaphantsi komlinganiselo kuthetha isixhobo zobunjineli ngokuqhelekileyo kakuhle actuated ukuze ukulinganisa izinto ezahlukahlukeneyo, nto leyo eye nganye ezinga malungu abantu metrological iparameters aguqulelwe ukudlalwa okanye ukugcinwa parameters ezithile emzimbeni apho ixabiso lwamkelwe njenge rhoqo kwisithuba ngexesha acwangciswe lekhefu.

Kusenokwenzeka ukuba kuqatshelwe ukuba uhlobo ukuvunywa izixhobo zokulinganisela eRashiya kwinqanaba ngurhulumente federal, ezifana-Arhente Federal for UMmiselo Technical kunye Metrology. Ziintoni iimpawu yokuhlelwa wayo? Measuring kuthetha (iimpawu metrological Kwakhona enxulumene ngokusondeleyo elithi) angamelwa, ngokukodwa:

- umlinganiselo (njenge-arhente oluthi lwenziwe ukuze ngokutsha physical kuMmandla ubungakanani ethile);

- isixhobo (njenge-arhente oluthi lwenziwe ukuze ukujikelezisa umqondiso ethile data bakala umsebenzisi-friendly indlela);

- inverter (njenge-arhente leyo isetyenzisiwe ukuze ukujikelezisa umqondiso data sokuthatha idluliselwe uqhubekeko phambili ngaphakathi iziseko khona);

- Inkqubo yokulinganisa (ezifana ingqokelela izixhobo ezisetyenziswa ukwenza imiqondiso yomlinganiselo ngendlela efunekayo kuquka umsebenzisi).

Enye ngokuhlelwa kwingongoma nganye izixhobo zokulinganisa - inqanaba matshini. Ngoko ke, zezi:

- automatic;

- ezenzekelayo ngokuyinxenye;

- tame.

Metrological ndlela yokulinganisa nazo zingahlulwa ngokusekelwe standardisation lwabo. Ngenxa yoko, ukuba ingaba:

- mgangathweni;

- akulawulwa.

Enye ngokuhlelwa kwingongoma nganye izixhobo zokulinganisa - ukusebenza ezikwisekethe Ukulinganiswa. Ngenxa yoko, ukuba ingaba:

- nemigangatho;

- Tools.

Enye yokuhlola ebalulekileyo izixhobo zokulinganisa - intsingiselo parameter elilinganisiweyo. Ngokusekelwe kulo njengenqobo yokugweba, ukuze babe:

- basic;

- inkampani.

Kwimeko yokuqala isikali i parameter komzimba ezibalulekileyo ngokwemigaqo isicombululo ngempumelelo umsebenzi womlinganiselo. Kwelinye icala, kukho isixhobo yokulinganisa, iimpawu metrological ezifuna yokukala kuphela parameters ukuba zibe nefuthe kangako, kodwa ubhaliso lyo ezibalulekileyo kwaye zifuna.

Ngoku makhe siqwalasele uhlobo kanye iimpawu metrological kwezi zixhobo ingqalelo. Enye yezi mithombo baya kuba ziindwendwe kuthi, elawula ukusetyenziswa kwezibonelelo ezifanelekileyo.

Ezona mpawu metrological kwezixhobo zokulinganisa

Ngokuhambelana nemigangatho karhulumente elawula indlela efuna ukusetyenziswa kwesixhobo yokulinganisa, iimpawu metrological - oku technical parameters achaza iimpawu izixhobo ezifanelekileyo kwakunye echaphazela iziphumo ngokwemilinganiso ezahlukeneyo lwenziwa ngeenjongo nokuhlola umgangatho wabo, kwakunye ukujonga ngokuchanekileyo iziphumo zabo.

Ezi iimpawu mbuzo kuba nganye okanye zovavanyo. Okokuqala abhalwe kuxwebhu eqhelekileyo. Ngokomzekelo, lowo ifakiwe urhulumente kwakhiwa babhalise VNIIMS ndlela yokulinganisa. Okwesibini abasetyenziswa ngayo kwimeko ethile kuthathelwa ingqalelo inkqubo yokuvelisa okanye imeko apho imilinganiselo yenziwa.

Iimpawu register of izixhobo zokulinganisela

Kuluncedo ukuba siqwalasele ngokweenkcukacha yintoni iRejista State of izixhobo yokulinganisa. Le resource siyinxalenye Federal Information Fund kwaye baya kuthatha inxaxheba ukuze kutshekishwe izigqibo eziye zavunywa Rosstandart. Register of izixhobo zokulinganisela yahlulwe yangamacandelo ezibonisa ulwazi:

- izixhobo Rosstandart evunyiweyo, izatifikethi izixhobo yokulinganisa intshayelelo;

- iikopi ezithile lweentambula ezivunyiweyo Rosstandart;

- ovunyiweyo amaziko oluntu, nto leyo baqhuba iimvavanyo izixhobo umlinganiselo.

ukugcina irejista iinjongo

irejistri kujongwa siyagcinwa ukuze:

- izixhobo accounting womlinganiselo;

- ekumisweni mali oluyintloko ulwazi malunga izigqibo ezifanelekileyo esele zivunyiwe ukukhululwa ziinkampani Russian, kwakunye ukusetyenziswa kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo kuqoqosho;

- Ubhaliso kumaziko ovunyiweyo inxaxheba kwiimvavanyo izixhobo zokulinganisela;

- accounting lokukhupha Certificate of yokulinganisa intshayelelo izixhobo, kunye nezatifikethi amaziko ovunyiweyo inxaxheba kuvavanyo,

- izixhobo Accounting uvavanyo software womlinganiselo;

- inkxaso iinkcukacha abemi, imibutho, kunye namaziko emelroloji kazwelonke ichaza ukuba bathathe inxaxheba nentsebenziswano kwi ulwamkelo kunye nokuphunyezwa yeemvavanyo izixhobo yokulinganisa.

Imixholo kwirejista

Ngohlobo ngalunye sixhobo, iinkcukacha ezibhalwe kwiRejista, ayinakutshintshwa:

- igama;

- Inombolo yobhaliso;

- njongo;

- ilizwe lokuzalwa;

- mishini;

- igama leziko test;

- ixesha siqinisekiso;

- ulwazi malunga lekhefu phakathi nokuqinisekiswa;

- ulwazi malunga inkqubo yokungqinisisa.

Umwana uhlobo oluthile Iwesixhobo sokulinganisa okwenzelwa Rosstandart isekelwe kwiziphumo zovavanyo izixhobo ezifanelekileyo ezigcinwe kumaziko zikarhulumente ezizodwa.

Xa sithetha ngendima karhulumente kulawulwe ukusetyenziswa kwezixhobo ngawo, kwaye, ukuncedisana irejista owadalwa yokulinganisa VNIIMS ngokoMthetho ixabiso yomsebenzi leengcali uqhuba isifundo emzimbeni yemida kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo, kunokwenzeka ukuba sinikele ingqalelo kwiindawo ezinjalo umsebenzi kwezakhiwo zikarhulumente njengoko infrastructure zokuqinisekisa kunye nesiqinisekiso imilinganiselo. Makhe sifunde kule nkalo zolwimi ngokunzulu.

Ukungqinisiswa izixhobo yemilinganiselo

Ngoko, kunye nemisebenzi ezifana, ngokomzekelo, ukuvunywa uhlobo kwezixhobo zokulinganisa, urhulumente isebenza ukulawula ukusetyenziswa kwazo. Ngokukodwa, kwicala ezifana njengesiqinisekiso. Kulawulwa ukuziphatha umthetho yayo eyahlukileyo federal.

Ngokuhambelana nezibonelelo zayo, ukuqinisekiswa kwezixhobo zemilinganiselo inani lamatyala inyanzelekile. Umzekelo, umlinganiselo karhulumente kuthetha phambi lo msebenzi, kunye nokuphunyezwa yokulungisa kwabo kufuneka kuhlolwe - kuhlobo ehambelanayo isiganeko lokuqala okanye ngamaxesha athile.

Umsebenzi kwezi abasebenzisi izixhobo - ukuphumeza iitshekhi ngendlela ngexesha. Enyanisweni, izinto zoqoqosho unalo ilungelo lokubamba, kodwa imeko yayo kuphela phantsi - ebusweni lokuvunywa elungiselelwe imisebenzi kwicandelo kugcinwe umanyano ngokwemilinganiso zobugcisa. Kwezinye iimeko, ukuqinisekiswa iya kwenziwa kwinkonzo ezikhethekileyo metrological, nto leyo eye yabavuma. Njengomgaqo, oku kusebenza kwiimeko apho urhulumente Russian kumiselwa uluhlu oluthile izixhobo zokulinganisela apho yokuqinisekisa ziya kuqhutywa ngokungqinelana scheme efanelekileyo.

Xa Ndacinga ukwenza le nkqubo wenziwe, isiqinisekiso sikhutshiwe ukuba ukuphunyezwa kwayo. Amasebe karhulumente ofanelekileyo unako ukuqulunqa amanqaku umlinganiselo kwimibhobho ezizodwa, kwakunye isakhiwo xwebhu. Ukongeza, ezinye ii-arhente zikarhulumente kufuneka lugunyaziswe ukuqokelela iziphumo kunye nokuqinisekisa izixhobo ezahlukeneyo yokulinganisa.

Kwezinye iimeko, nokuba kukho isixhobo othile engafakwanga kuluhlu lwe izixhobo zokulinganisela apho ekwenzeni nokuqinisekiswa kuyimfuneko, umsebenzisi akanokukwazi ukwenza iziseko i inkqubo exutyiweyo enjengothi ngokuzithandela.

izixhobo Certification womlinganiselo

Kwinkqubo-sikhokelo yommiselo karhulumente lokusebenzisa iindlela ezahlukeneyo wemilinganiso wayisa ngaphandle ngezatifikethi kwezibonelelo. kubume bayo - ukuba kuqinisekiswa ngaphezu konke ukusetyenziswa ekhuselekileyo nezinye izixhobo. Ukongeza, isixhobo eqinisekisiweyo zibandakanyiwe kwi-State Register of izixhobo yokulinganisa. Ngokuqhelekileyo, inkqubo ekuthethwa iquka uyilo:

- GOST Certificate R okanye isixhobo GOST R isibhengezo kungqinelwano;

- Isiqinisekiso malunga uhlobo izixhobo yokulinganisa.

Certification kwenziwe ku nokuba mnye Rosstandart maziko eziqinisekisiweyo. Ukuqinisekiswa - inkqubo leyo, efana ngokuqinisekisa, kunokuba baphiwe izixhobo ezithile yokulinganisa. Ngokuqhelekileyo, ezi mfuno amiselwe izixhobo zokulinganisa, ezisetyenziswa kwezi nkalo zilandelayo:

- imisebenzi imikhosi exhobileyo karhulumente;

- imithi;

- umsebenzi arhente zokunyanzeliswa komthetho;

- cartography;

- ukuhlola;

- kumba wophumezo ukulawulwa efanayo ngokwemilinganiso.

Ukuvunywa izixhobo yemilinganiselo

Kuluncedo ukuba siqwalasele le nkalo ukusetyenziswa izixhobo, obizwa ngokuba imvume izixhobo yokulinganisa. Le nkqubo kwakhona wenziwe kunye nenxaxheba karhulumente njengenxalenye ulawulo metrological. Umwana uhlobo kuthetha umlinganiselo ithwala inkonzo sezikali abanobuchule. Kule set:

- iindlela zokuphumeza verification kuthetha ukuba iimpawu yokulinganisa;

- Iimpawu ezithile ukuze ukuchana yexabiso;

- eyiyo zibe yesixhobo Ukulinganiswa.

Esebenzisa yokulinganisa iziphumo imvume igunya esinegunya liya kukhupha uxwebhu okhethekileyo. Sithetha malunga umthombo enjalo isiqinisekiso imvume yezixhobo yokulinganisa. Oko kukhutshwa kunye isixhobo eyahlukileyo, kunye nokuveliswa lothotho inani izigqibo ezifanelekileyo.

Imeko ye kuhlobo lwesibini loxwebhu isenokuba kugcinwe neenkcukacha ezithile umenzi. Ukuze akhuphe isatifiketi izixhobo zokulinganisa, kuyimfuneko ukuba kuqulunqwe amaxwebhu esikhethekileyo ukusebenza isixhobo. Ukuba sithethe uxwebhu wemveliso ibhetshi izisombululo, ibe ligunya elinobuchule iminyaka emi-5. Emva koko, kungenzeka lolwandiso ngokusekelwe isicelo esivela kumenzi. Ngenxa yoko, ukuba satifikethi sikhutshwa kwimveliso enye, ixesha wihi olungqamana nexesha izixhobo nkonzo.

YoLungiso-sandi lweSihambisi izixhobo zokulinganisa

Omnye umba obalulekileyo yommiselo karhulumente kwisigaba kwimetroloji - izenzo zomthetho, olawula indlela apho kufuneka kwenziwe umlinganiselo kwimibhobho izixhobo yokulinganisa. ntoni eli gama lithetha ntoni?

YoLungiso-sandi lweSihambisi izixhobo zokulinganisa - inkqubo oluqhutywa ukuze yokufumanisa nokuqinisekisa ngamaxabiso okwenene lweempawu metrological kunye nokufaneleka izixhobo ukusetyenziswa womlinganiselo. Umahluko ephambili ukuqinisekiswa yongqanianiso - kukuba inkqubo mbuzo liphunyezwa ngaphezu kwazo zonke ngokubhekisele kwabo izixhobo zokulinganisela ezingekho phantsi ukulawula kunye esweni luluntu nabasemagunyeni.

Ngokuhambelana nomthetho Russian izixhobo azisebenzi kumgaqo urhulumente entsimini ngoxa ukuqinisekisa ukufana ngokwemilinganiso, ngokuzithandela ayikwazi ukukala. Le nkqubo yenziwa usebenzisa iintlobo imigangatho, leyo xa kuthelekiswa nemigangatho ephambili yelizwe, okanye xa engekho, kunye wesizwe, ezamkelwa kumazwe angaphandle.

YoLungiso-sandi lweSihambisi ingase abantu - amaziko oshishino kunye noosomashishini ngamnye ngokuxhomekeke sicatshulwa yoqinisekiso ngokuzithandela. Iziphumo zale nkqubo iza kuthi isetyenziswe njengenxalenye ukuqinisekiswa iindlela ezithile zemilinganiselo ngendlela emiselwe nguRhulumente Russian. Ngaloo ndlela, nangona nesandi sidlalwe izixhobo zokulinganisa ngokuzithandela, urhulumente unakho kunjalo ukubhalisa imimiselo elawula ukuziphatha yale nkqubo kunye neziphumo zawo isicelo.