Iindlela zokuhlola software yaye azilingani nabo. indlela Ukuvavanywa 'ibhokisi elimnyama "zovavanyo kunye nendlela' ibhokisi emhlophe"

software Testing (SW) ukuchonga izithuba, iintsilelo iimpazamo ikhowudi ezifuna ukuqwalaselwa. Kwakhona kuchazwa ukuba inkqubo yokuhlola umsebenzi kunye ukuchaneka software ngoncedo zohlalutyo. iindlela ezisisiseko uhlanganiso kunye nokuvavanywa izicelo software nokuqinisekisa umgangatho kukuvavanya zemigaqo, uyilo kunye ukhowudo, uvavanyo ukuthembeka, ukuqinisekiswa nokuqinisekiswa.

iindlela

Eyona njongo ephambili yovavanyo software - ukuqinisekisa umgangatho kwinkqubo software ngokusebenzisa izicelo lwenye indlela phantsi kweemeko ezilawulwa ngononophelo ukuqinisekisa ukugqibelela kunye nokuchaneka, kwakunye ekufumanekeni yeempazamo efihliweyo.

Iindlela zokuqinisekisa iinkqubo (testing) lungohlulwa lube ndawonye kunye neguquguqukayo.

I yangaphambili ziquka sesikweni, esweni nophengululo zobugcisa, ukuhlolwa, inyathelo uhlalutyo step, ukuphicothwa, kwakunye uhlalutyo flow data static kunye nolawulo.

ubuchule Dynamic zezi:

1. uvavanyo ibhokisi White. Esi sisifundo eneenkcukacha ye-logic lwangaphakathi kunye nesakhiwo lwenkqubo. Kuyimfuneko ukuba ulwazi ikhowudi yemvelaphi.
2. uvavanyo ibhokisi elimnyama. Le ndlela ayidingi ulwazi malunga intsebenziso zangaphakathi ze isicelo. Sicinga kuphela imiba ephambili yenkqubo, hayi ezinxulumene okanye ezinxulumene ezimbalwa isakhiwo yayo yangaphakathi ubhalo.
3. ibhokisi indlela Grey. Luhlanganisa iindlela ezimbini ezidlulileyo. Lokulungisa ngolwazi lungako ukusebenza lwangaphakathi isicelo kudityaniswe ulwazi kwimiba ephambili yenkqubo.

uvavanyo transparent

Indlela Ibhokisi usebenzisa zeempendulo uvavanyo emhlophe ukulawula isakhiwo kuyilo zenkqubo. Le ndlela ivumela ukutyhila iimpazamo ukuphunyezwa, ezifana inkqubo kakuhle ikhowudi yolawulo ngokuhlalutya yinxalenye intsebenziso zangaphakathi ze-software. Ezi ndlela zovavanyo esebenzayo ukuhlanganiswa, imodyuli kunye nenkqubo amanqanaba. I tester kufuneka ukufikelela kwi ikhowudi yemvelaphi kwaye bayisebenzise ukufumana ukuba yeyiphi unit uziphatha ngendlela engatshongo khona.

Luyaqhubeka iinkqubo amhlophe-ibhokisi iingenelo zilandelayo:

• It ivumela ibhaqe impazamo ikhowudi efihlakeleyo ngokususa imigca ezingeyomfuneko;
• ukusetyenziswa icala elingenzi nto-;
• iinkalo ifunyanwa ngokubhala script uvavanyo.

nobubi:

• inkqubo eliphezulu-iindleko, efuna kubengqukuva abanezakhono;
• iindlela ezininzi zisekhona unexplored kuba ngetsheki ngokucokisekileyo zonke iziphoso kunokwenzeka ezifihlakeleyo sinzima kunene;
• ezinye ikhowudi ziya kudluliselwa zifihlakele.

Uvavanyo White bhokisi maxa wambi kuye kubhekiselwe kuyo ngokuthi kokuvavanywa ibhokisi transparent okanye ezivulekileyo, zesakhiwo, uvavanyo olucwangcisiweyo, ngokusekelwe ikhowudi yemvelaphi, kunye logic zokwakha.

The main iintlobo:

1) ukuhlola ulawulo flow - qhinga noshowo usebenzisa imodeli flow yolawulo inkqubo kwaye wokuba bakhetha iindlela ezilula ngakumbi ezimbalwa ezintsonkothileyo ngakumbi;

2) Isebe yenzelwe ukufunda edebugging ukhetho ngamnye (yinyaniso okanye bubuxoki) mqhubi yolawulo nganye, nto leyo equka isisombululo edityanisiweyo;

3) kuvavanyo indlela engundoqo, oluvumela tester ukuseka ubhalo umlinganiselo entsonkothileyo yeprojekthi ezingummiselo bucala iqela isiseko iindlela ukubulawa;

4) Khangela umsinga data - isicwangciso yolawulo ukuhamba wophando namazwana ukubala ulwazi malunga ad kwaye usebenzise variables program;

5) Imijikelo uvavanyo - lujolise ngokupheleleyo ukusebenza eyiyo iinkqubo elibujikele.

lwenye yokuziphatha

uvavanyo ibhokisi Black elinyanga software njenge 'ibhokisi elimnyama "- ulwazi malunga intsebenziso zangaphakathi ze zenkqubo akabalwa, saza samana kuphela imiba ephambili yenkqubo. Kulo mzekelo, i tester kufuneka ukwazi indlela zibukeke ngaphandle imvume yokungena ikhowudi yemvelaphi.

Izinto eziluncedo yale ndlela:

• ukusebenza for ingxenye enkulu ikhowudi;
• lula okuqonda ngumhloli;
• ngokombono umsebenzisi abazahlulayo ngokucacileyo ukususela iimbono umbhekisi phambili (umdwelisi nkqubo kunye tester ezizimeleyo nganye ezinye);
• ngaphezulu indalo ngokukhawuleza test.

software Testing ibhokisi black indlela unalo bobubi zilandelayo:

• Eneneni wenzela khetha inani lezehlo test, nto leyo ekuhlanganiseni limited;
• ukungabikho iinkcukacha ecacileyo kunzima ukuphuhlisa imibhalo uvavanyo;
• ukusebenza phantsi.

Amanye amagama yale iteknoloji - zokuziphatha, non-ngaphaya, uvavanyo esebenza kunye lwenye indlela zebhokisi evaliweyo.

Olu didi lungabandakanya ubuchule zovavanyo software ilandelayo:

1) ilingana ulwahlulo, nto leyo ukunciphisa iseti lwe data zovavanyo njengoko data imodyuli software igalelo iyahlulwahlulwa abahlukene phantsi;

2) Uhlalutyo ixabiso umda lujolise ukuqinisekiswa imida okanye amaxabiso ekude - ubuncinane, ubukhulu, kunye neenqobo ezithile obusemaqhingeni olahlekiso;

3) fuzzing - kusetyenziselwa ukuphumeza uphendlo ngokuthi ukufaka iimpazamo okanye onakele poluiskazhennyh data kwimo oluzenzekelayo okanye semi-oluzenzekelayo;

4) namanye kudaleka - njengobuchule ezisekelwe ekudalweni iigrafu kunye nokumisela ubudlelwane phakathi intshukumo kunye nezizathu zalo; ungubani, kuphika, inengqondo OKANYE okomqondo KUNYE - abalinganiswa ezine eziphambili, evakalisa ulwalamano phakathi konobangela nesiphumo;

5) Ukungqinisiswa kwimiboniso orthogonal isicelo yengxaki indawo ngegalelo encinci ngaphezu ithuba uphando alupheli;

6) ukuvavanya zonke ngababini - njengobuchule apho iseti amaxabiso test iquka zonke lwendibaniso ezenzekayo kokubini lwe isibini ngasinye input parameters;

7) utshintsho yohlelo karhulumente - ayibobuchule luncedo ekuhloleni ubume kumatshini, ngokunjalo kokulawula ngapha GUI umsebenzisi.

Black uvavanyo ibhokisi: Imizekelo

omnyama-ibhokisi ndlela isekelwe phezu kwizikhankanyo, amaxwebhu, kunye neenkcazelo zojongano software okanye inkqubo. Ukongeza, ungasebenzisa imifuziselo (formal okanye sikweni), emele ukuziphatha okulindelekileyo software.

Ngokuqhelekileyo, le ndlela isetyenziswa edebugging ujongano lomsebenzisi kunye kufuna intsebenziswano kunye nesicelo ngokusungula ingqokelela yedatha iziphumo - ukusuka ikhusi, ukusuka iingxelo okanye ashicilelweyo.

Le tester, ke ngoko, esinxibelelana wesoftware ukufaka, ngokwenza phezu iiswitshi, amaqhosha okanye ezinye interfaces. Ukhetho lwe data igalelo, lo umyalelo wolawulo okanye ulandelelwano lweentshukumo kungakhokelela inani elikhulu elipheleleyo lwendibaniso, njengoko uboniswe kumzekelo ilandelayo.

Zingaphi iimvavanyo ukwenza ukwenzela ukujonga onke amaxabiso kunokwenzeka ukuba iifestile 4 iflegi kunye intsimi omnye-off, umise ixesha kwimizuzwana? Ekuqaleni yokubala emehlweni ilula: amasimi 4 uthi ezimbini kunokwenzeka - 24 = 16, apho limele liphindaphindwe ngenani lezithuba kunokwenzeka ukususela 00 ukuya 99, ngamanye iimvavanyo kunokwenzeka 1600.

Nangona kunjalo, le ndlela yokubala ayilunganga: sikwazi ukuba endle esimanqaku ezimbini kwakhona i isithuba, oko kukuthi iqulathe izithuba ezimbini exube kwaye ziquka abalinganiswa exube, abalinganiswa ezizodwa, izithuba, njl Ngoko, xa .... simiso bit-16 ikhompyutha, jikani 216 = 65536 enye kwindawo nganye kwezi meko isiphumo uvavanyo 4294967296 eziza liphindaphindwe lwendibaniso 16 yenarha olunika ezingama-68.719.476 736. ukuba benza kwi test 1 ngomzuzwana, lo Qhubeka iyonke uvavanyo olzhitelnost 2 177.5 iminyaka. Kwiinkqubo 32 okanye 64-bit, ubude nangaphezulu.

Ngoko ke kukho imfuneko ukunciphisa eli xesha ukuya kuma kwinqanaba elamkelekileyo. Ngaloo ndlela, ubuchule ekufuneka bubonakaliswe ukunciphisa inani leemeko yovavanyo ngaphandle ukunciphisa umda lovavanyo.

ulingano izahlulelo

Ulwahlulo zibhedlela indlela elula oko kusebenza naziphi na izinto ezisegumbini-software, nokuba igalelo okanye output values, bemiqondiso, amanani, kunye nabanye. Oku ke kusekelwe kumgaqo ukuba yonke idatha ukusuka kwenye abalingana ulwahlulo iya ziphathwe ngendlela efanayo kunye imiyalelo efanayo.

Ngexesha uvavanyo, okhethiweyo ummeli omnye ulwahlulo ngamnye ukulingana ethile. Oku kukuvumela ukuba ngocwangco ukunciphisa inani leemeko test kunokwenzeka ngaphandle kokulahleka coverage imiyalelo kunye nemisebenzi.

Enye ngenxa yale izahlulelo kukunciphisa dubulo combinatorial phakathi variables ezahlukeneyo kunye nokuncitshiswa ezinxulumene amatyala test.

Umzekelo, xa (1 / x) ^1/2 besebenzisa ulandelelwano data ezintathu, ezintathu ulwahlulo elingana:

1. Amanani Zonke oluvumelanayo linokunikwa ziphathwe ngendlela efanayo yaye kufuneka unike iziphumo ezichanekileyo.

2. amanani Zonke ezimbi ziphathwa ngendlela efanayo kunye isiphumo esifanayo. Oku ayilunganga, kuba engcanjini inani elithabathayo ngu ngengqondo.

3. Zero ziya kusingathwa ngokwahlukileyo aze anike impazamo "division ngu zero". Eli licandelo ezinexabiso elinye.

Ngenxa yoko, sibona amacandelo ezintathu, enye yazo kuyehla kube ixabiso enye. Kukho omnye icandelo "eyiyo", leyo enika imiphumo ethembekileyo, nababini "ephosakeleyo," kunye neziphumo ezingachanekanga.

uhlalutyo lwexabiso umda

Iqhubekekisa phezu imida izahlulelo elingana kungenziwa ngokwahlukileyo kunokuba kulindelwe. Uphando lwamaxabiso umda - indlela ezaziwayo-kakuhle ngokuhlalutya imo software kwiindawo ezinjalo. Le ndlela yenza kube lula ukubona iimpazamo ezifana:

• ukusetyenziswa ngokungafanelekanga lwabasebenzisi zonxulumelwano (<,>, =, ≠, ≥, ≤);
• Imposiso eyodwa;
• iingxaki kwimijikelo kunye bophindo,
• Iintlobo ephosakeleyo okanye ubungakanani variables esetyenziselwa ukugcina ulwazi;
• ukulinganiselwa yokufakelwa ezinxulumene iindidi zedata variables.

uvavanyo bukhanye

indlela ibhokisi gray kwandisa usasazo test, unako ingqalelo onke amanqanaba enzima inkqubo indibanisela ubuchule abamnyama nabamhlophe.

Esebenzisa le ndlela, lo tester yophuhliso lwamaxabiso uvavanyo kufuneka babe nolwazi nezakhiwo data lwangaphakathi ubuchule. Imizekelo iindlela ezingwevu-ibhokisi uvavanyo imi ngolu hlobo lulandelayo:

• imodeli yezakhiwo;
• Esibumbeneyo nokumodela Language (UML);
• model karhulumente (Umatshini karhulumente ezisikelwe).

Xa indlela kwibhokisi ezingwevu ukuphuhlisa iimeko uvavanyo wafunda iimodyuli kwiikhowudi zobunjineli ezimhlophe, kwaye eyona uvavanyo lwenziwa kujongano lwe lweenkqubo zobuchwepheshe emnyama.

Ezi ndlela sokuhlola banamalungelo zilandelayo:

• indibanisela yeenzuzo Technician iibhokisi amhlophe namnyama;
• Tester isekelwe phezu isinxulumanisi kunye neenkcukacha zemisebenzi, hayi ikhowudi yemvelaphi;
• debugger ukwenza amatyala amakhulu uvavanyo;
• itshekhi wenziwa kwinqanaba Ngenxa umsebenzisi, kungekhona Umenzi nkqubo;
• ukudala uphuhliso test isiko;
• ngendlela esemagqabini.

nobubi:

• inethiwekhi test anqongophele ngenxa yokuba akukho ukufikelela kwi ikhowudi yemvelaphi;
• ukuntsonkotha iziphene kwizicelo asasaza;
• ngeendlela ezininzi kuhlala unexplored;
• ukuba developer software iye yasungula uvavanyo, ngoko uphando inokuba kakhulu.

Elinye igama le ubuchule ibhokisi ezingwevu - kungasebenzi iyakhanya.

Olu didi lubandakanya iindlela ezifana uvavanyo:

1) uluhlu orthogonal - ukusetyenziswa elucwangciso olusezantsi lwe zonke lwendibaniso ezenzekayo;

2) matrix yohlelo usebenzisa imeko data program;

3) uhlolo kuchaswa zaqhutywa utshintsho ezintsha software;

4) uvavanyo template ukuba nokuhlalutya kuyilo sesakhiwo isicelo elungileyo.

Ukuthelekiswa iindlela zovavanyo software

Ukusetyenziswa iindlela tshintshayo kukhokelela dubulo combinatorial yenani lovavanyo kufuneka ziphuhliswe, iphunyezwe yaye kwenziwa. Yonke ubuchule kufuneka zisetyenziswe nejonga, kuthathelwa ekungenakugqithwa kuyo ingqalelo.

Indlela lokwenyaniso kuphela ayikho, kukho kuphela ezo ezifaneleke ngcono kwimeko ethile. zobunjineli lokwakheka ukuvumela ukuba ukufumana ikhowudi engenamsebenzi okanye eyingozi, kodwa inzima yaye ayisayi kusebenza iinkqubo ezinkulu. Iindlela ezisekelwe iinkcukacha - kuphela abakwaziyo ukuchonga ikhowudi engekhoyo, kodwa azikwazi ukuchonga wangaphandle. Ezinye iindlela zifaneleke ngakumbi ukuze ibe kwinqanaba elithile uvavanyo, uhlobo impazamo okanye imeko kunabanye.

Apha ngezantsi kukho umahluko omkhulu phakathi ubuchule ezintathu uvavanyo olutshintshatshintshayo - unikwa itafile uthelekiso phakathi iintlobo ezintathu edebugging software.

aspect	Indlela Ibhokisi emnyama	indlela ibhokisi Gray	indlela White-ibhokisi
Ubukho ingcaciso malunga nokuqulunqwa kwenkqubo	Uhlola kuphela imiba engundoqo	ulwazi Partial malunga nesakhiwo lwangaphakathi lwenkqubo	ukufikelela ngokupheleleyo i ikhowudi yemvelaphi
Degree eqhekekileyo kwenkqubo	low	Central	eliphezulu
Nesibonisa USB?	Kuphela abasebenzisi, abahloli kunye nababhekisi phambili	Kuphela abasebenzisi, abaphuhlisi kunye debuggers	Developers kunye abahloli
isiseko	Testing isekelwe phezu iimeko zangaphandle likaxakeka.	database imizobo, flow data diagrams, imeko ulwazi lwangaphakathi algorithm yokwakha	Isixhobo yangaphakathi wazi ngokupheleleyo
The degree of network	Ngaphantsi ezibanzi yaye ifuna ubuncinane ngexesha	Central	Ezinokuba kakhulu esibanzi. ethatha ixesha elide
Data nemida yangaphakathi	Debug kuphela ngamava abuhlungu	Ngaba ihlolwe amathambeka data nemida zangaphakathi, ukuba aziwa	Okungcono amathambeka data uvavanyo nemida yangaphakathi
uvavanyo algorithm lobambiswano	ayikho	ayikho	Ewe

isilawuli esizisebenzelayo

iindlela Automatic uvavanyo isoftware kakhulu lula le nkqubo lokuhlola, kungakhathaliseki bume yobugcisa kunye nemeko. Zisetyenziswa kwiimeko ezimbini:

1) zokusebenzisa imisebenzi Uphinda-phindo okanye ngocoselelo izinto ezifana ifayile kuthelekiswa amawaka aliqela imiqolo ukuze ukukhulula ixesha ingqalelo le tester iingongoma ezibalulekileyo kakhulu;

2) ngokuba esenza umkhondo okanye imisebenzi ezingenako lula eyenziwa ngabantu ezifana nokuqinisekisa ukusebenza okanye uhlalutyo ixesha anokuthi kulinganiswa xa hundredths yomzuzwana ukuba.

izixhobo uvavanyo zihlelwe ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo. Icandelo elilandelayo isekelwe imisebenzi ukuxhasa:

• ulawulo test, nto leyo ibandakanya inkxaso iprojekthi yolawulo, iinguqulelo, sisimo, uhlalutyo lomngcipheko, yokulandelela test, iimpazamo, iziphene, kunye nezixhobo zokunika ingxelo;
• ulawulo iimfuno, nto leyo ibandakanya iimfuno zokugcina kunye nokubalulwa, khangela ukuze iphelele kunye ambiguity, kuqala kunye nokulandeleka uvavanyo ngalunye;
• Critical Review nohlalutyo static, kuquka uhlolo flow, imisebenzi, ukurekhoda kunye nokugcinwa izimvo, Ubhaqo isiphako ukucwangciswa ulawulo izilungiso iilinki uluhlu kunye nemithetho, tracking amaxwebhu zonxibelelwano imvelaphi kunye nekhowudi Uhlalutyo static ukuba ukubhaqa iziphene, ukuqinisekisa ukuthotyelwa nemigangatho ikhowudi yokubhala, uhlalutyo kwezakhiwo kunye izixhomekeki, ukubala we metric Ipharamitha ikhowudi kunye bokwakha. Ukongeza, sebenzisa abacwangcisi, analyzers, umbane kunye nobudlelwane lomnqamlezo-iimbekiselo;
• Ukwenza umzekelo, eziquka izixhobo yokuziphatha zoshishino nokunikwa ukuvavanya imifuziselo;
• Uphuhliso test iqinisekisa kwisizukulwana data bekulindelekile xa kujongwa iimeko kunye neemodeli yosebenziso lojongano kunye nekhowudi, ukulawula ukudala okanye ukuguqula kancinane iifayile kunye iinkcukacha, imiyalezo, Uqinisekiso-ngcombolo ngokwesiseko imithetho yolawulo, uhlalutyo lwamanani iimeko kunye nobungozi;
• imbono kakhulu ngokungenisa iinkcukacha ngokusebenzisa yomsebenzisi ujongano, API, umgca mfanekiso yeprogram elungele umyalelo usebenzisa comparators ukunceda ekuboneni iimvavanyo ngempumelelo yaye impumelelo ngokuthi;
• indawo yohlelo inkxaso ekuvumela ukuba indawo hardware ayikho okanye software, xa Vol. h. izixhobo Ukulinganisa esekelwe kwiziphumo yenye uzimisele, emulators terminal, Funny kunye nezixhobo womnatha, okusingqongileyo zokutshekisha iilwimi, iinkqubo zokusebenza kunye hardware ngokususa umqhubi izakhi angekhoyo, wasentsomini iimodyuli, njl, kwakunye nezixhobo ukuze zifake kwaye ukulungisa OS licela i CPU Ukulinganisa nciphiso, RAM, ROM, okanye umsebenzi womnatha .;
• .. Uthelekiso lwefayile data, iinkcukacha, khangela iziphumo ezilindelekileyo ngexesha kwaye emva kokuba uvavanyo lugqityiwe, libandakanya i obuluqilima kunye ibhetshi uthelekiso, oluzenzekelayo "ngokwezihlabo";
• enamathela yokukala lizwe benkumbulo ezivuzayo nolungachanekanga inkqubo ukuqikelela layo zokuziphatha kolawulo phantsi oluye izicelo umthwalo umthwalo wesiseko, iinkcukacha, iinethiwekhi okanye iiseva kwi meko ngokoqobo lokukhula wokulinganisa, uhlalutyo kunye nokuqinisekisa ingxelo imithombo nkqubo;
• ukhuseleko;
• uvavanyo lwentsebenzo, umthwalo kunye nocazululo olutshintshatshintshayo;
• nezinye izixhobo, xa Vol. h. ukukhangela upelo kunye kwezivakalisi, ukhuseleko womnatha, ukufumaneka zonke website amaphepha kunye nezinye.

nombono

Ngenxa iintsingiselo ukutshintsha kushishino software, inkqubo lwenye kuxhomekeke kwakhona ukutshintsha. Kukho iindlela ezintsha zovavanyo software, ezifana ukwakhiwa inkonzo-orientirovannae (SOA), ubugcisa engenazingcingo, iinkonzo mobile, njalo njalo. E., kwavula iindlela ezintsha uvavanyo software. Ezinye iinguqu ekulindeleke kolu shishino kule minyaka imbalwa izayo adweliswe apha ngezantsi:

• abahloli iza kubonelela imodeli ezilula abaphuhlisi aya kuba nako ukujonga ikhowudi yakho;
• uphuhliso iindlela zovavanyo, kuquka ukubukela aphila iinkqubo kusekwangoko, uya kuphelisa ezininzi ukungaboni ngaso;
• ubukho maziko ezininzi uvavanyo luya sicuthe ixesha Ubhaqo yemposiso;
• analyzer static kunye ubhaqo kuthetha ukuba ngakumbi ngokubanzi;
• ukusetyenziswa ngokwematrisi izimbiwa, ezifana usasazo zemigaqo, umda coverage imodeli kunye nekhowudi uzakugqiba uphuhliso iiprojekthi;
• izixhobo combinatorial ukuba abahloli ukuba zijongisise iinkalo eziphambili ngokususa;
• abahloli iza kubonelela ngeenkonzo ibonakala kakhulu kwaye zexabiso kuyo yonke inkqubo yophuhliso software;
• debuggers ungenza ukudala izixhobo kunye neendlela software uvavanyo ebhaliweyo kwaye Ngokusebenza ngeentlobo ngeentlobo iilwimi lwenkqubo;
• iingcali lokulungisa iya ngakumbi ziingcali uqeqesho.

Uya kutshintshwa kuze kufakwe omnye iindlela zovavanyo software entsha ojolise kushishino, ukutshintsha indlela yentsebenziswano kunye neenkqubo kwaye ulwazi zinika ngoxa kuncitshiswa iingozi kunye nokwandisa izibonelelo utshintsho zoshishino.