Denisova Umqolomba kwi besekhaya. Denisova Cave - lesikhumbuzo zakudala ze zeAltai Mountains

Xa intliziyo Asia, apho iqala iintaba zeAltai, kuloo ntlambo Anouilh sidume Denisova Irholo. Le ukwakweli kumda Ust-Kan and District Soloneshensky, kufuphi kwilali Black Anuj (4 km) kunye 250 km ukusuka kwidolophu Biisk. Denisova Cave liphuma 670 iimitha ngaphezu komphakamo wolwandle.

Imvelaphi yegama

Ngokutsho ilivo yamandulo, ligama emqolombeni ke ngenxa yokuba ekupheleni kwenkulungwane XVIII apho kwakuhlala khona Likholwa Old - Ilolo anoDiyonisiyo (Denis ehlabathini). Waye ngumfundisi ngenxa babebambelele iilali ezikufuphi, kunye Kerzhaks wayedla waya esiseleni icebiso nentsikelelo. Ekuqaleni le XIX ekhulwini Denisova Umqolomba kwi zeAltai nababingeleli abavangeli bayeka ukuba uzive nayiphi na inzala.

Ngelo xesha ngo-1926, lo gama ehamba zeAltai, emqolombeni watyelela zakudala abadumileyo Russian kwaye Soviet kunye igcisa enkulu N. K. Rerih.

Abantu bendawo babiza emqolombeni Ayu-Tash, bona bubonakala "Stone I Bear kaThixo". Ukususela kwisizukulwana ngesizukulwana adlulisele ngokwesithethe apha kumaxesha amandulo belimiwe Black shaman - nomsindo yaye enamandla kakhulu. Waba nanini na umzuzu ajike abe ibhere enkulu. Le avezwe le ntsomi wesizwe wayelawula kwiinkampu Nomad sase, ebanyanzela ukuba bahlawule irhafu enkulu.

Ukuba ayithanga bathobele, usebenzisa kukukhafula yakhe eziqokelelwe ngaphezu kwamafu emqolombeni, yena wabaza kuzo alinyulele ilitye elikhulu yaye isongiwe kwi emazantsi entaba. Apho ukubeka indlela ilitye, zange ayeke iindudumo, abatshabalalisa amadlelo kunye nezityalo.

abantu befuna Wathandazela uncedo uthixo oyintloko - Ulgen, ngubani wakwazi soyisa umcinezeli. ilitye Ukuna wabazimela ngokukhuselekileyo iigalari kumqolomba elikude.

Kakade ke, lo kuphela banentsomi egcina Denisova Irholo. Soloneshensky District (zeAltai Territory), ingakumbi abemi kwidolophana ekufutshane (Black Anouilh), ngokufuthi ayetyholwa zakudala, ngubani iminyaka emininzi, "into dig emqolombeni." Le lali bakholelwa ukuba abembi abanetyala yemozulu eyonakalisayo, enyanisweni, ngokutsho kubo, kwanele ukuba bahlukane kude ilitye shamanic kakhulu bit omncinane - kwaye isiphango iqinisekisiwe iintsuku ezimbini.

Altay, Denisova Irholo: Inkcazo

Ngesinye kwamathambeka entabeni, ezimbalwa iimitha ngaphezu indlela ibonelela yokungena ebanzi ukuya emqolombeni. indawo yayo - 270 square metres. m, ubude - 110 leemitha. Emqolombeni has a 'iholo engundoqo "ekungeneni kunye emathambekeni ezimbini ezincinane ngaphakathi engxondorheni.

GROTTO phambi

Umdla omkhulu Abembi GROTTO, sise emnyango. Oku kungafikelelwa ngokusebenzisa ovale foramen. Ubukhulu iseyilana -. 32h7 ukuphakama, ububanzi nakwiingqameko kwanda input umgama. Indawo ebanzi efikelela iimitha ezili-11.

Xa GROTTO iye amasebe eziliqela. Ababini kubo - yinto nokuqhubekeka ngqo kuloo mqolomba. Xa inxalenye ephezulu kukho imbobo enobubanzi ngaphezulu kancinane nje manzi. Bahambi-zihlanjiwe, senyuka neendinyana izimvo ezibalaseleyo. Ngale mbobo, umqolomba ingena ukukhanya nobushushu bendalo, ngoko inkoliso saso ayigqitywanga kakuhle. Apha kulo nyaka kowomileyo, lo GROTTO na, ngathi njengokwemihla yamandulo, indawo yokusabela elungileyo yendalo izilwanyana nabantu, ukukhuselwa kwimozulu.

Okokuqala wasebenza apha Geophysics "kwakhala" umqolomba, esebenzisa izixhobo wakhe okhethekileyo, waza wagqiba ukuba holo engundoqo kunye imisebe kwigalari - kuyinto nje sisiqalo kulowo, eshiya nzulu eweni. Ngoku la kwisisu lwangaphakathi ngamanzi ngokupheleleyo igqunyelelwe ngomaleko omkhulu yodaka.

uphando

Uphando yokuqala kwi Denisova Umqolomba kwingingqi zeAltai (kwi holo central) yaba eyaziwa paleontologist Siberian Nicholas izibawu owabeka emhadini ukuhlola ezimbini zokuqala waza wenza imilinganiselo zifumaneke ngexesha ukuyilwa komhlaba zendalo ngo 1978. Kwangaxeshanye, abembi luye lwajonga into, eyayikhokelwa A. Academician P. Okladnikov.

Umdla omkhulu abangela izazinzulu zeAltai Mountains mqolomba. Denisova umqolomba emva kwizifundo zokuqala ngcembe wangena ngembali yehlabathi ka zakudala.

Ngokomzekelo, kwafunyanwa khona endala maleko yenkcubeko yokuhlala abantu eSiberia. Lingcwaba lomfo ngexesha Paleolithic, kunye nobudala bakhe iminyaka 282.000. Ngaphambili, kwakukho ingcamango yokuba abantu bamandulo kule ndawo ngeke ivele ngaphambi kwe-50-30 iminyaka eliwaka BC. e. Le ezembiwayo zabonisa ukuba kumaxesha amandulo eentaba ze zeAltai zigqunywe ngamahlathi zamaxesha athile ngonyaka, ezimila hornbeam, Anut manchzhursky, oki kunye neentlobo kumantla ngoqalo. E North Asia, abantu ihlala era Neanderthal zifunyenwe.

Izazinzulu zikholelwa ukuba Denisova umqolomba - lesikhumbuzo zakudala ze zeAltai Iintaba. Kwafunyaniswa ngaphezulu kwe 50,000 zakudala ilitye, isihombiso ezahlukeneyo ezenziwe ngethambo; ndawonye ingqokelela eninzi ezincancisayo amathambo. Kakade ke, okufunyanisiweyo umdla - ubuncwane izinto zentsimbi ezivela kwinkulungwane XIV, umngxuma apho ukugcina ukhozo ngaxeshanye, imela yobhedu.

Ukusetyenziswa emqolombeni ngamaxesha ahlukeneyo

In yeminyaka IV-III, ngexesha inkcubeko Afanasiev, Denisova mqolomba yayisetyenziswa njengendawo yokuhlala abalusi iinkomo. Ukuze ugcine ngaphakathi yezilwanyana ebiyelweyo off nemiqolomba simahla kunye yayigcinwa. Abelusi babezingela izilo zasendle, inyama iigusha kudliwa kuphela njengelinge lokugqibela, xa kuzingela aluphumelelanga. Oku kuqinisekiswa nomkhonto neentolo. Iimpahla yodongwe egcinwe ulwelo. Kuba izixhobo ilitye ezayenza esetyenzisiweyo, leyo kwenziwa apha. Oku kungqinwa ngokuthi imveliso inkunkuma, apho zifumaneka yi archeologists.

Ayikaqondwa kakuhle indlela yokusebenzisa emqolombeni inkcubeko nakozalelwe kulo Bronze Age.

Kwithuba zamaSkitiya uphawuleka iidipozithi yenkcubeko enamandla, ebonisa ukuhlala kwabantu elide emqolombeni. It is a yokugcina lokutya - inyama, iinkozo kunye neemveliso zobisi, njengoko wayesoloko lobushushu eliphantsi.

Huns kwaye Turks wasebenzisa le nto zendalo mbi lokuhlambulula. Xa inani kweziphumo zakudala, inqanaba nokubaluleka kwayo kwinzululwazi, izazinzulu ezininzi equate le umqolomba emangalisayo ukuya iiphiramidi eYiputa yamandulo. Abantu abaninzi bakholelwa ukuba iziphumo kwimingxuma kwenziwa Denisova mqolomba, uluntu jikelele abavakalelwa evusa ngaphantsi umYiputa. Kodwa, kuye kwafunyaniswa into elabangela imbambano ngalo mbande- kwihlabathi yenzululwazi.

into emangalisayo

Abembi bezinto zakudala baye bafumana ukusuka umaleko elinanye emqolombeni Amanxiwa uhlobo ngaphambili olungaziwayo lwe nenzululwazi kwabantu yamandulo. Kule, izazinzulu ingxelo kalindixesha Nature ngo-2010. Abantu ezivela Denisova Cave ngokulinganayo ukude zemfuza kwi kokubini Neanderthal kunye Homo sapiens mihla. Ngulo mbono, kwafika abaphandi emva yayifunyenwe kwigenome, begcinelwe iisampulu zeethishu - amathambo phalangeal ze ubhontsi kunye nezinyo izinyo.

elikhulu

Nyaka ngamnye, yonke kwinto wafumana Denisova mqolomba waba amahle abaphandi. Kwagqitywa ukuba kwakhiwe le ndawo inkampu endle yenzululwazi. Ukususela ngo-1982, izazinzulu naseNovosibirsk waqalisa ukuhlola emqolombeni ngamathuba athile. Ngomsebenzi wabo, kodwa yatsala iingcali lweenkangeleko eyahlukileyo nje kuphela eRussia kodwa eJapan, eUnited States, Korea, Belgium kunye namanye amazwe.

Denisova umqolomba likhuselwe yi-UNESCO. Ngoku inkampu uphando sele uphando kwiziko lwenzululwazi kunye kwedesika elebhu. Oku kwenza umsebenzi ophambili izinto ezenziwe ngesandla wafunyanwa. Rhoqo ngonyaka kukho izifundo ezingaphezu kwe-100 izenze kunye neengcali ezivela kwezinye iinkalo yenzululwazi. Kwiminyaka 30 yokomba, oosonzululwazi baye bakwazi ukuhlola kuphela inxalenye omncinane kuloo mqolomba.

Abawacazululayo abemi DNA of Denisova Irholo

Namhlanje ziqonde izinto itsalwa yokuhlasela kunye izinyo, kunye nezifundo DNA ukuqinisekisa ukuchongwa lwabemi omtsha yabantu kwihlabathi lamandulo. Iziphumo zophononongo acacise indlela Kwathi ngayo. Genome yale sihlahla kuthelekiswa kunye genomes amahlanu-ezine abaphila kuzo zonke iimbombo zomhlaba, kunye DNA yomntu yamandulo Bamandulo Phaya ezintandathu.

Ezi ziphumo kakhulu umdla. Izazinzulu ziye zafumanisa ukuba "denisovtsy" nangoko kuphuhliso ezaziwa isebe lwabantu kwiminyaka kwesigidi eyadlulayo yaye baqalisa ukuba nokuguquguquka ngokwabo, kodwa, ngelishwa, ngale ndlela yajika phandle ukuba umthintele.

kwemvelo iye phambili ngakwicala Bamandulo Phaya kunye Homo sapiens. Malunga 400 amawaka eminyaka eyadlulayo, ezi ntlobo waya iindlela zophuhliso ezahlukeneyo. Owesibini yakhokelela ukuvela woMntu mihla, kwaye lokuqala uye wangena umthintele.

Denisova Umqolomba kwi zeAltai ziyalungiswa yayo

Ngoku izazinzulu zikholelwa ukuba inkcubeko abahlala mqolomba baba phambili ngaphezu Bamandulo Phaya, ngubani kanye belimiwe iliwa ezingqongileyo.

Bamandulo Phaya waba izixhobo amatye (scrapers, yotolo, njalo-njalo), ngembonakalo efana into Western. I Denisova Cave wafumana iintsalela kwezenkcubeko ubomi, imvelaphi yayo elandwa iminyaka 50,000. Ngokutsho izinto zakudala iyavumelana ngokupheleleyo kunye nenkcubeko yabantu, kukho inkangeleko ngokomzimba mihla.

Kuye kwafunyanwa kuphela ilitye kodwa izinto ithambo, izixhobo. Kodwa ke baphathwa iindlela nobunzima kakhulu. Ngokomzekelo, umfanekiso omncinane (5 centimeters) iinaliti amatye, leyo kugrunjwa lugs.

isongo elihle

Ukongeza, emqolombeni bafumana uhombiso enkulu yamatye, nto leyo etshintsha imbono yomntu kwakudala. Ezi zinto zombini hloditolita isongo - ilitye, esiziswe evela Rudny zeAltai, ibekwe iikhilomitha ezingamakhulu amabini anamashumi amahlanu emqolombeni.

A ezimbiwa enqabile uyakwazi ukutshintsha umbala ngokuxhomekeke ukukhanya. Isongo ukhuphela yazala lwangaphakathi, kodwa eyona nto ingumnqa kukuba yokomba lwaqhutywa kwi kumatshini.

Le iteknoloji liye lasetyenziswa ngokubanzi kuphela ngamaxesha Neolithic, ngoko ngaphambili kwakukholelwa ukuba ingabi ngaphezu kwe elinesihlanu eliwaka. wafunyanwa elifakwa kumangalisayo Umbhalo umaleko umva-50 amawaka eminyaka!

ukufunda isongo lwabonisa ukuba, mhlawumbi, ukuba uyamthobela eyakhiwa. Xa umaleko inye, amaso afunyanwa eyenziwe i iqokobhe yeqanda leenciniba savela Transbaikalian okanye Mongolia. Konke oku kubonisa inqanaba eliphezulu yophuhliso abemi Denisova Cave - izinto zokomoya, zentlalo, nobugcisa nobuciko.

Kutheni wanyamalala "denisovtsy"?

Impendulo ngqo lo mbuzo ayifumanekanga. Ngoku ke singatsho kuphela ngokuqinisekileyo ukuba kumaxesha amandulo olwalukho zeAltai olunye uhlobo lwabantu bamandulo. Kule emiqolombeni, ibekwe sosedsttvu Denisov, iintsalela of Bamandulo Phaya afunyanwa, ezo malunga nexesha elinye. Oku kuthetha ukuba iintlobo ezimbini womntu wamandulo kbafownlwa. Nangona kunjalo, i-data yenzululwazi ezisemthethweni ayisekho okwangoku.