Craft - a ... Iintlobo obugcisa bezandla. yezandla esizwe

Ukuvela wobugcisa iwela ekuqaleni yemisebenzi kwimizi womntu. Ukususela kumaxesha amandulo, eyaziwa iziqalelo zemisebenzi yezandla.

Ingcamango yokuba yezandla

Craft - umsebenzi mveliso, ngokusekelwe ezivelisa izinto zoshishino esebenzisa umsebenzi ezincinane manual, okukhoyo phambi kuphuhliso imveliso umatshini kwaye qhubeka njalo.

Umntu othe waba ngumenzi ngobuchule izinto ekuthiwa zengcibi.

Yintoni Folk wezandla

yezandla Folk zibizwa izinto, ezo zenziwe ngezinto ezilahliweyo aqhelekileyo kunye noyilo ezilula. Folk Crafts kwatshintsha umsebenzi yakhe yokudala, iimveliso zenziwa ngezandla zabo, kwaye kaninzi evela kwizinto zendalo okanye kufutshane nabo (umthi, ilaphu, intsimbi, njalo njalo). Lo msebenzi eyenziwe yezandla zasekhaya zenziwa xa izinto eziyimfuneko zekhaya. Njengoko art, yezandla ekhulisa ngokuxhomekeke inkcubeko, inkolo, yaye ngamanye amaxesha - iimbono ezopolitiko.

imbali yobugcisa

Craft unembali ende ingenzeka. uluntu Primitive ngokufuthi inxaxheba kurhwebo lwasemakhaya, ukuvelisa izinto amatye, amathambo, udongwe, imithi, njalo njalo craft ekhaya - i imveliso iimveliso ezifunekayo ukuze wokufama. Kwezinye iindawo, nanamhlanje lo msebenzi kubalulekile.

Kamva, abantu baqala ebakhokela ngendlela yokuphila, kwakukho bebeziingcibi. iingcibi abaninzi basebenza ngezizathu yezoqoqosho ookumkani, iitempile, yoonongendi kunye slaveholders (Egypt Ancient, iRoma Ancient, yamandulo Greece kunye amazwe eMesopotamiya). Ekuqaleni yomsebenzi wezandla ukusebenza wedwa, kodwa ekubeni wamnika ingeniso encinane, inkosi waqala ukuhlanganyela kwi qela. La maqela ngokuba artels waza wathabatha odolo ezivela eluntwini. Ezinye abazobi baya ngemizi, nemizana ngemizana, ngoxa abanye baye bahlala kwaye wasebenza kwindawo enye. Arts kunye nemisebenzi yezandla kwi ukuze baye banikwa ekuchithekeni ukuvela kunye nophuhliso izixeko njengamaziko yemisebenzi unokwakhela kunye norhwebo. Unanamhla kwiindawo ezininzi walondoloza amagama ezitalato, isalatha kulaa ndawo umsebenzi senkosi. Umzekelo, uMbumbi - oko yayiququzelelwe ukuvelisa iimveliso ezenziwe ngodongwe, Ithwathwa - processing yesikhumba, ukuveliswa kwemveliso ngofele, Ukulungiswa kwe izihlangu, izitena - ithwele izitena.

KumaXesha Aphakathi kwakukho uhlobo wobugcisa umsebenzi. Kule mizi, iklasi entsha ekuhlaleni - lo amagcisa ezidolophini. Amasebe eziphambili wobugcisa kwisixeko :. ezivelisa izinto ezenziwe ngentsimbi, suknodelie, ukuveliswa iimveliso zeglasi, njl wizard Urban, ophethwe loo malungelo njengoko isixeko ekunene, ivenkile zobugcisa, inkululeko yakhe.

Nokufika ezoshishino , zininzi iintlobo yezandla uphulukene yobunkokheli imveliso, mveliso baqalisa ukusebenzisa umatshini. Namhlanje, amachule elondolozwe amashishini ukuba zanelise iimfuno zakho lwabathengi, kunye nokuveliswa kwemveliso zobugcisa ezixabisa (bezicathulo, abathungi, bejewellery, amagcisa, kunye nabanye.).

Imbali Uphuhliso bezandla baseRashiya

Inani labantu izixeko Russian ikakhulu yayibandakanya seengcibi. Abaninzi kubo benza nasekuqiniseni imveliso. Kamva, ukuba blacksmithing kwakheka ngemibhobho yamanzi. iimveliso zayo ebezifunwa kakhulu eYurophu. Ukuveliswa kwezixhobo ezabelwe iinkosi ekuveliseni izaphetha, afohlela, quivers, njl Zempi amagcisa Russian babegqalwa umyalelo sezingeni eliphezulu ngaphezu Turkish, waseSiriya kunye Italian.

Ngokutsho ulwazi yemihla, ngowe-1382 e-Russia kwakukho imipu. Ngenkulungwane ye-14 ukuba zenza Foundry (ezikhupha iintsimbi). Kunye Mongol ukuhlaselwa zemveliso waya ukwehla.

Ubucwebe Making bakhonza iimfuno basebukhosini. Iimveliso ifudusiwe (ii icon, imixwayo zegolide, izitya, incwadi izibophelelo) ukungqina ukuba wekhondo weengcibi izacholo entsimini lokukrola, aphosa zobugcisa, elibenze, bexhentsa neselula. Ngenkulungwane ye-14 baqalisa zazinegama eziinkozo e izilawuli eziliqela Russian Obumbe urhwebo malini. Kwimarike kunye noluhlu olubanzi abathengi elalibalwa ngesikhumba, shoemaking kunye ngodongwe. Clay ukwenza iindidi izitya, zokudlala izinto zokwakha. Ukongeza, eMoscow nakwezinye izixeko kwakhiwa iicawa ngamatye (ikakhulu ilitye elimhlophe) kwaye icwangcisa nenqaba iwotshi kunye ekulweni.

Works of amagcisa zibe negalelo ekufumaneni umonakalo emva kokuba ngesinyanzeliso Tatar-Mongol. yezandla Russian obuchaphazele ukulungiselela iimeko zoqoqosho xa kwakudalwa karhulumente Russian endawonye.

Ukususela ngo-1917, inani lamagcisa baseRashiya ngemvume ilulahlile kabukhali, ukuba simanyene entsebenziswano abavelisi '. Kodwa ngoku yezandla Russian ziquka eziliqela ezaziwa kumazwe ngamazwe lobuciko kunye nemisebenzi yezandla.

Iintlobo ezahlukeneyo iintlobo yezandla

Iintlobo yezandla wabumba umbandela yento eyenziwe kuzo. Kangangexesha elide abantu bazi craft ezifana:

• Blacksmithing.
• Ukubaza.
• Eyenza.
• Ubumba.
• Joinery.
• Ojikeleza.
• Izacholo.
• Ukubhaka.
• Bed.

Blacksmithing

Blacksmithing - yenye izifundo zokuqala eziye zavela eRashiya. Abantu basoloko kazi, ebukele umsebenzi mkhandi. Babengenako ukuqonda indlela wizard ezingwevu Ezo izinto ezimangalisayo metal. iintlanga ezininzi ngensimbi babegqalwa phantse nakoosiyazi.

Ngaphambili smithing kufuneka ulwazi olukhethekileyo kunye workshop ngokukodwa mayixhotyiswe ezininzi izixhobo. Metal nezakha ukusuka Bog esikrwada, nto leyo geni entwasahlobo awe. nabakhandi Old Russian zaveliswa ngenxa ngeerhengqe abalimi, amakhuba, ensimbi, nangenxa amajoni - imikhonto, ngamakrele, amazembe kunye neentolo. Ukongeza, kufuneka njalo yabe kwi ifama amagwegwe iintlanzi, izitshixo kunye nezitshixo, iinaliti, njl

Namhlanje, inkqubela zeteknoloji iye lwalutshintshile kwaye lugqibelele smithing, kodwa nangoku imfuneko. yacaca Artistic bahombise ofisi, amagumbi, izindlu lizwe, iipaki, iigadi zoluntu, ngokukhethekileyo ezifunwayo kule kuyilo landscape.

Body yobugcisa

Othengisa kaThixo wezandla - enye indala kwimbali yoluntu. Eyenziwe ngegolide, isiliva, namatye anqabileyo kangangexesha elide sele ingqalelo luphawu amandla kunye nobutyebi bodidi yeengcungcu. Buyela kwi-10 - iinkulungwane bejewellery 11 idume italente zabo kulo lonke elaseYurophu. Abantu ukususela kumaxesha amandulo yi fan ukufunda ubucwebe. Amaso ayenziwa amatye anqabileyo okanye ezineglasi enombala, uyilo ukunqunyanyiswa ezahlukeneyo (idla izilwanyana), amakhonkco itempile isilivere leyo umisiwe ngesigqubuthelo, okanye zayinxalenye iinwele, nemisesane, njl kolts

Ngenkulungwane ye-18 yaba zebhola ye Russian izacholo art. Kanye ngeli xesha, uvumo 'igolide kunye wesilivere, "yathiywa igama" ngamagugu ". Ngenkulungwane ye-19 iinkosi Russian wabonakala ngesimbo zabo, kangangokuba namhlanje izacholo Russian ezikhethekileyo. Oko waqalisa umsebenzi wayo waba inkampani edumileyo abazalwana Grachev, Ovchinnikov kunye Faberge.

Namhlanje, abantu ngokunxibelelene nokuchuma ngakumbi nangakumbi abadinga kakhulu izacholo.

ubumba

Yinto eyaziwayo ukuba ukususela kwinkulungwane 10 eRashiya wavelisa ngodongwe. Oku kwenziwa ngesandla, kwaye uninzi zezandla ababhinqileyo. Ukwandisa amandla ukuqina imveliso kudongwe ixutywe oonokrwece ezincinane, isanti, zwi, lenyengane, kwaye ngamanye amaxesha izityalo kunye yohambo ngodongwe.

Emva kwethutyana kwakukho ivili wombumbi, nokuququzelela umsebenzi ombumbi. Biyela neziphumo kwintshukumo bengalo yakho, uze emva koko iinyawo zakhe. Kwangaxeshanye, ubumba baba abangene.

Industrial-scale izinto zodongwe ekufikelelwe ngenkulungwane ye-18. ESt Petersburg yaye kamva eMoscow, umzi-mveliso ceramic.

Izinto ezenziwe potters mihla nangoku obathandayo. Namhlanje ubumba - umsebenzi zasasazeka kakhulu kwimimandla ezininzi Russia, kunye nemfuno iimveliso ezenziwe yodongwe esoloko kuyanda.