Enzyme ebangela ekunqandeni igazi, yintoni na lo gama?

Njengoko kakuhle, xa ezifana inkathazo, njengoko enenxeba okanye uhlaba okuphilisa ngokukhawuleza ngaphandle iingxaki. Asazi baqhoboshele ukubaluleka ukuba amandla kangakanani, imathiriyeli kunye neenkqubo ababandakanyekayo ukuqinisekisa ukuthembeka umzimba wethu.

Yintoni inkqubo coagulation?

Kwezonyango of coagulation igazi ngokuba "homeostasis." Le yinkqubo enika imo yolwelo egazini kwaye uthintele ukulahleka isixa esikhulu kuyo. Igazi ngokuba abantu - kodwa umthombo wobomi, njengoko kunokunceda kuza zonke iiseli zezondlo. It uyasondla nje umzimba, kodwa ukwakhusela kuyo. Kulwelo umzimba kakhulu, ngoko yonke okuhlatywa okanye liqatywe, leyo kukwaphulwa ingqibelelo imithambo yegazi, ugqibele iinyembezi. Kodwa ukuba sisebenzisa le nkqubo coagulation, ngakumbi ngqo, enzyme yayo ebangela ekunqandeni igazi. Libizwa ngokuba nobona kanye amasuntswana of ziiplatelets ulwelo.

Le nkqubo iyodwa kuba kukho igazi elulwelo kulo imithambo yegazi. Xa yaphulwe isitya, uze ngoko nangoko ukusebenza iindlela ezahlukeneyo kunye arhente equka umngxuma isitya. Le nkqubo kunciphisa igazi nje kuphela, kodwa kuthintela ukusuka usebenzisa izinto ezithile. Ngokwesiqhelo, zonke iinkqubo zilinganiswe nobunzima, ngaloo ndlela enze ngokupheleleyo kwanokuba ingxaki kwemithambo yegazi yonakele.

igazi anticoagulation

Injongo yale nkqubo kukulawula ekunqandeni kwegazi. Ngapha koko, ukuba le nkqubo azilawulwa, oko kuya kukhokelela nokwaphulwa yetheko ebalulekileyo zokhuselo. inkqubo Anticoagulant lujoliswe ekuthinteleni ukuyilwa egazi igazi zonke iimpahla ukuba thrombin wenza kuphela kwimimandla ezonakeleyo. Ukongeza, ezi anticoagulants bahlale igazi ulwelo lonke ngokuthi counteracting ngomkhwa viscosity kwaye izokhula ulwelo.

Kwinqanaba komzimba, lweeHedfowuni, antithrombin, iiproteins, inhibitors yeemeko (anticoagulants le nkqubo) zinqanda ukuyilwa fibrin, zinqanda udibaniso lwe erythrocytes, neeplatelets kwaye zinqanda thromboplastin imveliso eziphilayo. Ukanti, njengoko enzyme ibizwa ngokuthi igazi ekunqandeni, yaye yintoni umphumo wayo?

Kutheni kufuneka liyichithe egazi igazi kwinkqubo coagulation?

Ilungu lesithathu inkqubo isikali ukusebenza yonke yinkqubo fibrinolytic coagulation igazi. umsebenzi wayo kukuba ukunyibilikisa egazi ezikhoyo. Le nkqubo iyafuneka xa umsebenzi ophambili igqityiwe, yaye phezu isitya ebuyiselweyo. Hemostasis lugqityiwe ngempumelelo, ukuba la macandelo ezintathu inkqubo coagulation kunegazi sbalanstirovano. Kungenjalo kukho ukuphazamiseka kule nkqubo - oku kusenokuba ukopha kakhulu okanye thrombosis. Loo "elibhalwe ngokumileyo" kwi waphawula ukuba kwesibindi, umphunga, nangezilonda, isifo sentliziyo, rheumatism kunye nezinye izinto ezimbi.

Apho ekunqandeni iqala?

Coagulation - olu tshintsho, ukuguqukela engamanzi ihlwili legazi isakhiwo ijeli. Ngesi osemqoka, umzimba igcina wazikhuphulula kwezo ilahleko igazi. Ukuba umonakalo usisitya ihlwili encinane ukhandwa (xa iqala ukwenza enzyme ebangela igazi ekunqandeni) ukusebenza anokuthintela okhuthaza hemostasis.

igazi ekunqandeni kwenzeka ngenxa yokuba inkqubo eyodwa, elibhekisela coagulation inhibitors, lahla izinto. Enzayimi ebangela ekunqandeni igazi, kwakheka rhoqo. Inhibitors zisebenza ngendlela imo okuqhubekayo ngezigaba:

• isigaba 1. Uqala ukwenza lweeHedfowuni kunye antiprotrombinaza.
• 2 sigaba. Xa ukusebenza kufika inhibitors thrombin (lwefibrinogen, fibrin, pretrombin I no II, thrombin iimveliso hydrolytic).

Ngexesha izifo ezininzi emzimbeni akhiwa ezongezelelweyo inhibitors. Kuba ezininzi igcina ingaziwa indlela enzyme ibangela igazi ekunqandeni. Ngapha koko, le nkqubo ibandakanya iinkalo umkhondo ezininzi izinto. Kodwa konke akwenzayo ngokungqongqo imisebenzi yabo, ukuba enzyme ulahlekelwa hemostatics ayo mandla, umonakalo incinane sitya kuya kukhokelela ukopha obulalayo.

Enzayimi ebangela igazi ekunqandeni

Sibonile ukuba oko sikufunayo inkqubo amahlwili, ngoku kancinci waliphulaphula iindlela zayo nokomzimba. Yintoni igama enzyme ebangela ekunqandeni igazi? Okungundoqo kwale nkqubo thrombin ukusuka kwintsapho trypsin. Ngexesha ekudibaneni kwemichiza, esisebenza phezu lwefibrinogen ukwenza fibrin kuyo. Enzayimi ebangela coagulation igazi, fibrinolysis, kwaye kakhulu olawula thrombosis, ilizwi nemithambo. Lokusekwa enzyme lwenzeka kwiinkqubo arhabaxa.

Thrombin ukusuka prothrombin yenzeka kwinyathelo yokugqibela coagulation. Thrombin kukhuthaza ukusebenza V, VIII, XIII izinqumisi. It has iipropati hormone oluboniswe xa wadibana kunye zegazi kunye neeseli endothelial. Xa uqhagamshele thrombomodulin le enzyme zokumisa ukucima igazi.

Phase of hemostasis: yintoni indima igazi ekunqandeni enzyme

Uphawu olulodwa kukuvalwa hemostatic umkhumbi yonakele. nemisonto fibrin negalelo ukuyilwa kwento thrombus, apho kamva uzuza iipropati astringent igazi. Yintoni igama enzyme ebangela ekunqandeni igazi? Igama sifana kakhulu elithi "ihlwili legazi" - thrombin. Yena usoloko ekulungele ukusebenza, kwaye-sanctions amanyathelo kakhulu iqala. Hemostasis wohlulwe ngokwezigaba ezininzi:

1. Isigaba ukwenzeka prothrombinase. Kweli nqanaba inyama negazi enzayim kwasekwa, uhlelo kunye imvelaphi yazo ngezantya ezahlukeneyo. Blood prothrombinase Ukwakheka kuxhomekeke inwebu prothrombinase (tissue enzyme isebenze imiba ukuyilwa enzayim yegazi). Kwesi sigaba ke olungaphandle kunye indlela engaphakathi coagulation kwegazi.
2. Isigaba wokuphehla thrombin. Kwesi sigaba, sifumana impendulo umbuzo malunga nendlela enzyme ibangela igazi ekunqandeni. Prothrombin ke sahlukana saziinxalenye kwaye kwasekwa into trombinaktiviruyuschee ekhuthaza kwaye i zigaba zilandelayo accelerin.
3. Isigaba ivela fibrin. Thrombin (i-enzayimi ebangela igazi ekunqandeni) ukusebenza lwefibrinogen, acid cleavage asidi kwenzeka.
4. Esi sigaba ekhethekileyo ukuba polymerisation of fibrin kunye Ukwakheka lihlwili.
5. Fibrinolysis. Kwesi sigaba hemocoagulation iphela.

Isigaba "yangaphandle"

Le ndlela inzima kakhulu kwaye ngokwezigaba. Okokuqala, iindawo ezonakeleyo ibidibene negazi, thromboplastin isebenze into III. Emva koko Uguqula VII (proconvertin) ku-A VII (Convertino). Ngenxa yale yokusabela kuvela esimbaxa Ca ++ + III + VIIIa, isebenze factor X, kwaye iguqulelwa nagyo. Ngenxa yazo zonke iinkqubo iphakamisa omnye oluxandileyo, has zonke iimpawu esiqwini prothrombinase. UBukho Va ibonisa ubukho thrombin, Factor V-Yenza kusebenze. Loo prothrombinase inyama uguqula prothrombin ku thrombin. Le enzyme ibangela coagulation igazi isebenze imiba V kunye VIII, ngubani kwakufuneka imbonakalo prothrombinase kwegazi.

"Yangaphakathi" igazi ekunqandeni

Kunye ekunqandeni ngaphandle yangaphakathi yaqala. Qhagamshelana ne inxalenye mgaqweni ezantsi enqanaweni, iyazingenela Factor XII (XII - XIIa). Ngawo loo mzuzu oko kwasekwa nail hemostatic. XII esebenzayo iyazingenela XI factor, kwenzeka kamva XIIa + Ca ++ + xia + III, nto leyo echaphazela IX kunye neefom elungisiweyo imbaxa. Oyenza isebenze X, yaye emva koko kubonakala Xa + Va + Ca ++ + III, nto ke leyo prothrombinase igazi. Nantsi enye enzyme ibangela igazi ekunqandeni. Icandelo kwi "lwangaphandle" yaye "yangaphakathi" lunemiqathango kakhulu kwaye isetyenziswa kuphela xa abafundile ukunceda, njengokuba ezi nkqubo kudibene.

Indima le miba coagulation kwinkqubo

Sele wathi inkqubo igazi ekunqandeni ayikho ngaphandle kwezinto ezithile, ebizwa izinto. Ezi izinto ukulunga - iiproteni plasma, kwinzululwazi yezonyango ekuthiwa zinto.

• Fibrin kunye lwefibrinogen. Lwefibrinogen inciphisiwe xa yesenzo thrombin.
• Thrombin kunye prothrombin. Prothrombin i glycoprotein, kuba igazi ngokwaneleyo ukuguqula lwefibrinogen ibe fibrin. Thrombin - enzayimi ebangela igazi ekunqandeni, ukuba ukhuphela nje kuyo ziyabonakala.
• Thromboplastin. Kuye isakhiwo phospholipid, ekuqaleni umsebenzi. It is a inxaxheba enkulu kwisigaba sokuqala.
• calcium insimbi Ca ++. Ukuthatha inxaxheba kwi indlela homeostasis.
• Proaktselerin kunye accelerin (AC-globulin). Wazibandakanya ngezigaba ezibini amahlwili. Nyusa isantya iinkqubo ezininzi enzymatic.
• Prokonvertina ne Convertino. Le protein beta-globulin amaqhekeza. Usebenze ijwabu protombinazu.
• A globulin Antigemofilichesky (AGG-A). Ilungu prothrombinase kwegazi. Ukuba le protein, ngoko uqala kubazali bakhe. imali yayo encinane igazi, kodwa kubalulekile ukuba abantu.
• globulin Antigemofilichesky (AGG-V, iKrismesi factor). Lo kuvala kunye isilumeki X-factor.
• Factor Koller, Steward-Prauer factor. Nxaxheba prothrombinase.
• into Rosenthal, plasma thromboplastin ezihlangwini (PPT). It ibalekisa ukuvela prothrombinase.
• contact factor factor Hageman. Ingaba tyhala indlela ekunqandeni. Ababandakanyekayo ukusebenza zezinye izinto.
• Fibrinstabilizator Laki-Lorand. Kufuneka ekuvelisweni fibrin ezingenakunyibilika.

Zonke ezi zinto zibalulekile ukuba amahlwili olufanelekileyo xa le nkqubo kwenzeka ngokukhawuleza nangendlela efanelekileyo, ngaphandle ebangela umzimba womntu kwilahleko ngokugqithisileyo igazi.

Indlela of ekumisweni thrombi

Ukubuyiselwa iinqanawa ezimashakeleyo lungenzeki ngandlel 'ithile, oko kubandakanya kakhulu kwezinto ukuba odolwa ekwenzeni imisebenzi yawo. Undoqo yale nkqubo kuxhomekeke kwinto yokuba kukho iiproteni coagulation vuhlayiseki kunye corpuscles igazi iiseli. egazi ziqhotyoshelwe eludongeni inqanawa xa ihlwili yadibana sitya, lungenzeki yoqhawulo ngakumbi.

Xa inqanawa yonakele, iyeza salo bayahluka, igalelo inhibition kweenkqubo coagulation. Zegazi zitshintshiwe wabatshabalalisa, nto leyo eshiya procoagulants igazi: thromboplastin kunye thrombin, i-enzayimi ebangela ekunqandeni igazi. Phantsi yesenzo lwefibrinogen uba fibrin, leyo na uhlobo lwe-grid yaye sisiseko ihlwili legazi. Eli umnatha ixesha elithile iba ashinyeneyo. Kweli nqanaba, ukuyilwa amahlwili egazi iphela, igazi wayeka.

ixesha Coagulation njengesalathisi enzyme ukusebenza

Ixesha ekonzakalisweni yaye ukuba ukunqanda ukopha kuthatha imizuzu emibini ukuya kwemine. I-enzyme ebangela ekunqandeni igazi phakathi kwemizuzu eli-10. Eli xesha liya kuba njalo kwimeko, ukuba akukho yokuphazamiseka iinkqubo ezinkulu ababandakanyekayo kule nkqubo. Kodwa kukho ezinye izifo apho inkqubo ekunqandeni ukuba zithe phantsi okanye engenakwenzeka. ezimbi ezinjalo esiyingozi kubazali bakhe, isifo seswekile kunye nabanye.

-Nxaxheba e-nervous system kwinkqubo

Xa kusenzeka ingozi, umzimba ithumela uphawu iintlungu engqondweni. Iintlungu uyasijika iinkqubo. Olu hlobo stimulus kunceda ekukhawuleziseni amahlwili. Ukuba umba iintlungu wongezelela noloyiko ngakumbi kwandisa sisenzo thrombin kunye coagulation. Ukuba iintlungu wenza ixesha elifutshane, ekunqandeni igazi enzyme thrombin isebenza ukwenzela ukuba abuyele eqhelekileyo kakhulu ngokukhawuleza, ngexesha elifanayo ngexesha inxaxheba kuphela indlela reflex. Zinde intlungu ifaka indlela humoral of igazi ekunqandeni, izicwili ukuphiliswa elicothayo kakhulu.

Xa obala luvo unovelwano okanye emva kokuba isitofu adrenaline ekunqandeni ukunyuka. Nangona ifuthe kwi kwimithambo- parasympathetic isantya ezi nkqubo. Amasebe basebenze kunye nokuxhasa omnye nomnye. Emva ukuyeka igazi, kwandisa umsebenzi kwenkqubo parasympathetic, nto leyo inegalelo umsebenzi protivosvertyvaniya.

Inkqubo yonyango ukuncedisa hemostasis

Onke amalungu akwi kwinkqubo yonyango, abaluleke kakhulu kwimisebenzi yabo. Hormone nefuthe kakhulu kwinkqubo yomzimba. Ukukhawulezisa inkqubo hormone coagulation igazi ezifana ACTH, hormone ukukhula, yoloyiko, cortisone, testosterone, dlala. Ifuthe imenza phezu hemostasis zibonelelwa: lengqula-ekuvuseleleni hormone, thyroxin kunye estrogen. Ukuba iyangqubana nokusebenza hormone inokuba utshintsho kule nkqubo kwaye babe neengxaki ezinzulu, leyo kufuneka kuxoxwe yincutshe.