Icala Seamy yobomi, okanye Ngoobani aba lumpen

Njengoko siye sikhumbule kwimbali yesikolo, le lumpenproletariat elithi livele Marx, ngaloo ndlela ebonisa umaleko awo. Liguqulwe lithatyathwa kwigama yaseJamani lithetha "amadlavu".

Ngokuthe ngcembe, isiqulatho lwesemantiki kolu luvo iye yandiswa, kwaye waziwa ngokuba wonke lumpen othe wahlala phantsi kwi "bottom" oluntu: lwasuswa, bengabenzi bobubi, mfama, oonongogo kunye nabaxhomekeke ezahlukeneyo.

Eshwankathela nkcazelo aziwayo, singatsho ukuba lumpen elithi ngoku udidi emanyeneyo yabantu anqunyulwe impahla lwabo buqu kunye nemisebenzi engaqhelekanga, wakhetha ukuphila kule okanye ezinye izibonelelo zentlalo.

Arts and Crafts

Xa ulwimi mihla, imisebenzi ungadluliselwa slang ulutsha, ingqiqo wanda ngakumbi. Ke kaloku, xa ukubiza lumpen ilizwi, intsingiselo yayo iqondwe ubuncinane ngeendlela ezintathu:

• Abantu abasuka kwiiklasi asezantsi (abangenamakhaya, iindlamanzi, ngamakhoboka eziyobisi);

• Abantu ngaphandle inkampani (abekelwe);

• umntu wobuqili, kungekhona ngokungqinelana nemigaqo yokuziphatha yoluntu (umhlwa).

Ngenxa yoko, ngoku lumpen nga ngokuba omele nawuphi yoluntu iklasi ukuba izenzo zakhe angena kwenye yeendidi ezintathu. Apha, umzekelo, ibinzana zosasazo, "luyakhula Awandise ABANTU lumpen", "ewe, - i-intellectual lumpen" okanye "udidi lwe esi sigqibo e Russia - i lumpen-mthetho sama".

Ngoobani sabasebenzi lumpen: esineengcambu ifilosofi yokuphila

Ababhali-mbali ziye zachongwa ukuba lumpen yokuqala ukuvela kumaxesha amandulo, yaye usinike ukunyuka kule udidi karhulumente lwekhoboka. Mandulo zomphakathi wamaRoma, uqoqosho yayisekelwe ukusetyenziswa yabasebenzi amakhoboka ezininzi, kunye nabanini ezincinane, abakwazi ukuba akhuphisane kwiifama ezinkulu, ngokukhawuleza zonakale. Oku zavelisa amazwe kwenqwaba abalimi balahlekelwa indawo yabo esixekweni.

Ngegama ukuba onke amalungelo njengoko abemi karhulumente waseRoma: ukuba bathathe inxaxheba kolu lonyulo, kufuneka ilungelo lokuvota kwiintlanganiso edolophini. Noko ke, nayiphi na ipropati abazange babe, kunye nomsebenzi - kakhulu, ebanyanzela ukuba agcine ubukho babo ngenxa "ukuthengisa" iivoti zazo ezixhasa iinkonzo abazizityebi, okanye uxhase ezinye iinkonzo ezincinane.

Urhulumente waseRoma wagqiba ukunikela ngoncedo lwezimali aba bantu ngohlobo imilinganiselo enzima okuziinkozo (malunga nesiqingatha kg ngosuku), apho bafumana kwizintlu ezikhethekileyo.

Xa lumpenproletariat eRoma yedwa ukuya ekuqaleni kwewaka yokuqala malunga 300 eliwaka. Waqalisa ukuba bathathe inxaxheba kuzo zonke imilo yezopolitiko neyezomkhosi. Hayi abanenxaxheba design lakhe, aba bantu babekulungele ukukhonza nabani - kuphela ukunika ukutya kwabo kunye nokufumana neziyolo lula.

Umphetho - "abalindi umda 'uluntu

Kaloku, kuthekani marginals? Yaguqulelwa isuka kwisiLatini, lithetha 'umda' yaye libhekisela kumntu lowo yinkomo edla wazikhuphulula kwezo iqela lakhe zentlalo, kodwa akazange akwazi ukuba nokuzibuyisela nayiphi na enye. Inani konyuso mncane kakhulu xa kukho utshintsho ngokukhawuleza kakhulu ngendlela yoluntu kohlaziyo, revolution, njl

ERashiya, le nkqubo yaqala ngolawulo Alexander II kunye nemizamo gqolo Witte no Stolypin. Ngu ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yamashumi amabini, ilizwe lethu liye wayesele ezinawo ebonakalayo abagxothiweyo yonke ukweyisela.

Uphawu ezincwadini Russian

Olwabiweyo ebekiwe kanye lumpen psychology yazo ekhethekileyo, sihleli kakhulu ngokucacileyo kwiincwadi zethu weklasiki, ezifana Mxim Gorky, wazichaza ngubani lumpen. Kulo mdlalo "ezinzulwini Lower", wawuqokelela abameli bawo onke iyaxela lwentlalo: Baron - ungunyana wabanumzana, Actor - abacula, Habib - ze nezazi zobugcisa, Bubnov - ukusuka abakumgangatho ophakathi, Luca - evela abalimi kunye nokutsha komphathi wokukhusela - evela esigaba.

Kodwa asingabo bonke kunganxulunyaniswa ukuya lumpen abekelwe. Kwanele ukuba akuvumelani ngokwezicwangciso ngokwemimiselo yayo, ahlala ukubonakala kwinqwanqwa lwentlalo ngokulinganayo. "? Ngubani Ubomi Well eRashiya" Ngenxa yoko, kumbongo Nekrasov kaThixo, Enyanisweni, bahlala kakubi yonke into - ukusuka ngababingeleli lackeys.

Ukuba kule ngongoma ukuqwalasela amaqhawe "I Cherry Orchard" yi yaseChekhov, ukuwa bonke phantsi kwinkcazelo abekelwe: i abaqeshisi, apho iimeko ukunyanzela ukuba athengise ilizwe; kwabendlu, atsho phezulu; umlungiseleli, basava ukupheliswa serfdom; umfundi bengagqibanga, baphupha revolution.

Gorky waba umfanekiso nangokwasengqondweni ummeli lomnye ngumfuziselo marginality - indoda ngemvukelo "qwele" (inkcazelo yombhali) indawo yayo eklasini, ngokupheleleyo akathathi imilinganiselo yawo, kwaye ngexesha elinye, ukuba baqhubeke ngempumelelo umsebenzi wabo ( "egor Bulychev kunye abanye ').

Savva Morozov - udini le closet

Imbali kwi usomashishini edume Savva Morozov gqitha xa umoya Gorky Bulycheva: ibizwa, njengoko kulindelekile, baxhatshazwa abasebenzi zabo, yaye imali echithwa inkxaso amaqela anarchist mbuso, ukuba olitshivela naye umngxuma. Kodwa metsenatstvoval nazo.

Loo ubomi ndandingakwazi sel '- ayikwazi ukumelana iingxaki lwangaphakathi, ekugqibeleni wadubula ngokwakhe.

iiyantlukwano: Lumpen elingananzwanga

Kwizichazi uphawula ukuba lumpen, kanye - oku luphawu eqhelekileyo abantu abalahlekelwe kwebala ngenxa yeemeko zentlalo, ziye sigculelwe zentlalo. Kodwa yintoni umahluko phakathi kwabo?

Cacisa ukuba ngubani lo lumpen. Xa inkcazelo, aba bantu abalahlekelwe eziwafaka kuphela kunye neqela lakhe ekuhlaleni, kodwa walahlekelwa yindlela yabo ukuze baphile, ukuba akukho umthombo wengeniso. Umphetho usoloko emphethweni: ungayithandi zabo, yaye unamathele umntu - alufumanekanga. Ngaloo zingakotshwa ugalelwe phakathi iinkalo ezimbini osecaleni lempucuko.

Ngamanye amazwi, le lumpen akukho emisebenzi esisigxina yaye bahlala imisebenzi yasendlini, izibonelelo zentlalo, okanye ukwaphula umthetho. Abagxothiweyo - abantu umda karhulumente, abakwazi ukumelana leyinene yokutshintsha.

Kubonakala ukuba lumpen elingananzwanga - ukuba amaqela amabini ezahlukeneyo abantu namhlanje. Marginality - ke kunokuba dissidence sizalwa umntu ulahlekile hlabathi ayihambelani akulindeleyo.

Kwelinye icala, ngoobani lumpen - iqela labantu ngaphandle naziphi na izinto ezinxulumene nezentlalo, hayi ukuqulunqwa lwamaxabiso, sisidleleli emzimbeni oluntu.

Ezihlelelekileyo - inkcazo neze kakhulu. Wabiza lumpen, oko kuthetha ukuba nimcaphukise.