Iimpawu aluminium. Aluminiyam: iimpawu ngokubanzi

isiqalelo ngasinye ngamachiza kuthathelwa ingqalelo ukusuka kwindawo yokucingela wenzululwazi ezintathu: physics, neyezinto eziphilayo. Kweli nqaku siza kuzama ngokusondele kangangoko kunokwenzeka ukuba ziimpawu i-aluminiyamu. Le element, leyo kwiqela lesithathu kunye nexesha wesithathu, ngokutsho Table Periodic. Aluminium - metal, nto leyo eye umlinganiselo reactivity. Kwakhona kuyenzeka ukuba bagcine unxibelelwano iipropati amphoteric. Aluminium weight atomic of grams ezingamashumi amabini anesithandathu adla nganye.

Physical iimpawu aluminium

Phantsi kweemeko eziqhelekileyo yinto eqinileyo. aluminium ifomyula ilula kakhulu. It iqulathe athom (nobunye kwi molecule), nto leyo zihambelana ngoncedo crystal efestileni le kweziyobisi esiqinileyo. aluminium umbala - zesilivere-ezimhlophe. Ukongeza, ukuba unalo ukukhazimla ebuntsimbi, kwakunye naziphi na ezinye izinto zeli qela. Umbala intsimbi esetyenziswa kolu shishino, ingaba nomahluko ngenxa yobukho ubumdaka kwi ingxubevange. Le yesinyithi noko okulula. mninzi layo alinganayo ukuya 2.7 g / cm3, ngamanye amazwi ke malunga kathathu elula ngaphezu yentsimbi. Kule ke unako ukunika indlela ngaphandle ukuba wemagniziyam, nto leyo kulula intsimbi kuthethwa. Yobulukhuni aluminiyam lisezantsi kakhulu. Kuyo, unika ezininzi iintsimbi. aluminium yobulukhuni amabini kuphela kwi-Mohs isikali. Ngako oko, ngenxa yenzuzo yawo ngokusekelwe aluminiyamu yesinyithi added nzima.

aluminium yokunyibilika kwenzeka kubushushu degrees Celsius 660 kuphela. Kwaye uqala bilisa xa lashushu lobushushu degrees ezingamawaka amabini amane anamanci mahlanu anababini Celsius. Le metal ductile kakhulu kwaye fusible. In emzimbeni kwalo aluminium isici. Kodwa ke, kufanele kuphawulwe ukuba metal esebenzayo kokuphepha okuhle emva nobhedu nesilivere conductivity.

Ubukho endalweni

iinkcukacha aluminium oko nje ngazo, eqhelekileyo bume. Oku kunokubonwa ekwakhiweni kwezimbiwa ezininzi. Aluminium element - yesine phakathi ixhaphakileyo indalo. Lakhe iqhekeza ubunzima ngamandlakazi Umhlaba iphantse alithoba ekhulwini. izimbiwa ezinkulu zikhona kuhlanganiselo athom zayo webauxite, alumina, cryolite. Okokuqala - a emaweni, equka oxides zesinyithi, lesilicon kunye metal ekuthethwa, nayo isakhiwo iimolekyuli zamanzi langoku. Kuye Umbala non-uniform: amaqhekeza ndiyingwevu, imibala yingqombela brown okanye enye, leyo zixhomekeke ubukho ukungcola ezahlukeneyo. Ukususela mathathu ukuya amathandathu ekhulwini amatakane - aluminiyam, ogama iifoto kuyabonakala ngasentla. Kwakhona eqhelekileyo kakhulu kwindalo bezimbiwa i alumina.

Le alumina. ifomula yayo chemical - Al2O3. Yena abe ebomvu, emthubi, eluhlaza okanye mdaka. ubulukhuni ayo Mohs osakhasayo iiyunithi ezilithoba. Iintlobo corundum ezi ngesafire emangalisayo, neerubhi, leicosapphires kunye padparadzha (nesafire etyheli).

Cryolite - ngezimbiwa kokuba imichiza indlela enzima kakhulu. Luquka ezi Imichiza ze-aluminiyam kesodiyam - AlF3 • 3NaF. Kubonakala ngathi ilitye ezingenambala okanye ingwevu, uye yokuqaqadeka ephantsi - zonke emithathu Mohs isikali. Kweli hlabathi lanamhlanje ukuba kuhlelwe ngokuzenzela elabhoratri. Oku kusetyenziswa yokunyibilikisa isinyithi.

Kwakhona aluminium inokufumaneka kwindalo njengenxalenye ngodongwe, ezo iinkalo eziphambili lesilicon kunye oxides ze intsimbi ezinxulumene iimolekyuli zamanzi. Ukongeza, i element ngamachiza ilandelwe ukwakheka nepheline, chemical formula elolu hlobo lulandelayo: KNa3 [AlSiO4] 4.

indawo yolwamkelo

iimpawu aluminium ingqalelo inikeza iindlela yokuqaphela yayo. Kukho iindlela ezininzi. Ukuveliswa aluminium yi indlela yokuqala kuqhubeka ngokwezigaba ezintathu. Le yokugqibela yezi nkqubo ye electrolysis kwi cathode kunye anode carbon. Ngokuba wenza inkqubo enjalo ifuna oxide aluminiyam, kunye nezincedisi ezifana cryolite (ifomula - Na3AlF6) kunye calcium fluoride (CaF2). Ukuze kubakho yokubola alumina zichithakala nje, oko kusweleka etyhidiweyo cryolite kunye calcium fluoride lashushu lobushushu degrees ubuncinane ezingamakhulu asithoba mahlanu C, yaye emva koko idlule yangoku ezi zinto kwi asibhozo amawaka amperes kwaye kwamandla emihlanu volts ezisibhozo. Ngenxa yoko, ngenxa yokuba inkqubo ye sayilungisa aluminiyam cathode, kunye mpilo iza kuqokelelwa kule anode, nto leyo iya oxidized anode kwaye ukuyijika ibe carbon dioxide. Ngaphambi kokuba ukwenza oku webauxite nkqubo, nto leyo ngokohlobo aluminiyam oxide itsalwa, pre-icocwe of ukungcola, udlula inkqubo emzimbeni.

Aluminium indlela imveliso echazwe ngentla aqheleka kakhulu yokunyibilikisa isinyithi. Kukho kwakhona indlela, omashini abenziwe F. Wohler ngo-1827. Ihlala yokuba aluminiyam ibe kufunxwa sokungamelani imichiza phakathi chloride yayo ne potassium. Ukwenza inkqubo enjalo iingenziwa kuphela ngohlobo iimeko ezizodwa lobushushu eliphezulu kakhulu kwaye cleaner. Ngenxa yoko, omnye nolovane of chloride kunye umthamo alinganayo potassium kunokuqulunqwa enye adla of alumina kunye abamenzelayo ezintathu of potassium chloride njengoko eceleni. Le yokusabela ungaboniswa njengoko oku lenxaki: AІSІ3 + + 3K = AІ 3KSІ. Le ndlela akukho soyisiwe eninzi baduma kolu shishino.

iimpawu aluminium ngokwalo chemistry

Njengoko sele kukhankanyiwe ngentla apha, ke into elula, elenziwe ngabantu athom ukuba akukho ecwangciswe molecule. izakhiwo afanayo akhiwa phantse zonke iintsimbi. Aluminium has a reactivity eliphezulu kunye neepropati nokunciphisa ngamandla. abalinganiswa lwemichiza i-aluminiyamu, iya kuqala inkcazelo reactions yayo kunye nezinye izinto ezilula, njengoko ziza kuchazwa intsebenziswano ngakumbi iikhompawundi ezintsonkothileyo ezingaphiliyo.

Aluminiyamu ezilula izinto

Ezi ziquka kuqala ioksijini - umchiza kakhulu kwiplanethi yethu. Ukusuka ekhulwini bakhe abangamashumi amabini ananye koMhlaba libunjwa. Reaction osisiqu kunye nayiphi na enye eyaziwa ngokuba igcwala, okanye ovuthayo. Lidla eyenzeka kwiqondo lobushushu eliphezulu. Kodwa kwimeko-aluminiyam inokuba igcwala kwiimeko eziqhelekileyo zokusebenza - oxide bhanya ukuze ukusekwa. Ukuba metal esebenzayo otyunyuziweyo, litshise, ngaloo ndlela ukukhupha izixa ezikhulu amandla ubushushu. Kuba enze indlela phakathi aluminiyam neoksijini kufuneka la macandelo kwi umlinganiselo izinyo-4: 3, apho iinxalenye ezimbini ukufumana oxide.

Le yokusabela chemical kubonakaliswa i'quadratic kulandelayo: 4AІ + 3O2 = 2AІO3. Kwakhona aluminium kungaba asabela kunye halogens ezibandakanya fluorine, ayodini, bromine kunye chlorine. Amagama ezi nkqubo kuvela halogen ahambelanayo: fluorination, iodination, bromination kunye chlorination. Le nokuhlangana indlela eqhelekileyo.

Ngokomzekelo, siya baphendule aluminiyam chlorine. Olu hlobo nkqubo kungenziwa kuphela kule ngqele.

Ngoko ke, ngokuthatha abamenzelayo ezimbini-aluminiyam kwaye abamenzelayo ezintathu chlorine, ukunika abamenzelayo ezimbini chloride yesinyithi. Inxaki yale abasabela ngayo ngolu hlobo lulandelayo: + 2AІ 3SІ = 2AІSІ3. Ngendlela efanayo kuyenzeka ukufumana aluminiyam fluoride, bromide kunye iodide ngayo.

Kwi ezingwevu impahla ekuthethwa uziva kuphela xa itshiswe. Kuba ukwenza intsebenziswano phakathi khompawundi ezimbini eziyimfuneko ukuze bathabathe nabo Amanani izinyo ka ezimbini ukuya kwezintathu, kwaye enye inxalenye sulphide ukusekwa aluminium. Reaction equation na ngolu hlobo lulandelayo: 2Al + 3 = Al2S3.

Ngaphezu koko, xa amaqondo obushushu aphezulu aluminium idityaniswe carbon ukwenza khabhayithi, ne-nitrogen ukwenza ephuculweyo. Umfundi omnye zinikeze imichiza indlela equation ilandelayo: 4AІ + 3C = AІ4S3; 2Al + N2 = 2AlN.

Ukusebenzisana izinto ezintsonkothileyo

Ezi zibandakanya amanzi, iityuwa, ii-asidi, iziseko, oxides. Ngawo onke Imichiza lealuminium Lize ngokwahlukileyo. Makhe sijonge ngokweenkcukacha kwimeko nganye.

Ukusabela ngamanzi

Kunye nomongo iqhelekileyo emhlabeni aluminiyam imbaxa esinxibelelana ukufudumeza. Oku kwenzeka kuphela xa kususwa lokuqala ifilimu oxide. Intsebenziswano ye hayidroksayidi amphoteric ibunjiwe, yehayidrojini uyakhululwa emoyeni. Ukuthatha iinxalenye ezimbini-aluminiyam kwaye iinxalenye ezintandathu zamanzi, sinokuyifumana hayidroksayidi kunye hydrogen umlinganiselo izinyo ka ezimbini ukuya kwezintathu. Le equation yokusabela ibhalwe ngolu hlobo lulandelayo: 2AІ + 6H2O = 2AІ (OH) 3 + 3H2.

Ukusebenzisana isakudityaniswa nee-asidi, iziseko kunye oxides

Njengezinye izinyithi esebenzayo, aluminiyam uyakwazi inxaxheba yokusabela endaweni. Ngoko ke asuse hydrogen evela acid okanye zesiqinisekiso yesinyithi angenzi a ityuwa yayo. Ngenxa yezi ntsebenziswano kukho ityuwa aluminiyam ibunjiwe, ukhululeka hydrogen (kwimeko acid) okanye sivete net metal (ongoyena ngaphantsi esebenzayo ngaphezu ingqalelo). Kwimeko yesibini, sibonise nokunciphisa kwiipropati njengoko kukhankanyiwe ngentla. Omnye umzekelo impefumlelwano aluminiyam kunye zehydrochloric acid, apho chloride aluminiyam ibunjiwe zikhutshelwa emoyeni, hydrogen. Olu hlobo yokusabela ichazwa kule nxaki ilandelayo: + 2AІ 6NSІ = 2AІSІ3 + 3H2.

Umzekelo impefumlelwano aluminiyam ityuwa ithe sisabele yalo sulfate zezobhedu. Ukuthatha la macandelo mabini, siphela nge -aluminiyam sulfate nobhedu olunyulu ezisebenza ngendlela kwenze. Isakudityaniswa nee-asidi ezifana sulphuric kunye ne-nitric acid, aluminiyam usabela bahluke. Umzekelo, ukufaka isisombululo yaze yangxenga ifuthe lomanyano ye-aluminiyam Nitrate asidi umlinganiselo izinyo ngamacandelo kwezisibhozo ezingamashumi amathathu anesibhozo maqela kwakheka nitrate metal, nezahlulo ezithathu-nitric oxide kunye elinesihlanu - namanzi. Inxaki bayavuma kubhalwa wenjenje: 8Al + 30HNO3 = 8Al (NO3) 3 + 3N2O + 15H2O. Le nkqubo lwenzeka kuphela xa kukho ubushushu.

Ukuba isisombululo olungumxube aluminiyamu sulfate kunye asidi kusenziwa ngokwemilinganiselo izinyo ka ezimbini ukuya kwezintathu, ngoko ke kufumaneke sulphate le intsimbi kunye hydrogen kwi umlinganiselo omnye ukuya kwemithathu. Oko kuza kwenzeka endaweni reaction esiqhelekileyo, njengoko kunjalo kunye nezinye ii-asidi. Ecacileyo, sinikela inxaki: 2Al + 3H2SO4 = Al2 (SO4) 3 + 3H2. Nangona kunjalo, nesisombululo oludibeneyo ezifanayo nzima ngakumbi acid. Apha, kanye njengoko kunjalo nitrate, lo mthetho-mveliso ibunjiwe, kodwa hayi kwi ifomu oxide kunye ngokohlobo isalfure kunye namanzi. Xa sithatha ezimbini kwakufuneka licandelo umlinganiselo izinyo ka ezimbini ukuya kwezine, umphumo iya kuba ngomnye ityuwa intsimbi, nesulfure, kwakunye ezine - amanzi. Le yokusabela ngayo wenziwe oluvakaliswe equation ilandelayo: 2Al + 4H2SO4 = Al2 (SO4) 3 + S + 4H2O. Ngaphezu koko, aluminium unako zisenokuxabana alkalis. Ukwenza intsebenziswano yemichiza kufuneka athathe abamenzelayo ezimbini intsimbi, imali efanayo sodium hayidroksayidi okanye potassium hayidroksayidi kwakunye abamenzelayo ezintandathu zamanzi. Oku kuveza izinto ezifana sodium okanye potassium tetragidroksoalyuminat yehayidrojini, nto leyo yona ikhutshwa igesi kunye ivumba elitsarhayo kusenziwa ngokwemilinganiselo izinyo ka ezimbini ukuya kwezintathu. Le yokusabela ngamachiza kumelwa equation ilandelayo: 2AІ + 2KOH + 6H2O = 2K [AІ (OH) 4] + 3H2.

Kwaye yinto yokugqibela ukuqwalasela na indlela yentsebenziswano namanye oxides aluminium. Eqhelekileyo kakhulu kwaye isetyenziswa kwimeko - basabela Beketov. Kuyo, efana nabanye abaninzi ukusuka ngentla, kuthatha kuphela indawo kwiqondo lobushushu eliphezulu. Ngoko ke, ukuze sibe nokumiliselwa kufuneka athathe abamenzelayo ezimbini adla ye-aluminiyam kwaye ferrum oxide nganye. Ukusebenzisana yezi zinto zimbini ukufumana alumina nentsimbi kuyo imali enye ezimbini abamenzelayo ngokulandelelana.

Ukusetyenziswa kwe-metal kushishino

Qaphela ukuba ukusetyenziswa kwe-aluminiyam - Kuyaziwa kakhulu. Okokuqala, kufuneka kushishino lweenqwelo le. Kunye aluminiyamu wemagniziyam, kusetyenziswa khona, phezu ngokwesiseko aluminiyamu yesinyithi. Omunye ongathi-moya umlinganiselo-50% aluminium ze-aluminiyam kwaye drive yayo - nge-25%. Kwakhona, ukusetyenziswa kwe-aluminiyam lwenziwa ngexesha ukwenziwa ingcingo kunye neengcingo ngenxa conductivity kwawo kwancamisa zombane. Ukongeza, i intsimbi kunye aluminium yayo ezisetyenziswa kakhulu kushishino ngomatshini. Ezi zinto ziquka izidumbu iimoto, iibhasi, trolleybuses, tram ethile, kwakunye iimoto eqhelekileyo kunye noololiwe zombane. Kwakhona, ukusetyenziswa kwayo kwizicelo icala, umzekelo ekuveliseni zizinto ebekupakishwe ukutya kunye nezinye iimveliso, tableware. Ukuze avelise-inki sesilivere umgubo wentsimbi iyafuneka. Ipeyinti efunekayo ukuze akhusele intsimbi evela umhlwa. kunokuthiwa ukuba aluminiyam - ukusetyenziswa yesibini ixhaphakileyo iintsimbi mveliso emva Ferrum. ngokunxulumana kwaye isoloko isetyenziswa kwishishini kwemichiza le. Oku kuchazwe yi iimpawu imichiza ethile ye-aluminiyam, kuquka iimpawu zaso zokunciphisa kunye nemixube amphoteric. Hayidroksayidi ingqalelo imichiza eyaneleyo ukuze ahlambuluke amanzi. Ukongeza, kusetyenziswa amayeza kwinkqubo kwemveliso lokugonya. Kananjalo kufuneka zifumaneka nokwakhiwa kweentlobo ezithile iiplastiki kunye nezinye izinto.

Indima endalweni

Njengoko sele kuchaziwe ngentla, i-aluminiyamu xa kukuninzi kolu qweqwe lomhlaba. Kubaluleke ngokukodwa eziphilayo. Aluminium yingxenye nokulawulwa kweenkqubo ukukhula, yenza ancedisana nokuqina, ezifana ithambo, ligamentous, kunye nabanye. Nale iinkqubo kwezakha ngokutsha izicwili liziko elenziwe ngokukhawuleza. ukuncipha wayo luphawulwa mpawu zilandelayo: eng- abantwana kunye nokukhula, xa abadala - chronic fatigue, kwanciphisa ukusebenza, ulungelelwaniso motor kakuhle, kwanciphisa izinga esiqwini ngokutsha, buthathaka izihlunu, ingakumbi yesiqephu. Le nto inokwenzeka xa usidla ukutya encinane kakhulu nomxholo lwesi sakhi mkhondo.

Noko ke, ingxaki eqhelekileyo ngakumbi i agqithisile aluminiyam emzimbeni. Idla waphawula ezi mpawu: ixhala, ukudakumba, zokulala, ukulahlekelwa inkumbulo, ntshikilelo, ukuthamba inkqubo musculoskeletal, nto leyo ekhokelela Ukophuka rhoqo komsipha. excess elide aluminiyam emzimbeni ngokufuthi iingxaki phantse yonke omzimba.

Loo into kunokubangela eziliqela izizathu. Oku ikakhulu aluminium cookware. Oosonzuluwazi kwangqineka ukuba izitya ezenziwe intsimbi ngawo, hayi ikulungele ukupheka ukutya kulo, njengoko kwiqondo eliphezulu aluminiyam ungena ukutya, kwaye ngenxa yoko nidle okuninzi lwesi sakhi mkhondo ngaphezu iimfuno zomzimba.

Isizathu sesibini - sicelo rhoqo izithambiso ukuya umxholo intsimbi okanye iityuwa yalo. Ngaphambi kokuba usebenzise nayiphi na imveliso kufuneka ifundwe ngenyameko nokubunjwa kwayo. Akukho ngaphandle, nakwizithambiso.

Isizathu sesithathu - ulawulo iziyobisi, nto leyo ibe kakhulu-aluminiyam, ixesha elide. Kwakunye kakubi iivithamini kunye nezongezo zokutya, eziquka microcell.

Ngoku makhe sibone ukuba zeziphi iimveliso eziqulethe i-aluminium ukuze ulawule ukutya kwakho kwaye ulungiselele imenyu ngokuchanekileyo. Okokuqala kuzo zonke iinqwelo, iitshizi, i-ngqolowa, i-alum, iifatata. Iintlobo, i-avocados kunye neeperesi zicetyiswa. Ukongeza, iklabishi emhlophe, ilayisi, izityalo ezininzi zizityebi kwi-aluminium. Kwakhona, izicatshulwa zetsimbi enemibuzo zingabandakanywa kumanzi okusela. Ukuze ugweme ukwanda okanye ukunciphisa umgangatho we-aluminium emzimbeni (nangona kunjalo, njengawo nayiphi na enye imveliso), kufuneka uqaphele ngokunyameko ukutya kwakho kwaye uzame ukwenza okulinganayo.