ISivumelwano Paris ngo1856: iimeko kunye nokupheliswa

Russian-IsiNgesi ihlabathi, i-Paris sivumelwano okanye iSivumelwano Paris ngo ngo1856 - igama loo uxwebhu walivala War iCrimea ka-1853-1856.

Isivumelwano sasayinwa phakathi-sikhokelo yoMgaqo-Paris Congress, leyo yavulwa ngokusesikweni ngomhla we-13 Februwari. Lo msebenzi wawuquka Ottoman uBukhosi, eNgilani, eSardinia, Prussia, Austria kunye France, kwelinye icala, kunye Russia - phezu kwezinye.

Ngexesha 1856-1871 biennium. Russian Empire wawalwela ukupheliswa kwezithintelo phantsi kwesi sivumelwano. Urhulumente akazange ayithande into yokuba kumda woLwandle Black kuhlala sikulungele ukuba kwezulu ngequbuliso. Emva thethwano ezinde, yokurhoxiswa engaphelelanga zempahla iSivumelwano Paris, ezizezi kokususwa komqathango kwisiqulatho kwizithuthi kuLwandle Black, wathabatha indawo Bulelani Convention London ngo-1871.

Impi iCrimea

Sakuba sirhoxisiwe zonke iintlobo unxulumano lobuchule kunye noqoqosho phakathi eRashiya Turkey ngo-1853, abantu bokuqala ukuhlala oozilawuli Danubian. Urhulumente Turkish akazange akuvumele ukuba isimo sengqondo esinjalo lodwa yaye-4 Oktobha kunyaka omnye utsho imfazwe. impi Russian wakwazi tyhala umkhosi Turkish ukusuka elunxwemeni weDanube, kwakunye yokugxotha yabo yokuhlasela eMzantsi eCaucasus. Yena ukwenzile notshaba elwandle, nto leyo liza kungena entliziyweni isenzo. Emva izenzo ezinjalo emfazweni engena UK kunye neFransi. Baya kucanda ngempumelelo kuLwandle Black yaye singqongwe utshaba umkhosi. Matshi 27 England sihlasela iRussia, ngosuku olulandelayo ngayo kunye neFransi. Kwinyanga kamva, umkhosi Anglo-French uzama umhlaba kufuphi Odessa, pre-ukudubula indawo imipu 350. September 8, 1854, ezi imikhosi efanayo phula Russia phantsi umlambo Alma , uhlale kwi eCrimea. I abanya Sevastopol iqala nge-17 Oktobha. dislocation indawo abantu wababala abantu abamalunga nama-30 amawaka .; dolophu wahlaselwa-5 ukuhlasela ezinkulu-scale. Emva kokoyiswa eFransi, emazantsi Sevastopol kwiimfanta yomkhosi Russian. Kuyo yonke le zokungqinga (iintsuku 349) bukhosi ngandlela zonke ukuzama buyisela utshaba, kodwa nomzamo aluphumelelanga. Sevastopol bulawulwa Anglo-French.

ISivumelwano eParis ngo1856, eyasayinwa ngomhla ngoMatshi 18 bagqiba inyathelo emkhosini. Wabiza ukuba kukhululwe oLwandle Omnyama (kuba cala), kuyehla kube wayenomkhosi ubuncinane yaseRashiya. Noxanduva olufanayo ebekwe kwi eTurkey. Ukongeza, uBukhosi akanguye umlomo weDanube, inxalenye Bessarabia, abasemagunyeni eSerbia, Wallachia kunye lahlaselwa.

ISivumelwano Paris

Ngenxa lizakuya kusombululo kabuhlungu kwimpixano iCrimea Russian, ukuba uba strangulated ngayo amalungelo abo kunye nomdla. Okumangalisayo kukuba, imingcele yoBukhosi ochaphazelekayo ngenkankulu. Wanika ziqithi, oozilawuli umlomo weDanube, ngenxa izixeko ezifana Sevastopol, Kinburn kunye nabanye. zisasuka kuphela kukuba ummandla uxolo sivumelwano ngenxa zaye ungqingwe ngumkhosi Amanyeneyo. Eyona kakhulu ahlaselwa eRussia iSivumelwano Paris ngo ngo1856 imiqathango impahla yayo kuLwandle Black, akavumelekanga ukuba nawa, nezikhali, iinqaba.

Isivumelwano abachaphazelekayo-bume yaseYurophu zentlalo, Kwatyhileka iziseko apho ebekwe kwi azibhala eVienna. Inkokeli yonke iYurophu waba Paris, owayesakuba Petersburg yabelwa kwindawo yesibini.

Imigaqo iSivumelwano ka Paris

ISivumelwano Paris yayiquka 34 ayisosinyanzelo kwaye 1 inqaku okwethutyana. Ezona kwale miqathango ilandelayo:

1. Phakathi kwamazwe, ungene kwizibhambathiso, ngoku kukho uxolo kunye nobuhlobo.
2. Territory oyisa ngexesha impixano, iya kukhutshwa ukuba abanini yokuqala.
3. Russia uyavuma ukubuyela Kars kunye nezinye iindawo kumazwe Ottoman, ezo esiyi amajoni.
4. France kunye Britain uyavuma ukuba ukubuyisela uBukhosi athimba kumazibuko kunye nemizi Sevastopol, Evpatoria kunye nezinye ahlala ngumkhosi Anglo-French.
5. Russia, France, iBritani kunye ESardinia kufuneka ukunika uxolelo lwakho abo nangayiphi na indlela ziye ityala kokuqhambuka kwemfazwe.
6. Onke amaqela bathembisa ukubuyisela amabanjwa emfazwe.
7. ISivumelwano Paris ngo ngo1856 sinyanzela ilizwe ukuba basayine uxwebhu ukunceda namahlakani xa yokuhlasela kotshaba; uqaphele iimeko, ngaphandle kokonakalisa kubo.
8. Ukuba phakathi kwamazwe sawusonga mbhalo, kukho ungquzulwano okanye ukungavumelani, abanye musa ukusebenzisa amandla ukusombulula ngayo, eyenza kube lula ukulungisa yonke ngoxolo.
9. Akubangakho namnye ke wabaphathi abazange kuyiphazamisa kwi-nkqubo basekhaya bezinye iintlanga ilizwana elikufuphi.
10. Amangeno kule Bosporus kunye iDardanelles ihlala ivaliwe.
11. Sea Black uba cala; ukuba akuvumelekanga ukuba izithuthi.
12. Ukuvunyelwa ukuba norhwebelwano kunxweme loLwandle Black, oko kuxhomekeke kuphela kwabasemagunyeni abachaphazelekayo.
13. Yiba nendawo yokugcina kuLwandle Black akuvumelekanga.
14. Inani iinqanawa mabutho abakhethwa ngokwesikhokelo isivumelwano kwaye kungagqithwa.
15. imisebenzi eyachithwa nge lokuhla kwi weDanube.
16. Ivume iqela aya kubeka esweni nokucocwa lomfula njalo njalo.
17. Le khomishini kananjalo kufuneka uze uzobe up imithetho yeNavigeyishini nokuthuthwa kwempahla, ukushenxisa izithintelo beyeka lobuhlobo ndawo yolwandle.
18. Le khomishini wonxweme iya kunikwa igunya eyimfuneko umsebenzi apho uthembisa ukuba aphumeze, sagqitywa ekupheleni kweminyaka 2.
19. ilizwe ngalinye uvumelekile ukuba abe 2 isitya ukukhanya phezu kweendonga weDanube.
20. umda Russian kufuphi Bessarabia yasiwa easy navigation kwi weDanube.
21. Ezo ndawo leyo uya kukhulula uBukhosi Russian, kuya mayiqhotyoshelwe Moldova.
22. Akukho mntu unelungelo bengenela lwangaphakathi kwezopolitiko valahskogo kunye ubulawuli Moldavian.
23. I Ottoman ibopheleleke ukuba ukuphazamisa kwezopolitiko kumazwe encedisayo, eshiya ngasemva kwawo ilungelo lokuzimela ulawulo; sishiya inkululeko epheleleyo ukukhetha, ezorhwebo, navigation kunye nomthetho jikelele.

Rhoxisa i iSivumelwano Paris

Emva ukwamkelwa Russian-IsiNgesi ihlabathi Russian bazama lula izithintelo, ngaloo ndlela kokuvulwa uLwandle Olumnyama ithuba lokuba abe izithuthi. Kungenxa yoko le nto ngeli xesha ikhula ubudlelwano nayo. Ngexesha 1856-1871 biennium. Empire iyavala ulwalamano nenzuzo kunye France: wahlela ukufumana uncedo eRussia ungquzulwano Austria-French, yaye olwesibini luye ukubala ngokongeza kwimpembelelo France ku umbuzo Mpuma.

Le nkomfa Paris, olwaqhubeka kwaze 1863, kwaba egwebayo kobudlelane Russian-French. Ilizwe weni kakhulu yaye ngokudibeneyo ukusombulula eminye imiba. Matshi 1859 kubalulekile eFransi, kuba isivumelwano ofihlakeleyo yasayinwa, njengako leyo xa kukho imfazwe Austria Empire uthembisa nokungakhethi cala. Ngokonakala ubudlelwane baphawula ngexesha kwimvukelo Polish. Ngenxa yezi zenzo Russia iseka neentlobano zokwazana Prussia.

Emva kokuba ukudityaniswa uBukhosi German ngo-1872 eBerlin udlala sizakusingatha ase-3. Indibano iqala, apho nawo Austria. Ngokutsho Berlin iSivumelwano, yamkelwa kule xesha, ukupheliswa impahla i-Paris uxolo sivumelwano uba iRashiya umba ixesha. Yena ibuyise lwezithuthi kuLwandle Black kunye nemimandla ezilahlekileyo.