Imbali ibhanki yakhe. Bank: njani zadalwa?

Iibhanki ukunika abantu iingenelo ayinakuphikiswa. Bandisa imali, yenze imicimbi intlawulo ezahlukeneyo, mboleko kukhonza iindidi ezahlukeneyo izibambiso. Kolu phononongo, imbali ukuvela iibhanki azisayi kuqwalaselwa.

Origin of yeebhanki

Ookrebe mboleko yokuqala ukuvela nkqu kumaxesha amandulo. Banika abantu zabo ematyaleni ezixabisekileyo isibophelelo ukubuyela kuzo emva kwexesha elithile ngomdla. Emva koko saqala ukwenza amaziko zemali ukuba enze imisebenzi ezahlukeneyo kunye izinto zexabiso. Zivela nembali ibhanki yakhe.

Bank ( «banko») liguqulelwe ngeendlela Italian "kwedesika yemali". Iqumrhu yokuqala ngengqiqo mihla baqala Genoa Bank (1407). ENgilani, iziko mali wokuqala owadalwa 1664, yaye emva koko waqalisa ukuba wenziwe urhwebo kunye nomgaqo-nkqubo yezoqoqosho. Kwi-US, esi siganeko kwenzeka ngo-1781 (nokufika Bank of Philadelphia).

Ukuvela kweebhanki e Russia

Imbali ukuvela kweebhanki kwilizwe lethu olungcambu yalo 1665. Voivod Athanasius Ordin-Nashchokin wenza iinzame ukuseka lo mbutho ekuthethwa, kodwa imizamo yakhe engavunywanga ngurhulumente. Lo mbono ke ndaqonda ngo-1733, xa urhulumente uAnny Ioanovny, leyo kuvunyelwa ukuba akhuphe ngetyala. Ngowe-1754, xa Elizabeth eSt Petersburg kwadala umbuso Merchant Bank. Software ayejongwa iimpahla okanye ilifa ngamakhoboka, ngokunjalo njengesiqinisekiso abantu abazizityebi. Ngowe-1757, i-Ukubolekisa eyilwayo kuqaliswa eRashiya. Ngowe-1769, xa urhulumente uCatherine II kwangena yamaphepha. Ekuhambeni kwexesha, imbali abasemagunyeni zemali Russian iye esongezelelwe izinto ezintsha.

Ulwazi malunga nokusekwa kwiibhanki zorhwebo

Imbali iqala kunye neebhanki zorhwebo kwangaphambili elikude. Umbutho yokuqala yasekwa ngo-1817. It ibiya abarhwebi babathwalela ngaphandle imicimbi unaniselwano, iintlawulo. Kamva kwafika ukukwazi ukuba akhuphe imali elifutshane kwicandelo imveliso, kunye nabarhwebi akwazi ukuthatha-mboleko yokujongana neendleko zokusebenza zemali eyinkunzi, imiba yemveliso, nemivuzo. Ngcembe kwandisa imiqathango ngetyala.

ERashiya, ibhanki yokuqala yorhwebo wabonakala eSt Petersburg (1864). ikomkhulu yayo ogunyazisiweyo kwezigidi ezi-5. engange. Ngokusesikweni babhalise iibhanki yaqala ngo-Agasti 1888. Bona kuchaphazela imeko yezoqoqosho kurhulumente, kodwa kwixesha lokuqala ukuwasebenzisa ukuzithemba ephantsi kakhulu kwaye abantu abaninzi abazange nobuganga ukutyala imali zabo khona. Ekuhambeni kwexesha, isimo, kunye abathengi babe badla isicelo neebhanki zorhwebo, ngoko ke zithandwa kakhulu. Nokuba kwilizwe lethu ngalo nyaka kwakukho 43. elizayo, eli nani liye landa.

Kamva, imithetho ababini kwamkelwa, ulwazi malunga nemiqathango yokuvulwa ebhankini kunye neendlela zolawulo. Ndasiwa ukuphunyezwa isenzo inkqubo yogcino enamanqanaba amabini, ephethwe yi-Central Bank waqalisa ukuthetha. Imbali ngakumbi zincediswe luphuhliso olutsha: imibutho yorhwebo wafumana iwonga elizimeleyo ukutsala iidipozithi. mabangaze bavunyelwe ngokusemthethweni ukuba nenxaxheba kule nkqubo ngetyala, kwakunye ukuba irhafu yazo inzala. Ngeli lixa umbutho obophe ilungelo ukwenza kwintengiselwano angaphandle kwi obubhaliweyo qho. Ngaphandle kwento yokuba imbali kwiibhanki zorhwebo zizityebi utshintsho, ubume imizimba zemali lihlala rhoqo.

Formation of necandelo leebhanki. 1 kunye nezigaba 2nd

Russia kwasilela kakhulu kumazwe Western, ngoko ke uphuhliso yeebhanki kwenzeka ngokwamanqanaba eziliqela. Eyokuqala iqala kunye nokusekwa kwe-Bank State Loan (ngenkulungwane XVIII) kwaye sihlala kude 1860 njengoko uphuhliso kwezoqoqosho ukwanda efunekayo amalungiselelo etyala sele kwimigangatho 1754 ukulungiselela wabanumzana, nabarhwebi zasekwa. Nangona kunjalo, uninzi mboleko zange wabuya, ngoko le mibutho bayeka imisebenzi yabo.

Kule yesibini kwisigaba (1860-1917g.) Ngaba yasekwa kaRhulumente Bank of Russia, ngelo xesha, ovule uluntu ezininzi ngetyala. Ngowe-1872, kwindlela yokugcina imali yayibandakanya komhlaba karhulumente ezidolophini kunye nemibutho yabucala. Ngowe-1880, kwakukho amasebe 49, 83 imibutho ngetyala, 729 imali kunye nemibutho mboleko, iibhanki zorhwebo 32. Kwakukho ofisi, kukho iivenkile exchange, izindlu zorhwebo.

Ukwandiswa kwenkqubo yogcino-mali. sigaba 3-5

LeMfazwe yokuQala yeHlabathi kuthintele ukukhula esebenzayo imisebenzi zebhanki, kodwa emva kokuphela impi, sagcina wachacha. Isigaba sesithathu wafika ngowe-1917, kwaqhubeka de 1930. Emva kokuba ngokuhlanganisa lwesakhiwo logcino likaRhulumente Bank of the RSFSR (1921). Yamiselwa, iinkampani stock edibeneyo, icandelo kunye namaqumrhu zemali zengingqi. Kuye kwasekwa a lot of yokugcina entsha imali.

Xa Isigaba sesine (1932-1987g.) Kwabakho mboleko ebhankini kunye elifutshane lonke kwinkqubo-capital investments. Ngeli xesha, imali mali lenyuka ukuya 968 ezigidi. Thambisani. uze usike arhente ngemali mboleko yokuqala, ngokubonelela mboleko olubekwe yi izindlu.

Inyathelo eyesihlanu ukususela ngo-1988 kude kube lixesha langoku. Kweli xesha kwabakho ukuphucuka okuthe chu kwindlela yokugcina imali. Kuye phambili ngakumbi, ukusukela landa inani amasebe kweli lizwe nakwamanye amazwe. nkqubo Central ibhanki ijoliswe uzinzo kwindlela yokugcina imali.

Njani na i-Alfa-Bank? (1990-2002)

Imbali "Alfa-Bank" iqala ngo-1990. Iminyaka emine, izibonelelo kwasekwa, abathengi kuqala kunye namaqabane. Ngo-Agasti 1995, kukho ingxaki kwimarike ozalwa ngayo. Ngenxa ukulungisa umgaqo-mali kunye nendlela bolu lolawulo lwee-asethi, ukomeleza uzinzo lwemali, eli xesha akazange kuchaphazela i "Alfa-Bank", oluqhubeka ngempumelelo ukuze bazuze ukuthembeka kunye namaqabane Russian angaphandle.

"Alfa-Bank": idatha zembali ukususela 1997

Ngowe-1997-1998, iziko-mali ekuthethwa ngayo iye wayebambe izikhundla eziphakamileyo kuzo zonke imibutho ezinkulu mlinganiselo ngamazwe kunye ngowokuqala phakathi kontanga yayo kukhutshwa Eurobonds. Ngeli xesha, kukho unxulumano kwishishini, "Alfa Capital" (siqinile utyalo-mali). Kubonakele njenge-arhente kokuqeshisa LLC "Alfa-Bank". Ngowe-1999, ukukhula wayo zeshishini kunye nokuphuculwa komsebenzi womnatha lwengingqi. Kwiminyaka emibini kamva, "Alfa-Bank" iyaqhubeka diversify, kwaye kurhwebo lwasekhaya kwakukho uphawu "Alfa Insurance".

wenza i "Alfa-Bank" emva 2002 njani?

Ngowe-2003-2007, ibali "Alfa-Bank" into esongezelelwe ezintsha: ukwandiswa kwamasebe, nokukhutshwa Eurobonds subordinated, nokudalwa inguqulelo entsha ye "Alfa-Forex" iphepha le web. isebe lokuqala ngefomathi entsha neevenkile yavulwa Togliatti, Nizhnevartovsk, Murmansk, Saratov, Lipetsk. Ngeli xesha idala inkonzo bank Internet "Alpha-nqakraza" kumiselwa "Alfa TV" yaye ize nenkqubo ividiyo neenkomfa. Ukuphucula isikhundla kwamanqaku credit kunye iimbasa ezintsha ezifunyenweyo.

Ngowe-2008-2012, kwakukho izinto ezintsha: ukukhululwa makhadi MasterCard kunye Umembossed, ukuphuma ekujoliswe inkqubo yentlawulo wobambiswano eziziswe ewonke iimoto, ukudala ikhredithi khadi zibekwe, i-ofisi ezintsha avulekileyo. Kwakukho isicelo logcino Smartphones kunye Android, ubugcisa obutsha kwaye kuphuculwe ziye zaziswa. I sakhonza a lot of amabhaso kunye amabhaso.

Esifutshane data yembali malunga Bank of eMoscow

Bank of Moscow, ogama imbali lisukela emva emthonjeni ka-1994, ibe ekuqaleni ubhaliswe njenge yorhwebo. Kamva, lo mbutho sele ufumene iimbasa ezininzi, baqala ukubathwala igama "Bank of eMoscow" ngo-2004.

Ngo-Apreli 2010, ngokwemiyalelo Yuriya Luzhkova ibhanki mali sixeko sele yabelwe 7.5 bln. Engange ngenxa yokumpompoza lezabelo, 47% yayo zithengiselwa VTB. Bank Retail Finance wafumana 2010 Award "Financial Olympus" waza waphumelela "kwimarike yotyalomali eyintlanganisela" kukhuphiswano lonyaka wesithathu. Nantso ibali zazivelela ngayo Bank.

Bank of eMoscow ngoku zimelwe kwimimandla phantse ezininzi yaseRashiya. Njengoko of 04.01.2014 kwimimandla yokusebenza unit 172, yaye eMoscow kunye nommandla 136 ofisi akhiwe. Umbutho kwesixokelelwano ngaphandle kweli lizwe: eUkraine kukho of "BM Bank", e-Estonia, "i-Estonian Credit Bank."

Idatha kwi Central Bank of the Year 1990-2003

Imbali yeebhanki liqulethe ulwazi kwi-Central Bank. Wabumba 13/07/1990 kwaye ekuqaleni ngokuba State Bank of the RSFSR. Kwiinyanga ezimbalwa kamva kwafika ukuze iseke iqumrhu elisemthethweni yentlangano zemali.

Kulo nyaka 1991-1992, bakha nothungelwano olubanzi imibutho zorhwebo, kubekho iinguqu kwinkqubo-akhawunti, wabumba RCC (amaziko cash zokuhlala), yaqalisa computerization. Ithuba uphononongwayo yaba ekuqaleni yentengo kunye nokuthengiswa amazwe kunye kuchaphulo olu fakelo nxamnye engange.

Imbali Bank (Bank of Russia) iye le datha ilandelayo: kunyaka 1992-1995, kumiselwa inkqubo esweni kunye nokuhlolwa nemibutho yorhwebo ukuze uzinzise kwinkqubo yogcino. Xa kuqala zentlekele yoqoqosho (1998), i-Bank of Russia lahlengahlengiswa ukwenzela ukuphucula umsebenzi imizimba zorhwebo kunye zezimali ukwandisa amatyala abo.

Ngowe-2003, ingqalelo intlangano yaqalisa inxaxheba kwiprojekthi ukuphucula kweliso nolwaluso ingxelo echanekileyo. Ukuze balwe axhomileyo ngumntu okanye underpricing kwemigangatho mandatory kunyaka olandelayo yamkelwa inani lwemimiselo.

Bank Central: uphuhliso ukususela ngo-2005 ukuya ku-2011

Ngo-2005, i-Central Bank, ogama umdla imbali kwabaninzi, uye ngokwayo ezi njongo zilandelayo: ukomeleza ekukhuseleni iimfuno abatyali-mali, ukwandisa ukhuphiswano, ukuthintela umsebenzi zorhwebo olunesheyi, bomeleze ukuzithemba amatyala, abagcinisa imali kunye nabatyali zimali. Emva kweminyaka emithathu ntlekele, mortgage yokubolekisa nokunciphisa amatyala kwiimarike zamazwe ngamazwe iye yatshintsha umgaqo wolawulo-mali. iziko Financial ijolise imikhosi yayo ukuthintela ungonakala abaninzi eentlangano.

Imbali ye-Bank of Russia yazisa ukuba ngokuphindaphindiweyo usike kwenzala ngo-2009, kubandakanywa mboleko (ukususela ngo-13% ukuya 8,75%). Kwasekwa inkqubo ukuxhasa imarike ozalwa ngexesha lokudodobala koqoqosho. I-Bank of Russia ulungiselele mboleko kwamanye imizimba zemali ngaphandle zokhuseleko, kodwa unyaka kamva yaba yeyimbi sigqibo. kwenzala okwehlileyo (ukusuka 8,75% ukuya 7,75%). Ukususela kowe-2010 yaqala ukuphakama, ukuhla nokunyuka kwamaxabiso kunye namazinga enzala linyuke nge-0.25%. Ngaphaya koko, umgaqo wolawulo waba ngqongqo. Nantso ibali zazivelela ngayo Bank. I-Bank of Russia ngelo xesha lakalokunje iyaqhubeka ukuphucula iindlela zemali kunye nokuphumeza iinkqubo ezintsha eziqinisekisa uzinzo.

Imbali kweebhanki zophuhliso: isilinganiso

Agents uye kuthabatha mboleko ebhankini, kufuneka ufunde inkcazelo eneenkcukacha malunga nayo. Ngaba kuphela ingxelo ebalulekileyo ukusuka kubaboleki edlulileyo, kodwa ke isilinganiso: eliphezulu oko kukuthi, iziko zemali ezithembekileyo ngakumbi. Konke oku ingafumaneka kwi izibonelelo web ezifanelekileyo, kodwa inxalenye data, njengoko ngoMeyi nangoJuni 2014 inikwe kule ngokutsha langoku.

Ingaba kukho iibhanki ukuba akhuphe mboleko kubathengi kunye nembali amahlwempu ngetyala?

Umntu angafaka isicelo amaziko zebhanki naphakathi ukuba musa kufuna ulwazi iintlawulo esitalini ngaphambili. Ngokuqhelekileyo ngumbutho oselula, ogama Injongo kukutsala abathengi ngayo nayiphi na indlela. Bakwazi ukunikela isixa esithile semali, kuquka abantu ngembali sisiphango ngetyala, kodwa bakwenza oko ngenxa ubomi eliphezulu protsenty.Sovremennuyu Kunzima ukucinga ngaphandle mboleko. Ngamanye amaxesha, umxhasi akakwazi ukuhlawula ngexesha isixa esifunekayo (ukutshintsha umsebenzi, ukuncitshiswa, ukuncitshiswa umvuzo, njalo-njalo. D.), Yaye nokuba kamva amatyala iza kubuyiselwa kwi data intlawulo wangena iziko ledatha okhethekileyo, ukwazisa malunga unreliability ye ngummi. Ukuba kwakhona kuya kufuneka ukuba uthathe imali-mboleko, osukuba ingabhekiswa iibhanki kunye nembali embi ngetyala kunzima kakhulu ukuba imali-mboleko kwakhona. Noko ke, kule meko.

technology Banking na eyayimi ngxi kwaye eguqukayo. Ngenxa yoko, ngcono ubulunga bokunikezelwa kweenkonzo, lula iintengiselwano ezininzi zemali, ukuphucula ukuthembeka kwenkqubo. Ngoko ke, emva kweminyaka emi-5, inkqubo zebhanki kungenzeka ukuba banyukele kwinqanaba elitsha.