I-History Of iifowuni: kokuhluma kunye nophuhliso

ibali zeefoni umdla kule nkalo, kobugcisa izixhobo ezahlukeneyo, kwaye ngokubhekiselele izigaba zazilele uthungelwano zonxibelelwano kweentlobo ezahlukeneyo ehlabathini jikelele. Kwezinye imiba Dynamics ukusasazeka iteknoloji efanelekileyo kubonakala olululo, kwezinye luphawulwa uphuhliso oluqhubela phambili iyunifomu. Zeziphi iinkcukacha langutana malunga kushishino zonxibelelwano lwehlabathi?

Ngubani owavela ifowuni?

Ngokwemveli, imbali ifowuni imvelaphi edibene igama Aleksandra Bella, owenza izixhobo Scottish ozelwe-American. Eneneni, umhloli odumileyo wathabatha inxaxheba ngqo kuphuhliso isixhobo olululo yokudlulisela isandi mgama. Nangona kunjalo, kukho izibakala ekwenzeni ifowuni indima ebalulekileyo ebidlalwe ngamanye nabayili. Umzekelo, Iogann filipp Reis, owenza izixhobo odumileyo isiJamani, intlanganiso izazinzulu oluntu Physics, olwenziwa 1861, ingxelo wadala kwase wesixhobo sombane okudlulisela isandi mgama. Kwakhona yaba igama fyabo - "ifowuni", eziqhelekileyo kuthi namhlanje. Reis ababephila, nangona kunjalo, ifowuni iye athathwa ngaphandle yinzondelelo eyiyo. Kodwa ke sisiganeko esibalulekileyo, nto leyo iba imbali kwifowuni yakho.

Emva kweminyaka eli-15, abaphandi ezimbini American, uElisha Grey kunye uAleksandr Bell, geqe, wafumanisa ifuthe zeefoni. Zombini izazinzulu, Okubangel 'umdla kukuba, ngayo kanye loo mini, ezizezi-14 Februwari 1876, wafaka isicelo Patent zophando lwakhe. Kulo mzekelo inkqubo ekhoyo, eya kuba viva zeefoni, baye okwangoku ziphuhlisiwe. Wavele, i Bell malunga nesi-2 iiyure ngaphambi Grey isicelo, kunye mbali abaninzi ukunxulumana kule imeko kukuba kwimbali yefowuni namhlanje unxulunyaniswa igama lomnye waseMelika.

Le Ukufika ifoni kuqala

Aleksandr Bell wayehlala Boston waza wasebenza kunye nabantu abafumana iingxaki ukuva intetho. Ngowe-1873 waba unjingalwazi amalungu e University eBoston. Bubunjani imisebenzi yakhe, kusenokwenzeka ukuba umchazi-entsimini umsindo yaye kwetyala kakhulu.

Imbali ifowuni wokuqala owadalwa Aleksandrom Bellom, idityanisiwe, ngaloo ndlela kunye nomsebenzi wakhe. Phakathi izibakala ezimangalisayo ephathelele fyabo ifowuni - isiphumo esifanayo zeefoni ukubonwa yi komphandi ngoncedo ngqo umncedisi wakhe. Umzekelo, iingcali ukusebenza Bell, xa ephuma imbasa isixhobo yokusasaza, leyo, njengoko kwakuthe Bella wayenza nezakudala. Njengoko ucime umphandi, oku ngenxa yokuba i element owenza ukuvalwa ngamaxesha lwabafowunelwa zombane.

Ngokwesiseko isiphumo ibhaqwe Aleksandr Bell wadala ifowuni. Yena wabekwa up ilula kakhulu: i inwebu ulusu, ziyaxhotyiswa umqondiso element ukwandisa umthamo. Lesixhobo angadlulisela kuphela isandi amazwi, kodwa kubonakala, kwaba ngokwaneleyo ukuba ilungelo isixhobo - uxwebhu olufanelekileyo, kugcinwe lo mbhali fyabo, Bell wafumana March 10, 1876.

Imbali nayo phones umdla ngokwemiqathango yokuxhaphaza zabo zorhwebo. Kwiintsuku ezimbalwa kamva Umsunguli yefowuni ilungiswe ukuze adlulisele amazwi oluvakalayo ngokucacileyo eyahlukileyo. Kamva, Aleksandr Bell wabonisa isixhobo yakhe noluntu lwezoshishino. Iyunithi ibe abayibonayo eningenakukholwa kwi ushishino lwabantu. Kungekudala waseMelika ebhalisiweyo inkampani yakhe, apho kamva waba nempumelelo.

Layini yefoni lokuqala

Imbali Phone isahlakalo yaziwa kuthi ngoku. Kodwa kwasungulwa Bell yamthabatha iingcambu kubomi bemihla ngemihla? Ngowe-1877 - e-Boston - lo mnxeba wokuqala yaphehlelelwa, yaye ngowe-1878, e-New Haven - exchange yomnxeba. Kulo nyaka omnye Umsunguli odumileyo American, uThomas Edison, wadala imodeli entsha ye isixhobo ilizwi mgama. In yayo coil isakhiwo induction ukho, leyo ngokuphawulekayo ukwandisa umgangatho wonxibelelwano, ngokunjalo ukwandisa umgama yokosulela yesandi.

Igalelo abasunguli Russia

Imbali ifowuni kwakhona onxulumene amagama nabayili Russian. Ngowe-1885 Pavel Mihaylovich Golubitsky umenzi evela eRashiya liphuhlise iskimu ngokwesiseko entsha exchange ngomnxeba, apho ngamandla ukuze zixhase lo izixhobo ukusuka ngaphandle - ukusuka kumthombo engundoqo. Ngaphambi koku, ifowuni ngalinye amandla yi iplagi yayo AC amandla. Le nto ivumele ukuba ukudala isikhululo ngoxa ukhonza inani elikhulu lwababhalisi - amashumi amawaka. Ngowe-1895, umqambi Russian uMikhail Filippovich Freudenberg wacela kwihlabathi ingqikelelo kwemali, nto leyo ithetha ukuba uxhulumaniso oluzenzekelayo yababhalisi omnye komnye. PBX emele Okokuqala Ndaziswa eUnited States kwisixeko Augusta.

Development of lines zonxibelelwano eRashiya

Ibali ifowuni eRashiya edibene ukwakhiwa imigca ukugqithisa unxibelelwano phakathi St. Petersburg Malaya Vishera. Le ngxoxo yokuqala phakathi kwababhalisi Russian esebenzisa irubhrikhi uthe kwenzeka ngo-1879, okt, emva kweminyaka emi-3 kuphela ukususela kokusungulwa ngomnxeba. Kamva, omnye imigca yokuqala unxibelelwano waseburhulumenteni wacofa marina St. George, ibekwe Nizhny Novgorod, yaye igumbi ukubayinxalenye kubunkokheli be-kwinqanawa Inkampani "izicima". ubude line malunga 1547 m.

ngocingo ukutshintshiselana sixeko rhoqo xa - eSt Petersburg, eMoscow, kunye Odessa - waqalisa ukusebenza ukususela ngo 1882. Ngowe-1898, kwakukho umgca omde umgama, yokudibanisa eMoscow eSt Petersburg. Imbali phones eRashiya banomdla yokuba eso sitishi upha ijelo lonxibelelwano phakathi eMoscow St. Petersburg, kwaye kukho usasebenza. Kubhaliwe ibekwe kwi Butcher Street kwikomkhulu weRashiya.

Isantya kophuhliso kocingo kuBukhosi Russian baphatheka ezisezingeni - ngoko, umzekelo, ngo-1916 abahlali 100 eMoscow waba umlinganiselo 3.7 yefowuni. Ngowe-1935, sele eSoviet Union, bonke neminxeba eMoscow yi kwisikhululo metro. Ukususela ngo-1953, zonke izindlu, bafakwa inkonzo kwi elikomkhulu yiSoviet Union, bahlulekile ukuba intambo yefowuni.

Imbali yefoni umdla. Kuyinto umdla kusoloko ukufunda oko ngokweenkcukacha. Funda zaye igxunyekwe ngayo iifowuni, cinga iinkcukacha emangalisayo ngokuphathelele kuphuhliso iifowuni, apho ngoku kungekho ngaphantsi zifunwa ngaphezu kwabo zemveli.

Njani mobile phones

Le ngxoxo yokuqala makarekhodwe yefoni isitishi serediyo, kukho inani iimpawu eziphambili imigaqo efanelekileyo lombutho woqhakamshelwano zeselula mihla, kwaqhutywa-1950 eSweden. Sture Laugen Umsunguli, xa isondo Televerket, wafowunela kunye nenkonzo yexesha echanekileyo nge uhlobo isixhobo zichaphazelekayo ngempumelelo. Ngexesha Sture ULauren wachitha iminyaka eliqela Televerket, benza kuphuhliso kule fowuni. Imbali iselula kananjalo onxulumene igama Ragnar Berglund, uLaura nabo.

Injongo - imarike mass

Ngexesha sokugunyaziswa Laurenne umnxeba, leyo sesitshilo ngasentla, ifowuni unomathotholo, ngoko, ukuba iye yasetyenziswa sele, kodwa ifumaneka kuphela ukuya kwiinkonzo ezizodwa nezakhiwo zomkhosi. inkampani Televerket wabeka usukelo - ukwenza ifowuni ekhoyo kubantu bonke beli.

Ubunzima-market zophuhliso Swedish Waziqhiwula yena ngo-1956. Ekuqaleni, wasebenza kuphela izixeko ezibini - Stockholm kunye Gothenburg. Ngo-1956, oko elidityaniswe barhumela kuphela 26, ekube Akumangalisi ngenxa expensiveness eliphezulu "mobile phone", xabiso lazo elo ofanayo ixabiso imoto.

Uphuhliso lonxibelelwano mobile

Imbali Pop iqela lemisebenzi esemqoka unika Dynamics ukusasazeka zeefoni. Ukuba, umzekelo, emva koomatshini kweminyaka-3 kuphela ubudala wadala phezu kwemimiselo Aleksandra Bella, esebenza ngokukhutheleyo eRashiya, kangangexesha elithile, iifowuni eziphathwayo ukuba ayisetyenziselwa imfuno enkulu.

Kuphela ngo-1969, iinkokeli zehlabathi yemarike ezonxibelelwano baqalisa ukucinga ukuba yintoni mnandi ukudibanisa thile iinkqubo zoqhagamshelwano zabo. Ngokomzekelo, bekucingelwa ukuba yababhalisi ngamnye - efana kubanini phones fixed - kuya kuba yayo zamanani, kunye nomhla, hayi nje kuphela kweli lizwe apho kukhutshwa, kodwa phesheya. Ngenxa yoko, sinokuthi kwimbali iselula ngokwenene ukususela kwasekuqaleni ibonakalisa umdla zoluntu zobunjineli ukuphunyezwa behle amagama.

Kwelinye abayili yokuqala ukundulula ukusebenza nokusebenzisa ubuchwepheshe, leyo Obumbe izicelo efanelekileyo - iziqu Technical School Stockholm Estaing Myakitolo. Imbali nokudalwa ifowuni ephathwayo njengoko sisazi elidityaniswe ngqo kunye igama lakhe. Noko ke, ngokuba ukusebenza nokusebenzisa ingqiqo Myakitolo efunekayo iteknoloji enamandla kakhulu. Bavela kuphela ekuqaleni-80.

Inethiwekhi lokuqala yeselula

Imbali cell phones ziquka into emangalisayo: kuqala, Saudi Arabia yaba lilizwe apho inethwekhi yeselula iye yaphuhliswa. Kwaba khona ukuba inkampani Ericsson, ukuba bathathe inxaxheba ekuphumezeni ngokwenene i-magama ecetywayo Myakitolo, ngo-1981 basayina isivumelwano sokubonelela ngeenkonzo ezifanelekileyo. Uthungelwano, eyathi yasungulwa Saudi Arabia, waphawulwa isibaluli - intlama. Ngokuthe ngcembe imigangatho cellular siyiphuculeyo womnatha, waqalisa ukusebenza kwamanye amazwe.

Ukuphuhliswa kwamazinga ezifanayo

Njengoko ukukhula kwimarike yeselula sele utsha imfuneko yokuphuhlisa imigangatho efanayo yokubonelela ngeenkonzo ezinxulumene. E Saudi Arabia, eScandinavia, i Benelux waba ingqiqo ithandwayo NMT eJamani inxaxheba kwinkqubo C-Netz kwi-UK, France kunye Italy zaphunyezwa imiqondo yabo.

Kokufika GSM

Ukuhlanganisa isithuba yaseYurophu mobile, GSM umgangatho zadalwa. Ke ndithi, iye ithathe ilungileyo kwezinye isigama "zesizwe", yaye ke ngoko, nangona ngaphandle kobunzima, kodwa ezithatyathwe uluntu iteknoloji yaseYurophu ngo-1986. Kodwa ke kuqala GSM-network yaqaliswa ngo-1990 e-Finland. Emva koko, lo mgangatho iye kumthengisi ephambili ukuba zonxibelelwano Russian cellular.

I-History Of iifoni - nehambisana kwaye cellular - imnandi kakhulu. Kodwa umdla indlela kubuchwepheshe ukuphuhlisa. Makhe sifunde ukuba ungaziphucula njani umgca zeselula.

Uphuhliso imarike yeselula

Kwiminyaka yokuqala emva kokuba ukuqaliswa GSM-imigangatho yeenkonzo ukusetyenziswa yabathengi practice elifanelekileyo axhoma kakhulu. Kodwa kancane izixhobo eziyimfuneko intsebenziswano kunye weselula, wawa waza waba omkhulu ngokwenene. Iifoni ziye zaphucuka, bancipha ubukhulu. Ngowe-1996, Nokia waqalisa, enyanisweni, enye ifowuni lokuqala smart - icebo apho ukwazi ukuthumela i-imeyile, iifeksi, sebenzisa i-Internet. Kulo nyaka kwakukho incwadi leyo eye yaba edume StarTac evela Motorola.

Smartphones kanye Internet mobile

Ngowe-1997, Philips ngokusesikweni yeSpark yefowuni esima elikhulu kakhulu ubomi bebhetri - malunga 350 iiyure. Ngowe-1998 kwabonakala isixhobo mobile Sharp Xhosa-1 Smartphones, uye touch screen. Kwakulindeleke ukuba wayeza kuba okhuphisana ngqo koku kungasentla igajethi evela Nokia. Ngo-1999, abaqhubi ezihambahambayo baqalisa ukwazisa ubugcisa WAP liya kuququzelela ababhalisele ukufikelela kwi Internet mobile. Ngo-2000, bekukho GPRS standard kunye UMTS - enye isitshixo esetyenziswa bokwakha 3G-networks.

Ngo-2009, inkampani Swedish TeliaSonera isungulelwe 4G standard womnatha yokuqala yehlabathi. Yena ngoku kakhulu mihla kwaye ezikhuthazwa ngabaqhubi ehlabathini lonke.

phones amathuba

Yintoni inyathelo elilandelayo kuphuhliso shishino mobile? imbali mobile phone ubonisa ukuba izisombululo idabi olusebenzayo zisenokuvela nanini na ixesha. Kusenokubonakala ngathi umgangatho 4G - oku kumda lweempawu ubugcisa bale mihla. Kubonakala ngathi data transfer ngeqondo kwamashumi megabits, call quality omkhulu - olunokuba ukuya kwinqanaba eliphezulu?

Nangona kunjalo, ezi zikhokelela iilabhoratri zophando ehlabathini kuqhubeka ukusebenza ngokukuko entsimini ukuphuculwa kobugcisa mobile. Mhlawumbi kwixesha elizayo kufuphi ezandleni nabani ofuna isikhokhelo iya kuba ivuso ukuba umatshini mmi mihla, kwaba ngayo ifowuni kaBella kwiminyaka 70 ngenkulungwane ye-19, okanye isixhobo apho ikhwelo ukusuka emotweni on inombolo yendawo Sture ULauren. Kwaye emva komzuzwana kwaye abantu baya kuba ukumangaliswa. Ngoko ke kule industry tech kakhulu linamandla.